Is dark matter made of black holes?
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- Опубліковано 16 чер 2024
- We can’t see black holes. We can’t see dark matter and we don't know what it's made of. So what if the elusive dark matter is actually made of black holes? Primordial black holes to be precise. This is an idea that has been kicking around the astrophysics world for 30 years or so - but how realistic is it? And how we do we even figure this question out?
Macho Collaboration et al. (2000) - arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0001272
LIGO collaboration (2016) - dcc.ligo.org/public/0122/P150...
Bird et al. (2016) - arxiv.org/pdf/1603.00464.pdf
Clesse & García-Belledo (2016) - arxiv.org/pdf/1603.05234.pdf
Munoz et al. (2016) - arxiv.org/pdf/1605.00008.pdf
15:51 - Image credit: Julian Muñoz
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👩🏽💻 Dr Becky Smethurst is an astrophysicist researching galaxies and supermassive black holes at Christ Church at the University of Oxford. drbecky.uk.com rebeccasmethurst.co.uk - Наука та технологія
Dr. Becky: This idea has been around for 30 years.
Me: Ah, since the 70s.
Dr. Becky: Since the early 90s.
Me: $%#(&, I'm old!
That's exactly what I thought. Somehow, the idea that the 90's are only some 10 years ago seem to haunt me.
The Idea that our world is round as a ball ist also old, even some centuries older yet.
Ideas live forever so to say.
And that ist not so bad because even a bad example may be helpful sometimes.
Yeah I had the same thought....
The idea Earth is a sphere is actually 24 centuries old. And I mean written ideas and hypothesis and discussion about it, since it was probably somewhat common knowledge for any sea faring civilization, used to see tops of mountains appearing first over the horizon.
In fact, 350 years BCE, the Greeks had already calculated with very good precision the size of the planet, and that knowledge survived the fall of the western Roman Empire and by the time Spain and Portugal kickstarted the Age of Discovery, it was pretty common knowledge, among any cultured European, not only the Earth was round but also its size.
What was not known wasd the existence of the New World, thus the Atlantic was rightfully considered TOO WIDE for any ship to cross and reach Asia before the crew died of thirst and hunger.
@@rogeriopenna9014 Correct it was flat was the common man belief and any uncultured Noble as I have seen reports some were illiterate. Columbus's math error in his claim of a smaller world got the mission funded.
The process that the Greeks used to calculate the size is interesting forget the name though and doing that math without a zero is something else.
All the while a better spot to try a crossing was along the North Ice were fish could be found and ice melt for water, yes risk of collision but better than open Ocean stab. Some better research they would have found tales of landing on the New World because of being thrown way off course. And the Norse people were sitting on the information there was land there that most of them did not know but it was recorded. At a minimum their west sailing history should have been checked. I don't call the Norse New World info a discovery as discoveries require the information to be published widely. And it is a discovery for Spain and the rest of the old world. Just stating Columbus discovered the New world for the old world should settle the you did not discover us for us arguments.
Love to make Columbus day a two day thing first day the day of Acknowledgment were all ethnic groups admit to the wrongs they and their leaders did. Acknowledge because you actually cannot apologize for any action you or your current nation has not taken. And making that clear should help ethnic groups more forthcoming in their leaders and themselves errors and atrocities. And day two day of celebrating each groups heroes and the people themselves ignoring the bad that was covered day one. So those of Aztec background could acknowledge the huge atrocities day one and celebrate the fantastic civilization day two. Columbus would be condemned day one for atrocities that actually got him fired as Governor in the New World and the bad effects of the discovery. Day two those of Europe can celebrate the bold effort of discovery he made even if foolhardy and the massive benefits to the Old world from it.
Note very few Western native groups can actually say they would not have done the same as the Europeans if the shoe had been on the other foot. Wars for territory and atrocities was the norm. Only major lie of interactions was the Whites were civilized otherwise all sides with a few exceptions were savages.
It helps to understand racism better if you study how the early centuries of European conquest were not racist in nature as in example you can't say the Spanish treated the Dutch better than they did those in New World see Sack of Antwerp and many other cases. There was still white slaves in Southern Europe and Serfs a form of slavery common many places. But as Western civilization developed people started going slavery is Wong , raping burning and killing is wrong when you take a town, spreading small pox deliberately as done many times in Europe vs others in Europe is wrong. So then some made efforts to say those of different skin color were not fully human. One example first wave of slaves to North America were brought as indentured servants to be freed in seven years but then it switched to slavery.
Electrical Engineer: it's a software problem
Software Developer: it's a hardware problem
Particle physicist: it's primordial black holes
Astrophysicist: it's an unknown particle
Douglas Adams: it's an OPP (other people's problem)
I had network issues with a computer ages ago. The software guy told me it was hardware, the hardware guy said it was software. I had them both sent up at the same time unbeknownst to each other. Then I said hardware or software it better be working when I get back from lunch. Weird thing, it worked. Another weird thing, they never ever gave me a line of crap again.
@@JB-ym4up Loved that you actually may have given them the tool needed to solve it as well as they bounced ideas off each other. Radical idea of yours put everyone involved in possible problem in same conversation on how to solve it.
Q: How many computer programmers does it take to change a light bulb? A: It can't be done, it's a hardware problem!
He called it an SEP - Someone Else's Problem. Get the terminology right at least.
@@andrewharing2637 oh no! I shall now kill myself honourably. I read it years ago and in another language. I bet you're fun at parties!
I love how you explain complex ideas in a very relatable way, I always learn something new from your videos, thank you!
Thanks so much for laying this all out so succinctly. For an amateur, but enthusiastically interested person such as myself, while I am all too aware that my mathematical skills are not sufficient to fully understand all of what you are saying, I like to think that I can at least keep up with the concepts you are dealing with, and I very much appreciate your sharing of these ideas in a manner that I can get a grasp of.
I look forward to Wednesdays as "Oo, I got some cosmological learning to do today!" days.
Cheers!
( and Thanks again very much for your efforts!)
If U R Mathematician
Here is the true one
ua-cam.com/video/nnkvoIHztPw/v-deo.html
Leave it to Canadians to build a radio telescope in the shape of a half-pipe :-)
Skateboarders: It's free real estate!
And it's carefully guarded by Canadian Cobra Chickens... so DON'T mess with it! :-)
and your problem is....?
(that's not agro...just a feeble attempt
at humour....and just b/c I can.....sorry)
Well, we already had a telescope in the shape of a hockey rink, so it seemed the next logical choice, eh?
I love the design, it's relatively simple, cost effective and just works. What would be really neat is if another nation built one on the other side of the planet so we could gather twice as much data.
"That was done waaay back in the nineties." 😂😂😂
Time is relative, Dr. Becky.
really organized discussion of a super-complicated topic which kept it super-accessible. thanks!!!!
Very clear and educational, I am happy to have found your channel !
She is brilliant. And uses basic language so everyone can understand. Her books are great also.
I hope I live to see humanity learn what dark matter is made of, and dark energy too, for that matter.
And by then, people will be si much more intelligent, that love and compassion will solve almost all existing ignorance, hate, poverty, crime, etc. I ONLY WISH I COULD BE MY GRANDCHILDRENS GRANDCHILDREN LOL.. Well maybe grandchildren's children.
K Dr Becky, no disrespect to your mate, or children....but I'm in looooove with yooooou. I could listen to your brilliant minds, thoughts, and voice for daze. Ha! Get it? Daze? I keep forgetting what your talking about...sigh
Crazy i thought of these hypothese and wondered if others had..LoL Flattering to hear her tell all my thoughts and fun to learn from her. Teach me wose one. Teach me everythiiiing⭐💚⭐💚⭐💚⭐💚
Dark energy is probably the repulsive effect of gravity on large scales. Not a lot of people like the idea, but it seems to be the most logical. (At least to someone who spends a lot of time fixing software bugs)
I hope to see us learning about the dark matter too many human hearts are made of... But yeah, science! I know it sounds evil, but i am curious about for example what climate change or A I will work out.
You make my day ❤️ I watch your videos when I feel down, the way you passionately talk about things you love, gives me hope in this dark times. 🤗😊
Dr. Becky... presenting subjects such as these would normally make my head spin... but you manage to explain things in a way that not only make sense, but the majority of us can actually understand! Is there not a Nobel Peace Prize for that??? There SHOULD be! You make astrophysics accessible to the masses (that's us regular folk, not black holes or "prime ordeal" black holes). THANK YOU!
The way you introduce a concept is really good. Please continue to make such great videos! One doubt though: aren't AGN masses much more than 30 x solar mass? So before the detection of gravitational waves, did we have a chasm between
Dwarf galaxies host intermediate size BH’s
When you said "..way back in the 90s..." I suddenly felt quite old. No worries, though. I am old. Keep up the great work.
IKR? The 90's feel like yesterday to me.
Michael Dean Age is all relative...
Half my life was before the 90s. But when the age of the universe is measure in billions of years, 3 decades is nothing. Might as well have been 5 minutes ago.
The 90's where when I finished uni and started work. So long ago..........
What dichew say? You young whipperschnapsers always schomplaining...
amazing video as always, ty Dr Becky!!!
OMG I love these videos. Prefect for Sunday morning coffee!
Hi Becky, love your video's and especially this one connecting so many different concepts. I'm wondering if you've seen the paper that came out earlier this year about black matter being made up of data? They are looking to test this with a harddisk weight-test between holding information and not holding information, similar to how a battery is ever so slightly heavier if it's charged than if it's uncharged. Would love to see you opinion on that!
I'm so glad to have discovered this channel, your videos are awesome! And I've been wondering this exact question, thanks for answering it so clearly!
You’re welcome 😇
I have no degree doctorate or otherwise but I always enjoy watching your videos, I love the way you explain your topic and your enthusiasm is most refreshing.
Thanks James - glad you enjoy them! They're made for those with enthusiasm 🤗
Nicely explained, I'm not keen on most of the videos out there that say this is what they are, so there, attitude, but you have explained what we really do and don't know in a way that makes it understandable.
Dr. Becky , I just found your channel and let me tell you, I haven't enjoyed someone talking about physics this much since I found Richard Feynman. So yeah...you know what that means.... I subscribed
Welcome 👋
I was going through prime ordeal today and this video saved my evening :)
"Way back in the 90s" oof I feel OLD -_-
You're so great Becky!! Thanks for this and all you do.
Thank you Becky! You are a source of wonder and delight - pretty, charming, fun, jokey, awesomely intelligent, a brilliant explainer, perfectly balancing so much information, so many alternative explanations, so many papers and results, - awesome lady! Keep them coming at us! I never tire of watching your programmes - even when there is much that I don't understand, you are always able to put the science across so that I really really WANT to understand 😊😊
8:05 - You label Alcor and Mizar as a binary star, which is - as far as I know - wrong. While they are a "naked eye double", they are in fact a 6-star system, which is an even more "fun" fact ;)
I bet your level of smugness and self satisfaction looked like the American corona virus infection rate graph that you got to tell DrBecky she'd made a mistake 🤭
@@jamesmcarthur1229 calm down, she even "liked" his comment. The best scientists can not only tolerate being corrected, but they welcome it. xBris was just stating a fact.
I know it's probably a dumb question but I was wondering; Do gravitational waves experience a Doppler shift and if so could that be used to verify the expansion rate of the universe?
Yes they do actually experience doppler shifts. The only problem is we don't know what their original frequencies should be. Unlike with light, we know what frequencies various elements would emit light at, we don't have that same reference point for gravitational waves.
That is far from a dumb question. Here's the way I look at it: If I can picture Neil deGrasse Tyson getting excited over answering your question, then it's not a dumb question, and I think Neil would be super-excited to answer a question like that. :)
Excellent answer from bbbl67, by the way. :)
@@G360LIVE Indeed, a very good question.
Yes, definitely. Any kind of wave, any pattern of matter/energy moving along without changing shape (or just very little). Over cosmic distances, just as with light, wavelength gets longer with farther objects. We won't know the original frequency in any simple way. But the intensity helps. A strong wave we might assume is "closer" at least cosmically, and therefore the Doppler change is small, and from the frequency and details we might deduce masses for a pair of black holes, at least a first estimate.
From simulations we know what the frequency and intensity should be, if we assume GTR to be true. Circular reasoning must be avoided! The point is to match simulation results with observations of frequency, intensity and details of the wave's shape. Doppler can be accounted for in simulations, so we have an expectation of what the wave should look like for any given masses, spin orientations, and distance from us. Sometimes when you have expectations, you find what you're looking for rather than what is. That was an early criticism of LIGO data analysis. We have enough separate observations now for that concern to have faded. Not enough data yet, though, to help pin down Hubble's constant, but I'm expecting that with a few more years of observation, and with new instruments starting up.
@@DrunkenUFOPilot I wonder if there are any attempts to find the Hubble constant already. Edwin Hubble inferred his law from incomplete data in 1929.
Love your presentations! Thank you for sharing
Superb and up to date discussion. I love the shirt too!
Are you trying to outdo Curious Droid with your shirt game? Nice palm trees by the way :)
Must be an Oxford thing
She has a gargoyle too: ua-cam.com/video/IgmKp0KluTY/v-deo.html
Science with a smile! My favourite topic! 😃
Lies, lies and fantasy.
GOD's BEAUTIFUL FLAT EARTH What's the alternative?
Love your channel! I've been trying to binge watch your videos, but my brain is starting to hurt! So I'm going to have to space it out! Lol
amazing videos Dr. Becky, fresh/kind,/spontaneous, massive attractiveness towards astrophysics I ever watched anywhere including university times. It would be fantastic if Dr. Michio Kaku takes you for an interview in the future on kids' education/support. You also inspire me more to support my kids in their studies/careers/job decisions. thanks from Argentina, the lucky at southern hemisphere who see our Milkyway AGN directly in his glory ;-)!
I wonder if there being so many more intermediate mass black holes than expected could be due to direct collapse being much more common than previously thought, rather than primordial leftovers. At least that was my first thought as a layperson. 🤔
I thought the same thing, but if direct collapse was so common, then all of our galaxies wouldn't have all of these heavy elements forming so quickly after the Big Bang.
bbbl67 sorry could you expand on that?
Or, the Big Bang produced trillions of planet-mass black holes each the size of a sugar cube.
@@JM-yd7rq it may well have, but they shouldn't exist now. Or at least that's what our current understanding says.
@@JM-yd7rq Direct collapse BH is not the same thing as primordial BH, though they are produced in similar ways. The main difference between them is that primordial BH was produced by the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang, while direct collapse is just a big star that skipped the supernova stage.
A question " imagine there are two entangled particles away from each other and one of them falls inside a blackhole, does it effect the other in anyway?" ps: love your videos!
You're confusing what entanglement is with the popsci version. All entangled means is that the knowing of one particles conserved property (say, spin) lets us know the others. You can't transfer information with this, it's just a simple consequence of the universal wave function. The black hole does to the entangled particle what it does to all particles, gobbles them up. Measuring the spin of the non-gobbled particle tells you what the spin would have been for the one the black hole ate up if you had been able to measure it, but that doesn't actually change anything about the situation.
@spaghettarius a
Is this in response to my post? You didn't seem to reference my post at all but you replied to my post. Maybe you meant to reply to the OP.
I think you are answering it in a very similar way to me, that something being entangled doesn't change anything about what happens when it crosses a black hole. In fact, everything is entangled with everything else all the time, look up quantum darwinism for a possible explanation on how superposition, etc. gets perpetuated up to the macroscopic level, where things look classical and nonquantum.
Time stopping and infinities happening at the event horizon is more of a problem of coordinates, not an actual feature of a black hole. Most physicists (something which I am not, this is just a hobby of mine) don't really believe in the firewall theory, but some do. No one actually knows.
Also, hawking radiation is often misunderstood and is actually something that happens to all objects in spacetime, and is caused by and happens within the curvature of spacetime surrounding a black hole. It would just be more pronounced given the extreme curvature surround the event horizon.
@spaghettarius a
Interesting reply, and yes I have previously understood basically all of what you are talking about, but I think you are taking some of the math and understanding too much at face value. GR/QM are necessarily incomplete as they do not work together, and some of the fundamental assumptions of one or both of them must be incorrect (I think that's likely GR, but no one knows).
First off, it's now believed that information that falls into a BH is not lost, this is a new mathematical discovery in the last few months and the consequences of this are still being debated. Energy is not lost either, but is also conserved in general only because of time translation symmetry, and weird stuff with time does happen in a BH, so energy may not necessarily be conserved in the literal sense at all points in a BH (I don't know of any saying this, but it seems possible).
I'm also a little confused about your discussion of time approaching a black hole, because we're always moving forward in time at c, unless we're traveling very fast in space. And the weird thing about a BH is that it's space (or spacetime) itself that is traveling inwards towards the BH at the speed of light, and one should be able to be considered motionless even as it's sucked into the BH, as you're just following what the space you're sitting in is doing. From an outside perspective, you know that you'll know that you don't ever see anything actually reach a black hole, but your a local frame, the black hole event horizon is nothing special.
Also, as I understand it, time and space don't literally swap and time definitely isn't going backwards or acting in a freely traversable way. It's just that within the black hole, your only possible destination is the singularity, and not moving toward the singularity is as impossible as traveling backwards in time, so space acts as time and time as space, but it's all still 'normal' in truth. Sean Carroll has been putting together an amazing set of videos called The Biggest Ideas in the Universe which has really opened my eyes to many of the false popsci interpretations of technical physics.
@spaghettarius a
Well, motion is relative, right? So if you were in deep space and seemingly not moving, you could claim to be traveling through time at c. Actually this is an interesting thought experiment, because only by comparing clocks with someone else would you recognize any potential motion. It seems like you could define the singular stationary reference frame as the frame that has the fastest moving clock relative to all other frames. I wonder how this plays out in our universe? Anyways, even if you don't ignore the inherent motion of our planet and sun and galaxy, we're still just moving at a tiny fraction of c, like 1/1000th or less, so you are, to a decent precision, moving through time at c anyways.
Also, you jump around so much in your comments that I don't get half of what you are trying to say, what parts are in comment to what parts of my comments, etc.
Where did space expansion come in and what does infinite density have to do with time besides whatever the weirdness is near a singularity (I get infinite density could be thought of as the opposite of a massless particle, but that train of thought is still peculiar)?
And what do you have against your capitalization and periods?
FYI: Sean Carroll is definitely not a random youtube video creator, he's a practicing physicist and his videos are very grounded and well put together and actually goes through a lot of the math in GR/QM. Also, I've watched many many many videos on SR/GR/QM on youtube and most do a decent job of explaining concepts to their target audience, at least from what I've seen. There are always nutters out there, but I don't watch those ones, and you can typically tell pretty quickly if they have any actual idea what they're talking about.
You explain things so clearly 🌸
I have read somewhere that those larger than expected black holes could form as ordinary sized ones in the dense star clusters orbiting supermassive black holes. In that environment, they have the accretion disk of their mega sibling to feed on, as well as a much greater probability of encountering each other and being captured into the mutual orbits that result into mergers. This would explain how they could be so massive, they merge much more often and have vastly more gas to feed on than your average stellar mass black hole.
I like your "Florida" shirt!
I’m beginning to suspect that dark matter is a combination of different things; Black holes, hydrogen ice bergs, unobserved particles, etc.
absolutely a possibility there is more than one "thing" out there contributing to the mystery ... could be BOTH black holes AND axions.
Becky's 20% figure for black holes seemed quite high to me. Get 20% from a couple more sources and we're basically there.
That’s not physics ... that’s just story-telling ... fun ... but not science ...
At this point it could be similar to an electron quantum orbital around a nucleus, but in this case the nucleus being a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy, and the quantum probability cloud around that "nucleus" is the dark matter, taking different configurations based on the parameters of a galaxy alongside probability.
I'm imagining this entirely without proof. But still....
Though perhaps my idea falls apart when realizing there are galaxies where the dark matter has left and the galaxy itself is trying to follow it.....
Yet that also seems to be expected if that black hole was entangled to that overall energy state, meaning the center of the galaxy must move in the general direction of the dark matter field it plays a part in agitating. I imagine this would lead to quite confusing calculations and behaviors across the cosmos between different galaxies, as the probability function itself would lead to chaotic patterns of sorts. (and for all we know the vast amount of potential smaller black holes within that galaxy may create further disturbances that throw off calculations)
I feel like our measurements of dark matter will become much more "common-sense" to us later when we merge relativity and QM into a single statistical mechanism.
@@jeremyspayne Hell, we can have fun and say that 2D calculations from anyons are blurring the topological structures upon which we evaluate the geometry of space-time and thus dark matter lies there.
The great thing about adding fiction to science is that we can quite frankly go to any depths of the imagination based solely on the allowable unknowns set by our current limits of knowledge within science.
I present another idea of what dark matter is below as well. It's likely entirely wrong, just as that "Anyon Interference Conjecture" I literally just now invented is probably entirely nonsense. We sure as hell can have fun wondering though. The problem is when people take their ideas and end up in a realm of unfalsifiable dogma where the person is unwilling to be wrong.
You seem like the type of guy that I can throw around crazy ideas with while having us both be self-aware of what we're doing. When the day comes that science presents new testable observations that contradict our ideas, we will update those ideas as such.
However, I am also an artist at heart. I see the precious time we have left here on Earth and find enthusiasm in the implications that scientific wonder brings us. If I have children one day, I would want their imaginations to begin at the greatest depths of mystery, as just by happenstance I find this method to provide people a higher potential to derive the natural laws from there. An interest in science is a good reason to pursue actual science. Not only do I want them to investigate these things, but I want then to experience bliss doing so. I am diagnosed with major depressive disorder, and find that this method is powerful even for myself.
You'd be amazed to see the journey I went through that drew my attention to quantum field theory. All of it began with mystical childhood wonder about philosophical concepts I had no idea had valid scientific basis.
It's worth noting that people like Einstein and Max Planck were more than just great mathematicians. They were visionaries who had wonderous imaginations. They had imaginations that began by challenging the status quo and then derived mathematical proofs for those ideas that also happened to explain just about everything by proxy.
Good morning Dr. Becky. Besides being delightful you seem to put fun into Physics. I'm 62 in Ohio, USA. Thank-you for making a very complex conversation interesting.
Really enjoying this channel after finding it some weeks ago. Now addicted :-)
👋 welcome
We know it's there, we know it's dark, we know it matters
Dr.B: "I know a lot of people don't like waiting"
If people don't like waiting then astrophysics isn't for them. Your field reminds me of nature photography or camera men, sitting around for 3 months hoping to have your camera pointed at the natural phenomenon then shouting "quick its doing the thing" *snap snap snap "awww, we missed it"
Astrophysics is like photographing snow leopards in the wild then :-)
I just wanna ask If I can be of any help, except the mathematical part :P . Because I'm just so mesmerized by everything. Your videos contain references for everything and I thank you for that. Stay Awesome.
Great explanation. I love the watch!
This video needs a trigger warning.... my Echo Dot was triggered and started talking about black holes when you talked about the CMB as an "echo"
Also, can we have t-shirts with the graphic from 15:39 on the front and the words "Get Bent" on the back?
15:50 great... now the dot is reading me the FRB wiki entry.... i need to change that wake word.....
Never heard of an echo dot before. No one can put enough warnings about the various things people quip about without there being a 5 min disclaimer at the start of every video, just something individuals have to adapt to.
'poofed out'... my phrase of the day.
Its a technical term. Made me 😃
Thank you so much for uploading this video. It is helping me get through the pandemic!
Ma'am your videos are breathtaking and truly amazing and i would love it if you please...please...please provide updates about the Planet X or the predicted grapefruit sized primordial black hole that you once said in one of your videos that you were researching on....please😁😁
0:18 "Dark matter...doesn't interact with light in any way..." I would think that characteristic would exclude black holes entirely, as they do interact with light - to the extent that they actually trap light and keep it from escaping (which I think would be considered a fairly robust interaction.) From memory, dark matter doesn't directly affect light at all - that is, light passes through it and continues on towards its destination completely unimpeded, or completely the opposite of "doesn't interact with light in any way."
PS: That said, dark matter does appear to interact with light - or at least, it's gravitational field does, in the form of gravitational lensing. So maybe it's the original statement that needs to be more modified to "doesn't _directly_ interact with light." Thoughts?
It doesn't interact with light in any KNOWN way, specifically.
No, dark matter has to affect light with its gravity -- gravity is the only evidence for dark matter in the first place. Dark matter would lens light passing near it in exactly the same way that black holes or any other matter of equivalent mass would. Lensing observed in the halos of distant galaxies is one of the pieces of evidence used to support dark matter's existence.
@@karatepop But gravitational lensing shows it does affect light, at least in that way. This is known, as it's how the problem of dark matter was first found - the lensing effect was found to be too great for the known mass causing the effect. That's why I suggested the defining statement could maybe use a bit of tweaking.
"Interacting" in this sense means absorbing and radiating, i.e. an interaction through the electromagnetic field. An interaction through gravity is not a true EM reaction.
@@bbbl67 Gravity is obviously not an EM reaction. However, the definition wasn't restricted to EM reactions - hence my query. You're ascribing meaning that wasn't directly implied or explicitly stated.
@2:00 Dark matter is made up of sugar and spice and everything nice.
@3:56 Microlensing: like during an eclipse.. just before the moon fully covers the sun?
@4:52 "what do you call a blind deer?" - no eye-deer 😉
NO!! Snakes and snails and puppy dog tails!.
Way to pick up on the microlensing smoke and mirrors. Not many would be able to realize this. We can't even see the nearby white dwarfs (including their microlensing), even though actually emit quite a bit of light relative to a BH, without an extremely sensitive system like GAIA. So the presumption that we should be able to consistently detect accurate microlensing is ridiculous.
The sun is curving light around it as do all massive objects (even light objects, just anything with 'mass'). The point of a lensing event (micro or otherwise) is that the light from a much further object is deflected on multiple sides of the intermediate object, smearing it out and simultaneously amplifying it. Same underlying mechanism, sure, but entirely different measurable outcome.
@@onehitpick9758
What are you talking about? Do you not believe that gravity bends light? Do you also not believe that glasses bends light? You have seen glasses and telescopes, right? I'm sorry to insult you so, but you sound like a flat-earther, trying to call out 'big science' for perpetuating some 'myth' that you, in your infinite wisdom, have deemed unreasonable.
And I have no idea what you're going on about with nearby white dwarfs. Care to explain further such that I can help shed some light on your confusion?
Also, microlensing would be detected only when an object, BH, rogue planet, etc., passes in front of another object we are viewing, and we essentially see the object twinkle. I'm not sure what this has to do with nearby white dwarfs.
@Just Looking Find all the shiny white dwarfs before even claiming you can count the micro-lenses. Gaia just turned up many in our own neighborhood.
Hi Dr Becky I love your videos ☺️ I’ve got a question / theory regarding dark energy... you will surely think that it’s completely stupid but I would like to know your point of view if you have a bit of time?
Great show Dr. Becky. How do you keep your head from exploding? A lot going on in there.
What if black holes destroy matter and break it down into the simplest form of matter aka dark matter
I dont know anything about this stuff, but I did hear recently from a video that black holes do "evaporate" over time... so cant it be that what ever they give up from them while shrinking IS dark matter?
@@morto360 according to Stephen Hawking it's Hawking radiation being expelled from black holes. BUT since dark matter is basically only able to be theorized that's kinda what my thought is as well. In my head it makes sense that the matter that's being taken in by black holes is actually being expelled as dark matter, but just like the majority of theories it's a whataboutism and I don't have the ability/money/intelligence to take it any further than a brainstorm lol
@@morto360 Yeah... in theory Hawking radiation should include every type of particle.
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The wavelength and energy of the particles would be determine by the event horizon radius. The bigger the radius, the longer the wavelength of the hawking radiation, and the lower it's energy.
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Another nice little mind bender Becks. Thank you for uploading more for us to digest.
eu moro no Brasil e adoro seus vídeos, são aulas sensacionais de astrofísica!
fascinating, thank you Dr. Becky... love that song too "Messages keep getting clearer
Radio's on and I'm moving 'round my place"
Hello Dr becky I just got your book in the mail and it made my day...I was hoping that your autograph would have been included but you can't win them all lol...thank you for your channel!!!
Great show , what we don't know about the universe is as interesting as what we do know. It moves me in a pri-more-deal way!
0:50 - when the "sound" of gravitational waves was palyed I got goosebumps xD
Gravitational waves signals recorded by LIGO (and VIRGO here in Italy) are about 0.2s long. If we had been close to the two black holes, due to great slowdown in time near huge masses, how long did it take for them to merge?
Sorry for my bad English
I think I followed this fairly well, although it's one of the more information-dense videos I've seen from you. But one thing I didn't get:
Seems like the first big drawback of the MACHOs was that we only detected 20% of the number necessary (beinga factor of 5 off seems damn close to me). But the second big drawback was the need for pairs of large black holes (30 times the mass of the sun).
You just threw out there the fact that some felt that primordial black holes solved the second problem. But no explanation why.
Also, at 9:38, you say "black holes are made of dark matter." Was that backwards? I swear I watched this 5 times to follow every point you made. That one part seemed confusing.
But I loved it start to finish!
Fun with astrophysics. Thank you, Dr. Becky.
Hi there Dr! one question: i just seen that CHIME already has more than 4K detections, no news yet about the echos study?
What’s the difference between Space-Time (presumably the medium for gravitational waves?) and the old notion of ether as a medium for light waves to travel through. Cheers, I always enjoy your channel 👍
Hello Dr Becky, thanks for another excellent video.
I've always contemplated the fates of hypergiants like UY Scuti with 1700 solar masses - is there a possiblity that 'paired' black holes could be formed when these monsters go supernova? Some kind of dividing force at the moment of big bada boom that splits the mass into a pair of orbiting twin singularities?
@spaghettarius a Oooh thanks for the update. Clearly I'm running on old data (fittingly). Appreciate the fix. Do you think my idea might still be possible though?
@spaghettarius a Oh that's on me, I'm no Astrophysicist, I just wondered if there might be a condition where a massive star, in going supernova, might somehow split freakishly during the collapse and blow two pre-singularities away from each other to become binary black holes. If that's not how space time works and can't possibly happen, then I'm fine with that! Appreciate your response though.
Hi, It's a great video. Thank you for sharing few references on MACHO and dark matter from LIGO too. Microlensing of FRB, that's an interesting idea! Will have to check it out.
At 7:43, 8:29 and some other times, you said that the masses of BH formed after a supernova explosion would be 1-3 solar mass. But I would like to point out that typical mass of BH after a supernova explosion is something above 5 solar mass not 1-3 solar mass (please correct me if I am wrong). As you may have heard, there's a lower mass gap (which I don't think something fundamental and will be removed) between 3-5 solar mass where there are no detections of such masses of compact objects have been made in anyway astronomically. It's also tough to make neutron stars below 1.4 solar mass (at least through supernova simulations). I should say we don't yet understand supernova explosion mechanism to firmly say anything but yeah the typical observed masses of BH is above 5 solar mass in simulations.. As you know Chandrasekhar limit and TOV equation tells that objects with masses above 3 solar mass (not rotating) typically form BH but not something below. Even then also to point out, we don't yet understand the 2.3 to 3 solar mass range properly..
But yeah I completely agree with primordial BH being in the mass range from microns to few times the mass of the Sun.
Yes, I also heard that most most stellar mass black hole remnants are thought to be in the 5-10 solar mass range. Most neutron stars are supposed to be in the approximately 1-3 solar mass range (actually more accurately in the 1.4 to 2.2 solar mass range). And then there is a mass gap between 2.2 to 5 solar masses which we have not seen too many of yet.
@@bbbl67 Yes exactly! But I also want to point out that we have observed neutron star with mass around 1.14 solar mass! So it should be 1.14 - 2.1 solar mass till date observed.. But yeah the 1.14 Mo Neutron star is hard to explain using supernova explosion mechanism..
@@surendrapadamata2123 Yes, there have been some neutron stars detected below the Chandrasekhar Limit of 1.4 solar masses. They are hard to explain, usually involves some kind of very high spin rates on the original progenitor star that produced it. But I think below that mass range, a neutron star is unstable, it can't hold its mass together as a neutron degenerate matter because it doesn't have enough gravity.
@@bbbl67 Theoretically, from the TOV equation of hydrostatic equalibrium, you can get neutron star masses even of 0.11 solar mass or less. But can they form astrophysically, probably not but don't know for sure.. On the other side, Well if there was a high spin initially on the progenitor then I think it would rather form a heavier neutron star then a lighter one as there will be extra support from centrifugal pressure. If it's very very high, I don't know.. I personally didn't see any such studies which involved such very high spins, it may break up mid way before forming..
The singing at the very end was my favorite bit!
This is a great channel.
Great video! I always look for you on UA-cam! :-)
Btw, I saw a post today with a Dr. Becky having her video editing software free trial expiring. I wanted to help, but found out there are a LOT of "Dr. Beckys" on UA-cam, Who knew? I can't find the post again. so I have to ask... was that you?
It was yeah - if you go to my community page on my profile you'll see it!
@@DrBecky Oh, dear. How can I help? Do you have a Patreon page? I am a friend and Patron of Tibees (only person I have on Patreon) but I can easily help you. Please let me know, ok? :)
I find your videos are very interesting, please try to make a video explaining string theory
I have heard the "dark matter is black holes" theory form PBS Space Time, it was exiting (and scary) idea and I did not kno why it is not discussed more, but you explained also the arguments against, which make it rather unprobable. That is good to know. Thanks a lot fot the explanation.
Ooh I just finished a 65 page thought experiment about space/time and this was last question I asked myself before I had a break and couldn't get back into the headspace again lol but essentially, dark mater /energy is just space/time . Space with density , time with energy. I'd explain that more here but it's not so simple and takes some writing lol anyways , it's all just fun to think about.
Hello Dr. Becky, please do a video on GRB and possibility of GRBs affecting earth. Should align with your limitless love for black holes :D
Hey I love watching your videos you are doing great work
Also I am 15 and I am really interested in being a astrophysicist and hearing from all perfect maths and physics can you also tell what I can do other than this
Is there a difference to how spacetime is warped depending on if a particle is observed vs unobserved Dr? Maybe some residue or potential mass is set aside for multiple potential outcomes and, if they intersect a black hole that potential gets transferred to the final product? Has that been explored as a possibility for black holes being that massive or is there something fundamentally flawed with this line of inquiry and hypothesizing?
@spaghettarius a This was something that I was aware of though, which led me to the question I posed.
@spaghettarius a Ah, see, this is what I'm ignorant on. But some particles have mass no? Wouldn't that have some kind of influence over spacetime, even though it's insignificant. There's also the question as to why 'nothing' in space is still filled with fundamental particles popping into existence. That a result of stretching the expansion of the universe? Kind of like having 4 people pull a sheet taught, launching whatever debris is on said sheet, into the air?
Fascinating. Going to do anything on SDSSJ1240+6710?
What programming language(s) do you use for your data analysis Becky?
Python 👍
*Very interesting video. I loved watching it. Black holes are going to be always an interesting topic. The more you know the more you don't know about them.*
YUP! Welcome to my life 😂
@@DrBecky could temporal mechanics explain the observations which lead to the nescesity for dark matter/energy?
ie. in a void more time happens, so many more virtual particals can pop into existance then annihialate against their counterparts etc
thus creating the outward pressure and expansion of space.
Transversly approaching the center of a galaxy as the density increases less time is experienced which may explain why the structures
hold their shape without overwinding etc.
ps. sorry if incoherant, tried to make it brief, Im just a plumber
Where can we get a complete copy of "Primordial Black Holes" as sung by Dr. Becky? 17:55
Can I ask what was left behind after the collision of the two black holes?
Mam, in the next video would you please tell about the BHH or stellar heartbeat detected in the NLS1 and coming from RE J1034+396 and its relation with the BHB 1915+105, please 🤔
Are there any existing theories that dark matter could be Bose Einstein Condensates? I'm going to watch your previous video too, but I have questions on the feasibility of vacuum energy too - is it at all related to false vacuum states of the Higgs?
There is a theory that dark mater is a BEC of something. I forget what exactly is condensated.
I read a recent article about certain modifications to general theory of relativity explains the extra gravity. Would like to hear about this and generally MOND from you Dr.
This is so fun:) btw, got my copy of the Yank version of your book, thanks:)
So how would your models change between WIMPS and MACHOs? Wouldn't a small spot of mass (black hole) and a distributed amount of mass (some other matter) change your models?
Dr. Becky I have a serious question/suggestion about dark matter and the expansion of the universe. In all of the representations for spacetime expansion that I've seen, it has been basically depicted visually as a set of block lines stacked together to give the impression of multiple cubes stacked along all three classic axis. Which are then overlaid upon a star system or perhaps a galaxy. Making the presumption that the big bang marks the center of a generally spherical universe imagine laying that same graphic over a graphic of the universe instead. Also presuming that the estimate of the universe's diameter of 96 Billion light years is correct. That leaves us with an approximate radius of 48 billion light years, and for the sake of brevity and simplicity, lets say that Sol sits upon the outer end of this radius. Taking the expansion rate as 46.2 miles per hour per Megaparsec, and yes I know I'm neglecting to include the margin of error in this, again this is for brevity in this write up. Also assuming the this rate of expansion is happening everywhere in the universe. That would mean that on the outer end of the universal radius that we can calculate how much spacetime is flowing past us per hour. That a poor way of saying it. Um, let say that if we use these parameters that we might effectively measure the velocity of spacetime as it flows past us. My question is twofold, first given the above measures are assumed as accurate, how may we calculate the relative velocity of the fabric of spacetime as it flows past us. And secondly is the measure of 462. miles per hour per megaparsec a measure of the expansion of spacetime or is it instead a measure of the motion of celestial bodies within the fabric of an expanding spacetime.
With my third question being can this rate of expansion in the fabric of spacetime be used as a way of explaining dark matter given that more velocity an object has, the greater its measurable mass. Or can we use our measure of dark matter in such a way as to calculate what the relative velocity of the fabric of spacetime? And yes I am aware that some limited number of galaxies fail to exhibit dark matter in our calculations. However I imagine that this might be evidence that spacetime is experiencing a kind of turbulent flow as its warped and bent by the mass exigent in the cosmic web.
Thank you, I know that's a lot to unpack. However this idea that spacetime is basically flowing past us at some high velocity and is therefore responsible for the spontaneous generation of quark/antiquark pairs within protons and neutrons and thereby having the causal effect of our universe being heavier, in general, than what we expect via other measures.
Dr. Becky, this video was so interesting and thought provoking, look at what it made me do, engage in sheer speculation! I''ll bet this idea was long ago removed from the "silly" list, but here goes:
Kind of sounds like a journey to Andromeda could involve carefully navigating in between the "primords". Could the hawking radiation from these objects eventually degrade into protons, AKA hydrogen nuclei? Thus accumulating a net outbound "hydrogen ion (+) breeze", that would exert a tendency to expand the volume of space in between galaxies, and at the same time push galaxies together while feeding them fresh hydrogen which gradually compresses under gravity to form new stars?
So I'm super dumb but I remember reading once that the remnants of core collapse supernovae tend to move very quickly due to asymmetries during the collapse. If that were true, would it be more likely that compact stellar remnants would be be relatively common in the halo? Also, it seems like interactions between very compact objects within the disk would also cause ejections that would leave more of these compact objects floating around in the halo. Am I correct in my understanding?
Tossing this out as a thought I have had for a while - can you tell the difference between a black hole created from the collapse of normal matter vs one created from antimatter. The next question is there anything about antimatter that some how made it easier to form into black holes quicker than normal matter.
Could Fast Radio Bursts be in part due to transiting Black Holes (or other MACHOs) briefly redirecting a radio source at earth that would not be otherwise pointed at earth (before and after the event)?
Dr Becky, I saw a piece that surmised that "Planet Nine" in our Solar system may be a grapefruit-sized black hole. Love to hear a comment on that hypothesis.
ua-cam.com/video/AplFPtHY09E/v-deo.html
🙂
@@gravitonthongs1363, thanks for sharing that!
Loved this episode 😍
If I'm not mistaken, we've very recently discovered the first FRB within our Milky Way, and it just so happened to arise exactly where a known magnetar exists...
Yup - did a night sky news video on that back in June 👍
when is your covers album coming out?
I just read an article on Planet 9 being hypothesized as a primordial black hole a couple of days ago and such black holes could be responsible for the dark matter. Your video clarifies it well. Thanks!
Yup 👍 did a Night Sky News video on that a few months ago - such an exciting idea that the solar system could have a pet black hole ❤️
Dr Becky, regarding these massive black holes, you mentioned massive stars go supernova, shed their outer layers and a black hole with a smaller mass remains.
But what about failed supernovas? Isn't there a limit of star mass where above a certain threshold the black hole forms before the supernova and thus absorbs the in falling matter, thus not making possible the rebound?
Wasn't this considered for the recently ultra massive start that just disappeared?
You’re ahead of the game 👍 more on that in next week’s night sky news
ngl, I only clicked the video because that title just broke my mind
Your video is really good though
love your channel
Loved this!!
I remember discussing this with my astronomy prof. We both agreed someone tried way too hard to make those acronyms, and probably had fun laughing along the way.