I went to a T15 law school, graduated almost a decade ago, and have been practicing at a “top” firm for some time now … you have no idea how useful it would have been to have this lecture on day one of law school, rather than picked up piecemeal through Socratic method opacity.
I strongly advise you to start studying Admiralty, Equity, Trust, and Commerce because that's the only thing going on in these unlawful Article I and Article IV courts and agencies. Common law only exists between people, and will not be acknowledged in these CORPORATE MILITARY VENUES we think are courts of law. If you can find it, try reading a book called Clerks Praxis. It explains in great detail how things work. This little book played a HUGE role in uniting European indentured servants with the American Indian against the Britons(Britain is a fiction like BLACK and WHITE, none of which even existed until after the civil war when Briton and the southern states used the ABA to win the peace AFTER losing the Civil War. The KKK is just descendants of Confederate racists still trying to exterminate indigenous Americans. By law, Americans should only be tried in Article III constitutional common law courts of justice. There is no justice in Admiralty, just creditors and debtors, and your birth certificate/SSN is the DEBTOR as evidenced by the ALL CAPS NAME which in English denotes a corporation, Trust, or other entity, NOT man. Notice the video is about the American LEGAL system, and not American law. LEGAL and Lawful are the same as PUBLIC and Private(note the spelling add compare you birth certificate with your signature). These courts are extensions of England's Kings Bench(judges sit on the bench) as overseen by the House of Lords/BAR(BRITISH ACCREDITED REGISTRY) in London. BENCH IS THE OLD WORD FOR BANK. It's all COMMERCE under the UCC(UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE).
From South Australia in "little old Adelaide" & looking at a big move once international borders open. Currently studying a Bachelor of Social Science Majoring in Security & International Relations & providing borders open up to USA & I get a job offer law is one of those things I want to study now! After hearing this I am so inspired more than ever. Writing down notes on this for the next few months so I'm well accustomed with it all providing I can get the job I'm after in the USA (international politics but need visa etc but have the resources to do it). I must say this is the clearest lecture I've heard, even more so than some of the Australian universities. Simple & crystal clear audio. Even I'm starting to understand it! Just have to get outta this country first in 2022 or 2023 once borders reopened up but hey, I can wait :-)
Honestly I came here out of curiosity but the amazing informative way this professor explained that introductory is so interesting to the level I think I wanna study low now🤯
I am a lawyer in Brazil and it is very interesting to see the difference between Civil Law and Common Law. In a first contact, it seems to me that Common Law allows a greater subjectivity of the Judge since certain parameters are not in the Law (code) but in custom so I find it interesting the system that has been developed here in Brazil in which the law (code) is the first parameter and the jurisprudence serves to standardize the understanding of the law (code) and not to create rights as the Common Law does.
I was the same way my first year until I finished with my 1L's and realized the topics that I was more interested in I was having more difficulty retaining information from as opposed to classes I was less interested in. the only difference I could find was that with interesting topics like con law I had notebooks full of in class notes and less interesting topics like Property 1 or contract law I had very little in class notes . It was a much better experience once I figured that out and learned to relax a little bit and listen up more than I wrote down
When I was 13, I decided I wanted to go to law school and that it would be great to get a jump-start on the material so I could know as much as possible before attending. That was six years ago, and now I'm ready to apply for law school. _"You're not supposed to have already had it figured out. It would be a waste of your time and mine if you already knew everything there was to know about the law and you came and said 'yep, know it already.'"_ Huh, interesting...
Who's watching in 2024? I moved to Virginia in 2021 from Texas. This lady epitomizes why y'all are the mother of states and the mother of Presidents. Y'all have a future White House resident in Youngkin. You don't have to like him. Only love America. 🇺🇸 I'm 63, 2x this very knowledgeable lady's age. Enjoy learning y'all. This is golden. 😊 🎉 ❤ PS. Her "metaphor" story at the end is a "must watch." My humble opinion. 😊
UVA has done a great job of content on most topics but continuing to educate on the law as it is written, and not how it actually works , is raising a generation of attorneys to be prone to becoming corrupt or bankrupt. People are impacted most by family courts, they are broken, and have become a Potemikin Court system. That needs to be addressed in the legal community, including the academics who better be able to explain how private judging , domestic violence and vexatious litigant statue works , as appplied and as created in CA
"No legal system can claim to be a servant of the people if it enables those who harm the people to conceal themselves under the cover of the law and receive advantages that harm the people." - Dr. Hans Frank, "The Impact of National Socialist Thinking on the German Legal System" (1934)
I am not a law student, law professor nor a lawyer but I am curious why it is not called common law after precedent is established on the interpretation of statutory law by the courts?
So basically statutes are regulations for government employees and people that work for the agencies or hold a license under an agency, correct? The statutes are not laws for everyday common folks correct?
The subject of Common law seems to have been glossed over in my view. It is my understanding that under Common law the jury is not bound by the decisions of previous cases and has the authority as, the people, to overturn existing law and create new law. The courts were given authority by the people and therefore the people stand above the courts, The decisions and laws passed by a jury of people of the U.S.A. cannot be overruled by any court.
Unfortunately what isn’t stated is that positive law involves the social sciences and lacks natural philosophy in relation to Aristotle where the rule of law has historical connection. Natural law deals with morals and ethics in relation to metaphysics, epistemology, and cosmology. There’s no way to avoid the relationship between philosophy and law.
Why do you give a life sentence plus more time on top? For etc. A criminal got for the first charge 99 years plus for the second charge got 60 more years? Why not just say life without the possibility of parole!!
American laws started in 1700s almost 300 years ago and we are still living by these laws in the year 2022 but the criminals are not living by these laws American laws have to change to deal with the criminals today
How does the average/ layman supposed to know all the Laws out there.? How can someone break a law that they don't know exist? Does not intent start in the mind?
Objection! Common Law cases obtains a ruling from the jury. Common Law is a court of records. Which place the magistrate as the highest secretary. The ruling of the jury can not 🚫 be retried in any court. See 🙈 Black's Law dictionary 1st, 2nd 3rd edition. Modern BL dict are political influenced and BAR influenced.
You have not explained STATE OF ..vs state...independent as a de jur...sui juri...those, belong to a territory of Fictitious State, 10 sq miles as a foreign district, country unto itsself....Judge made law by juris prudence, conscious of the law. Please explain all definitions of states..these, the, united United...of America= King Georges Juristiction, on and on..estate, trust....Constitution For...you forgot...
This is mistated: executive agencies have rulemaking authority to implement how a statutory law is to be followed: for example,18 USC 2257 records where the statute says very little about "how" to keep the records and how they must be organized. However, the attorney generals "rules" flesh all of it in such that we then know the "how" or the specific uniform implementation of the statute. However, these rules can contradict no other law. Common law is nothing more than that law which came from england which is still followed because it did not represent the specific evils of the king which resulted the american revolution.
27:34 States moved from Common Law to Statues. which means CL is still the law of the land. CL is in the Constitution! uniformly moving to TX from FL , doesn't mean your not a Floridaian. The legal society hijacking the real law! Common Law.
The truth in Florida : Common Law is still the main legal system. Title I CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES Chapter 2. COMMON LAW IN FORCE; REPEALED STATUTES 2.01 Common law and certain statutes declared in force.-The common and statute laws of England which are of a general and not a local nature, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, down to the 4th day of July, 1776, are declared to be of force in this state; provided, the said statutes and common law be not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States and the acts of the Legislature of this state.
Common law is not made by the courts it's made by the people through the courts which brings it up to second on list of hierarchy common law is God's law ecclesiastical law
You are only subjected to these statutes and regulations because you are a U.S. citizen. That is WHY you are registered to the state through your birth certificate. Once you are registered to the state, you are a ward of the state. The state 'owns' you. Registration with the birth certificate changes your political status from that of an American to a U.S. citizen. Like things can only deal with like things in these courts, and because these courts are corporate, they must first change your political status to that of a U.S. citizen and create your estate. Then they must get you to agree that you ARE your estate. This is how these people shred the constitution and remove your God given rights. They get you to agree to it. The state cannot actually take you to court for prosecution because the state would then be suing itself. If you look at the name on the paperwork, the state is using your all caps name. That is not you. That is your estate. Because everything is corporate, including the court itself, everything is contract law and the court must get you to agree that you are your estate. Now the court has a conduit between you and your estate. Nowhere is this authorized in the constitution or public laws. This is how contract law works. You must agree to their scam and if you don't know the law as most people only 'believe' they know the law, then getting you to agree to their ruse is really quite easy. You have the right of recision. You are never obligated to enter into a contract with these people or anyone else. This is why they ask you the questions that they do. You should never take legal advice from them such as when a traffic cop explain the traffic citation he is having you sign and agreeing to his contract. He says if you would like to have your day in court...he then directs you to the local county or municipal court, which has nothing o do with the license you hold but don't actually need. That is judicial court. It lacks subject matter to hear the case. That court is for the judicial review of the administrative hearing that they don't want you to have, because then you are the plaintiff, not the defendant. BTW: The cop is under executive authority, is a private contractor and his/her jurisdiction is administrative. They are getting you to agree to the scam with their first contact with you. Know the law. Buyer beware. The lawyers and government agancies are subject to the statutes and regulations, but project them onto you. This is called color of law. When courts and attorneys practice color of law they are operating outside of their office and job description. This is treason. Lawyers, Attorneys, and members of 'the BAR' have no legislative authority to operate in our court system. Their authority comes through self appointment. When these courts come into session, the Judge, the Prosecuting Attorney and the Defense Attorney, hired by you or court appointed, are all BAR Attorneys. This amounts to a closed union shop, which is in violation of the Clayton Act, the Taft-Hartley Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and probably others. This kind of corruption permeates this system. The greatest danger we face in this country is our own ignorance of the law. And there is much much more to all of this.
So if I get sued over a collision in a car in Virginia "English common law" that is a "creature of the judiciary" but from a "country" that the "American Revolution" was fought - and WON - specifically to defeat and deny and to demonstrate had no "power" outside of "England" and the "judge" is going to "make" the law on the spot "in court"? Let's go to "trial" tomorrow, shall we?
Ask all Law teachers what BAR stands for. My understanding is that it stands for BRITISH ACCREDITED REGISTRY. We do not have Common Law. We have Admiralty-Maritime courts of the sea. If we were really under the Constitution we would have Common Law of the LAND. I would NEVER want to learn any Law by our schools of indoctrination.
I went to a T15 law school, graduated almost a decade ago, and have been practicing at a “top” firm for some time now … you have no idea how useful it would have been to have this lecture on day one of law school, rather than picked up piecemeal through Socratic method opacity.
She's so knowledgeable and able to articulate her points seamlessly. The world needs more of you. Thank you so much Professor. I duff my 🎩
This woman is so good, clear, and direct with her communication. Straightforward. What a pleasure to listen to her.
A gifted teacher is always a blessing to mankind. Well done!
I’m 10 years old and I’m passionate about the law.
I am so impressed with the level of teaching at UVA.
She is the best professor ever. Speaking clearly ❤
I’m 15 and I’m very passionate about the law. This class was very well explained and it helped me a lot thank youu
I strongly advise you to start studying Admiralty, Equity, Trust, and Commerce because that's the only thing going on in these unlawful Article I and Article IV courts and agencies. Common law only exists between people, and will not be acknowledged in these CORPORATE MILITARY VENUES we think are courts of law. If you can find it, try reading a book called Clerks Praxis. It explains in great detail how things work. This little book played a HUGE role in uniting European indentured servants with the American Indian against the Britons(Britain is a fiction like BLACK and WHITE, none of which even existed until after the civil war when Briton and the southern states used the ABA to win the peace AFTER losing the Civil War. The KKK is just descendants of Confederate racists still trying to exterminate indigenous Americans. By law, Americans should only be tried in Article III constitutional common law courts of justice. There is no justice in Admiralty, just creditors and debtors, and your birth certificate/SSN is the DEBTOR as evidenced by the ALL CAPS NAME which in English denotes a corporation, Trust, or other entity, NOT man. Notice the video is about the American LEGAL system, and not American law. LEGAL and Lawful are the same as PUBLIC and Private(note the spelling add compare you birth certificate with your signature). These courts are extensions of England's Kings Bench(judges sit on the bench) as overseen by the House of Lords/BAR(BRITISH ACCREDITED REGISTRY) in London. BENCH IS THE OLD WORD FOR BANK. It's all COMMERCE under the UCC(UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE).
I start an MLS program tomorrow. The ending to this hit the perfect notes that I needed to hear. Dive in, but don’t forget to breathe. I love it!
From South Australia in "little old Adelaide" & looking at a big move once international borders open. Currently studying a Bachelor of Social Science Majoring in Security & International Relations & providing borders open up to USA & I get a job offer law is one of those things I want to study now! After hearing this I am so inspired more than ever. Writing down notes on this for the next few months so I'm well accustomed with it all providing I can get the job I'm after in the USA (international politics but need visa etc but have the resources to do it). I must say this is the clearest lecture I've heard, even more so than some of the Australian universities. Simple & crystal clear audio. Even I'm starting to understand it! Just have to get outta this country first in 2022 or 2023 once borders reopened up but hey, I can wait :-)
Honestly I came here out of curiosity but the amazing informative way this professor explained that introductory is so interesting to the level I think I wanna study low now🤯
I'm 42 and has grown to have a passion for the law.
I’m 32 and just started taking intro law courses at my community college!
There is little justice in America so you must be after money.
Muchas gracias Profesora, excelente explicación, desde Honduras.
I am passionate about the law. The lecture is clear and informative. What a interesting to listen to her
It was such a clear lecture that ı can comprehend American Law System in general ways. Greetings from Istanbul
Omg Thank you for the pep talk!! I needed that! Such professional and talented teacher! I thoroughly enjoyed this! I'd sit in on more for sure!
Awesome. That jurisdiction map is already stuck in my head professor. U made it easy to remember. Thank u. :))
I'm an Australian who can't believe we still don't have a Bill of Rights. Amy tips on how out country might achieve this?
@19:55 you can really see here how she’s actively trying to avoid using legal jargon. Very informational for orientation!!
I am a lawyer in Brazil and it is very interesting to see the difference between Civil Law and Common Law. In a first contact, it seems to me that Common Law allows a greater subjectivity of the Judge since certain parameters are not in the Law (code) but in custom so I find it interesting the system that has been developed here in Brazil in which the law (code) is the first parameter and the jurisprudence serves to standardize the understanding of the law (code) and not to create rights as the Common Law does.
I appreciate the point she makes about not writing things down. I wish I had listened more and wrote less when I was in College and Law School...
I was the same way my first year until I finished with my 1L's and realized the topics that I was more interested in I was having more difficulty retaining information from as opposed to classes I was less interested in. the only difference I could find was that with interesting topics like con law I had notebooks full of in class notes and less interesting topics like Property 1 or contract law I had very little in class notes . It was a much better experience once I figured that out and learned to relax a little bit and listen up more than I wrote down
She is very professional. I like how smooth she develops this orientation, very well explained . When are going to download more similar videos?
Excellent lecture. Thank you so much.
She's amazing this Professor
More of these videos please
When I was 13, I decided I wanted to go to law school and that it would be great to get a jump-start on the material so I could know as much as possible before attending. That was six years ago, and now I'm ready to apply for law school.
_"You're not supposed to have already had it figured out. It would be a waste of your time and mine if you already knew everything there was to know about the law and you came and said 'yep, know it already.'"_
Huh, interesting...
God damn! I feel like a lawyer after this
I wish she would have touched on the UCC, and where and how it fits in the American Legal System.
Who's watching in 2024? I moved to Virginia in 2021 from Texas. This lady epitomizes why y'all are the mother of states and the mother of Presidents. Y'all have a future White House resident in Youngkin. You don't have to like him. Only love America. 🇺🇸 I'm 63, 2x this very knowledgeable lady's age. Enjoy learning y'all. This is golden. 😊 🎉 ❤
PS. Her "metaphor" story at the end is a "must watch." My humble opinion. 😊
A very intelligent person
Very informative.
Thank you for explanation
Overview of the American Legal System
Very interesting and useful.
UVA has done a great job of content on most topics but continuing to educate on the law as it is written, and not how it actually works , is raising a generation of attorneys to be prone to becoming corrupt or bankrupt. People are impacted most by family courts, they are broken, and have become a Potemikin Court system. That needs to be addressed in the legal community, including the academics who better be able to explain how private judging , domestic violence and vexatious litigant statue works , as appplied and as created in CA
Hello medam
Everybody in that class should always carry their pocket constitution. Every people should.
"No legal system can claim to be a servant of the people if it enables those who harm the people to conceal themselves under the cover of the law and receive advantages that harm the people." - Dr. Hans Frank, "The Impact of National Socialist Thinking on the German Legal System" (1934)
She needs to teach all of the courses. Great attitude for an educator.
Wonderful lecture! Thanks for posting it.
I'm a current senior student in uni and Ive been wondering and thinking about going to study law in The States..
thanks for the information and aspects of the american legal system ... teacher !!!
I am not a law student, law professor nor a lawyer but I am curious why it is not called common law after precedent is established on the interpretation of statutory law by the courts?
Incredible lecture! More!!!!
Just got the offer of UVA. Really nervous about my English.....
Amazing the video. Thanks a lot.
LAWYERS?! What the world needs is more LAWYERS!
Did she mention antartica at some point? Please help me out 😅
So basically statutes are regulations for government employees and people that work for the agencies or hold a license under an agency, correct? The statutes are not laws for everyday common folks correct?
I like torts. I had a creme filled tort for breakfast this morning.
If you opt out of being a US citizen or corporate entity and become an American national, would you then be under only common law?
That swimming analogy will go down in lecture/motivation history
Thankyou to enhance our knowledge
Very informative. and explained very well.
very good but the opening remarks about federal laws being dealt with in State courts were not covered,or did I miss that?
Thank you so much!!!!
Great speech and great ending!
So glad the DA from Better Call Saul gave us her insight
The subject of Common law seems to have been glossed over in my view. It is my understanding that under Common law the jury is not bound by the decisions of previous cases and has the authority as, the people, to overturn existing law and create new law. The courts were given authority by the people and therefore the people stand above the courts, The decisions and laws passed by a jury of people of the U.S.A. cannot be overruled by any court.
Unfortunately what isn’t stated is that positive law involves the social sciences and lacks natural philosophy in relation to Aristotle where the rule of law has historical connection. Natural law deals with morals and ethics in relation to metaphysics, epistemology, and cosmology. There’s no way to avoid the relationship between philosophy and law.
Thank you so much for this video!
She is brillant
thanks
Thank you 👌
She's awesome! Nice intro.
Common law in my opinion is the customs of the people and no foreign entity May usurp the customs of the people common law which is not written down
Common Law is the Peoples Law who fight for justice. Statue law fights for profit.
What if I'm in a parish or province or unincorporateed area?
What can I say I cleared all confusion. Thanks.
Why do you give a life sentence plus more time on top? For etc. A criminal got for the first charge 99 years plus for the second charge got 60 more years? Why not just say life without the possibility of parole!!
American laws started in 1700s almost 300 years ago and we are still living by these laws in the year 2022 but the criminals are not living by these laws American laws have to change to deal with the criminals today
Marvellous delivery stule
How does the average/ layman supposed to know all the Laws out there.? How can someone break a law that they don't know exist? Does not intent start in the mind?
A happy little statute lives here. Let's give it a friend, statutes don't like living alone. She reminded me of Bob Ross
Objection! Common Law cases obtains a ruling from the jury. Common Law is a court of records. Which place the magistrate as the highest secretary. The ruling of the jury can not 🚫 be retried in any court. See 🙈 Black's Law dictionary 1st, 2nd 3rd edition. Modern BL dict are political influenced and BAR influenced.
This is very nice
You have not explained STATE OF ..vs state...independent as a de jur...sui juri...those, belong to a territory of Fictitious State, 10 sq miles as a foreign district, country unto itsself....Judge made law by juris prudence, conscious of the law. Please explain all definitions of states..these, the, united United...of America= King Georges Juristiction, on and on..estate, trust....Constitution For...you forgot...
I am being taught what laws there are
Awesome!
This is mistated: executive agencies have rulemaking authority to implement how a statutory law is to be followed: for example,18 USC 2257 records where the statute says very little about "how" to keep the records and how they must be organized. However, the attorney generals "rules" flesh all of it in such that we then know the "how" or the specific uniform implementation of the statute. However, these rules can contradict no other law. Common law is nothing more than that law which came from england which is still followed because it did not represent the specific evils of the king which resulted the american revolution.
The Constitution and Prostitution which is better?
federal state and county laws.
Ive learned this in Law 101
Very good a good class wanted is there
👍
Good content
Thank' you.
Beautiful define th legal law
If everybody is subject to the U.S. Constitution, then who are the "people"?
27:34 States moved from Common Law to Statues. which means CL is still the law of the land. CL is in the Constitution! uniformly moving to TX from FL , doesn't mean your not a Floridaian.
The legal society hijacking the real law! Common Law.
Interesting
The truth in Florida : Common Law is still the main legal system. Title I
CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES Chapter 2. COMMON LAW IN FORCE; REPEALED STATUTES 2.01 Common law and certain statutes declared in force.-The common and statute laws of England which are of a general and not a local nature, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, down to the 4th day of July, 1776, are declared to be of force in this state; provided, the said statutes and common law be not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States and the acts of the Legislature of this state.
Chilling here as a 16 yr old tryna learn
Really scientific
I am a 17 year old Italo-brazilian teenager in Germany interested about American law, the world nowadays is truly confusing HHAHHAHAHA
I love the Statute of Liberty in New York City on that little island.
Good meai Brinks hour mar you good
Common law is not made by the courts it's made by the people through the courts which brings it up to second on list of hierarchy common law is God's law ecclesiastical law
You are only subjected to these statutes and regulations because you are a U.S. citizen. That is WHY you are registered to the state through your birth certificate. Once you are registered to the state, you are a ward of the state. The state 'owns' you. Registration with the birth certificate changes your political status from that of an American to a U.S. citizen. Like things can only deal with like things in these courts, and because these courts are corporate, they must first change your political status to that of a U.S. citizen and create your estate. Then they must get you to agree that you ARE your estate. This is how these people shred the constitution and remove your God given rights. They get you to agree to it. The state cannot actually take you to court for prosecution because the state would then be suing itself. If you look at the name on the paperwork, the state is using your all caps name. That is not you. That is your estate. Because everything is corporate, including the court itself, everything is contract law and the court must get you to agree that you are your estate. Now the court has a conduit between you and your estate. Nowhere is this authorized in the constitution or public laws. This is how contract law works. You must agree to their scam and if you don't know the law as most people only 'believe' they know the law, then getting you to agree to their ruse is really quite easy. You have the right of recision. You are never obligated to enter into a contract with these people or anyone else. This is why they ask you the questions that they do. You should never take legal advice from them such as when a traffic cop explain the traffic citation he is having you sign and agreeing to his contract. He says if you would like to have your day in court...he then directs you to the local county or municipal court, which has nothing o do with the license you hold but don't actually need. That is judicial court. It lacks subject matter to hear the case. That court is for the judicial review of the administrative hearing that they don't want you to have, because then you are the plaintiff, not the defendant. BTW: The cop is under executive authority, is a private contractor and his/her jurisdiction is administrative. They are getting you to agree to the scam with their first contact with you. Know the law. Buyer beware. The lawyers and government agancies are subject to the statutes and regulations, but project them onto you. This is called color of law. When courts and attorneys practice color of law they are operating outside of their office and job description. This is treason. Lawyers, Attorneys, and members of 'the BAR' have no legislative authority to operate in our court system. Their authority comes through self appointment. When these courts come into session, the Judge, the Prosecuting Attorney and the Defense Attorney, hired by you or court appointed, are all BAR Attorneys. This amounts to a closed union shop, which is in violation of the Clayton Act, the Taft-Hartley Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and probably others. This kind of corruption permeates this system. The greatest danger we face in this country is our own ignorance of the law. And there is much much more to all of this.
So if I get sued over a collision in a car in Virginia "English common law" that is a "creature of the judiciary" but from a "country" that the "American Revolution" was fought - and WON - specifically to defeat and deny and to demonstrate had no "power" outside of "England" and the "judge" is going to "make" the law on the spot "in court"?
Let's go to "trial" tomorrow, shall we?
Ask all Law teachers what BAR stands for. My understanding is that it stands for BRITISH ACCREDITED REGISTRY. We do not have Common Law. We have Admiralty-Maritime courts of the sea. If we were really under the Constitution we would have Common Law of the LAND.
I would NEVER want to learn any Law by our schools of indoctrination.
She is making this sound very complex. May be it is. I don't know.
LOL, take a look at 12 presumptions of Law/ court