A native burushashki speaker here! I almost jumped out of my seat when youtube recommended me this video. I can't thank you enough for the work you have done in providing such detailed insight into this language. I was always fascinated by the origins of my language but never had the chance to research in more detail, your video is a GEM!. I have forwarded it to almost every burushahski speaker I know, so they can see how intriguing and fascinating this language is. Many many many thanks for this video. Looking forward to your next video!!
Greetings and welcome. I hope you enjoyed the video. It was fascinating to learn about Burushaski and some of the academic theories associated with it. Please recommend the video to your friends! 🙂
@@biplobreal Well, that is easy. You say: "Jha Haa eet-tou doa". In which, Jha stands for 'My', Haa is for 'house', eet-tou is 'there' and lastly, doa means 'is'.
I'm personally not really convinced by Čašule's arguments regarding a potential Burushaski-IE connection. I think that there's a huge burden on him to prove that the lexical similarities aren't due to borrowing but are indeed cognates. You bring up a really good point about how the case-ending correspondences aren't as convincing when you take into account Burushaski's method of handling plurals. Besides a couple of papers, I haven't seen anyone really talk much about the potential Burushaski-Yeniseian connection before, but I'm very intrigued by the idea; thank you for including it in this video. I love how thorough yet accessible your videos are, and I'd love to see you do one on the various Dene-Caucasian hypotheses. I'm not much of a lumper myself, but I think it's fascinating to ponder these potential connections at least. Unrelated, but I'd love to see a photo of your bookshelf sometime. I always appreciate when you give recommendations for books and articles, and I feel like you've got some great books there.
I agree completely about the burden of proof around its lexicon; I think Čašule recognizes that too, though. It might shock a few people, but I don't consider myself a lumper either 😂. However, I do admire those who put the thankless effort in and try to answer those questions. If we consider the Caucasian substrate hypothesis as a fork of proto-Pontic, I think we are slowly moving in the right direction. I've always been a fan of journals like 'Mother Tongue' and enjoy reading about all these long-range proposals as well as the critiques that accompany them. Fascinating stuff indeed. Regarding the bookshelf photo, I did a video on a few book recommendations a few weeks back. I live abroad and am away from the bulk of my books. Everything you see behind me in videos is basically whatever I've picked up over the last couple of years, and of course, more and more, everything is digitalized... Thanks for your great comment and kind words! All the best!
The Hunza valley, where they speak Burushaski, is the one of the most beautiful places on earth! It's also a trade route between the Indian SubContinent and Central Asia, particularly the Tarim Basin (now the Karakoram Highway) - which makes me suspect some form of contact/continuity with the wider Tocharian world - but I'm guessing the subset of scholars with a working knowledge of Tocharian and Burushaski is pretty much zero. Also, Sheep were probably domesticated in NW Iran about 10.000 BP. I've said this before, it's totally possible that when a population acquired domesticated sheep and goat, they acquired a bunch of shepherding vocabulary too. Think the Indo-aryan horse vocabulary in Hurrian.
Wikipedia (I know, I know) reports that the Tibetans speak of a _bru zha_ language of the Gilgit valley whose script was one of five used to record the extinct Zhangzhung language, and they may have transmitted at least some of the so-called ‘ancient’ school of Tibetan Buddhism to the Tibetans themselves. So much for a people who didn't make any mark on history or civilisation...
@@LearnHittite I'm wondering if you've any interest in Vajda's Dene-Yeniseian proposal--and how that might relate to the Yeniseian-Burushaski proposal.
Also Bur has words for writing and reading (girminus, ghatanus). This means, original Burushaski speakers belonged to a well developed civilisation, such as the Indus civilisation.
BMAC language could be also one of the original languages of Iran Neolithic Farmer, which explains similarities with Kartvelian and other Caucasus isolate languages via connection of CHG and Iran N. Furthermor they could be connected deeper, as far back as ANE, which is in line with Dene-Caucasian and Nostratic hypothesis.
you can't imagine how happy i am after watching this video. Brushiski is my first language. I have been lately researching about it & somehow I ended up here. I am so grateful to people who are researching about our language. Thanks for making this video :)
OMG I'm delighted to watch this, I was always thinking of making grammar for my language but no I found a load of information about it and I'm speechless
Native Burushaski speaker here, Yasin dialect. Yasin dialect is comparatively hard dialect. I am 27 and I can't pronounce some words properly either. Additionally, in Burushaski there are no standalone words for some nouns for example there is no word for 'nose', either we have to say 'my nose' ='amush', 'your nose'='gomush', 'his nose'='mush', 'her nose'='mumush'. Similarly it's either 'my eye', 'your eye', 'his/her eye' but no standalone word for 'eye'. Now there is significant difference between Yasin and Hunza Burushaski i.e Yasin dialect is hard one even Hunza speakers don't understand it. Here are some words in Yasin and corresponding words in Hunza dialect, (Yasin, girls = gushangiya), (Hunza, girls= daseyo), (Yasin, mistake=arrhkan), (Hunza, mistake=tis), (Yasin, beautiful=sheali), (Hunza, beautiful=daltas), (Yasin, when=basha), (Hunza, when= belat), (Yasin, how are you=bozali ba), (Hunza, how are you=be hal bela). I personally feel that Yasin dialect sounds more like caucasian languages and Hunza dialect Macedonian.
Wow that's some amazing insight. Thanks for sharing especially about how the different dialects seem closer to different language groups. I can't wait to see what further research into Burushaski and its dialects will reveal.
As you say you’ve done a few videos on expanded language families. And they’re certainly a staple of the linguistics youtube territory, I wonder if as a language splitter you might enjoy/be the person to make a video on a language group that looks lenuous/shaky, and demonstrate the way you can attack and deconstruct a family by demonstrating inconsistencies in past work?
One additional point to your conclusion is if Burushaski really is Indo-European (or closely related), there's a chance it may have some Yeniseian substrate, given the geographical extent of (and genetic connection due to) the Scytho-Siberian world (and prior Afienesevo-descended cultures).
I think the connections, if they do exist and are not mere coincidence and sporadic convergence, must be so remote and so much more indirect than that of all IE branches - including Anatolian - between themselves. So it''s hardly Indo-European, but at best Para-Indo-European. The relationship could've existed millennia before PIE itself. It's known West Siberian and North-Central Hunter-Gatherers were mostly Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestrally, while about half of the ancestry of the Proto-Indo-Europeans from the Eneolithic Pontic-Caspian steppe was derived from the EHG cluster, which was itself ~75% ANE. We also know WSHG-like ancestry existed as far south as in the Harappan Civilization people in South Asia and was definitely found in Tajikistan before the Neolithic. Therefore, assuming both pre-Proto-Burushaski and pre-PIE diverged from a much earlier ANE language, they may have been related going back to the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene, but only at a very deep level, which might explain the connections being so vague and indecisive now, with Burushaski being a remnant of the WSHG-like Central Asian hunter-gatherers, and PIE-derived languages arriving much later in South Asia during the Middle-Late Bronze Age.
Let's see the etymology of the terms burušo, burušaski, berkat "hill or mountain top" which derives from PIE *wer- "high place, top, high", with the nominal form *wer-k- "elevation, swelling on the ground or skin ". The form berkat derives from the nominal form with the formant k, like the Romance peak < *verh < *verk. Other Romanian cognates are nipple, giant, urcior², urdoare, vârcă, age.The name of the Burušaski people and language derives from this radical, a name that must have been used by the ancient Macedonians themselves, as Macedonia is a hilly and mountainous area, this ethnonym meaning "those of the hills and mountains" in loose translation " magureni, deleni or monteni". On the other hand, gr. Μακεδόνες "Macedonians" derives from Gr. μάκετα "hill, hill", therefore being a trace of the Old Macedonian form. The Greek form derives from PIE*meh3k'- "long, tall, thin" This coincidence is due to the linguistic calculation made by the Greek language after the ancient Macedonian language. This extremely important detail is proof that today's Burušo people have their origins in the Balkan region, claims the Macedonian researcher Ilija Čašule, who managed to identify over 70 cognates in the Romanian language.
I remain a bit confused about your comparison of Indo-European and Burushaski case endings beginning at 20:07. How do Burushaski's many plural forms interact with these? Is Burushaski an agglutinative language?
Yeah it is agglutinative, case endings are the same for both singular and plural. Čašule believes that some of the PPIE case forms are somehow preserved in the many Burushaski plurals. You can read about it in Čašule (2017a.) "Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon" and briefly in his 2023 paper.
Ah so the Macedonian link is still there, I had no idea about the Tibetan or Uyghur connection but it makes sense - very interesting! I hope you enjoyed the video - it was fascinating for me to make it.
@@LearnHittite thank you for making an informative video on our language. Btw Regarding the Tibetan link: some people came to Hunza from Baltistan and Baltistani people are Tibetans. And these Tibetan people are more or less in every tribe. Generally it's hard to tell who is who regarding the ethnicity but some families look like they are Turks, some European , some Tibetan and some Persians of Central Asia. But We have no racial superiority or anything. It's just for understanding purpose.
Some people also suggest that Burushaski has some sort of connections with Slavic languages, even the very word Burushaski seem like it's some sort of Slavic language. The suffix "ski" is in use for something belongings to in Slavic languages is the same in Burushaski.
Thank you for your video, very interesting. I am a native Bur speaker. I am not a linguist but keenly interested in its origins. Let me share some intriguing lexical correspondences between BUR and modern IE. Some of these may be loan words, but some may be common and original. 1. Sa (sun). 2. mamu (milk) this is very interesting: as in 'mu-mamo-ching'; mu (her) mamu (milk) ching (plural-fourth gender), meaning her milk (bearing) plural (her breasts). This also corresponds with mammography, as further evidence. 3. Mama (mother). 4. fu (fire)(French, feu). 5 phal (a single food grain, like wheat, phalo, plural); phal in Persian and Urdu, means fruit. 6. cutter (cutting stone). 7. fee (similar meaning as fee in English (a portion of the flour given to the owner of water mill as commission for grinding wheat into flour). 8. Yar (with a short 'a'), this mean 'first', or 'ahead' as in 'yar bago hir', leading man or 'ja yar bago acho' (my favourite (ahead of others) brother. Yar has transformed into 'yar'an', my friend (first-one); and 'au-yar' (au (mine yar, first), my husband or my first man, and 'a-yar' ahead of me, gu-yar, ahead of you, 'o-yar', ahead of you etc. In Persian and Urdu, yar is friend, but my hunch is that this is a Bur words, meaning first, ahead or prominent person or relationship. 9. sum sang (bright light, as in Korean bright star (this may be sheer coincidence or may be an intriguing correspondence. 10. Buwa (bovine, cow). 11. chosx (suckling of mother's milk (juice in English and chosna (sucking in Urdu). 11. the most interesting is 'daman', god or owner, which may correspond to demon in IE. Another interesting word is sinda (generic name for river) which may be the original word for River Indus, known as Sindh in Urdu, and corrupted by Europeans as Hind, Hindustan and India. We have a page, called Burushaski Research Academy (BRA) on Facebook. Please visit. My late father NAsir Hunzai, gave Prof Herman Berger of Hydelberg University, 30,000 Bur works which he published as Burushaski- German Dictionary. Let's collaborate
Hello LearnHittite, I like to see your video documentary about ancient language origins and I find it interesting. As for the connection between Burushashki and PIE I remain doubtful because it reminds me of the English language with a mainly Anglo-Saxon grammatical core but half of the words are of neo-Latin origin via French. Maybe there is another language that has the same morphology as Burushaski? I am inclined to the idea of the "para-Indo-European" concept. Also, could you make a documentary about the connection between the Romanian language with the Sicilian-Neapolitan dialects? Because the Romanians descend from the Oscans and Siculi settled in Romania by order of the emperor Trajan and the Romanian language presents traits such as a mixed Sicilian/Neapolitan Vulgar Latin
24:10 Bone in Russian is кость, kost', cognate with Ossos. DHHILLE reminds me of тело (telo), body. "Chest" can be a metaphor for body. Hand (рука) and cheeckbone (скула) are both correct, these are modern forms.
Wow, I was surprised when I saw the views on this. Very high quality content for such a small channel! I especially enjoyed the editing. I was wondering how you edit your videos, as I'm learning how to edit videos myself
Thanks for your kind words. I'm still learning in terms of equipment and editing but I hope I slowly get better! At the moment I edit everything in kdenlive and use adobe for any stock pictures or video.
I have always been fascinated by language and its origin but I am more focused on ancient DNA and human migrations. So here are some educated guesses and ideas. A) The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). This ice age population of mammoth hunters living in Western Siberia are the genetic ancestors of many populations living in Eurasia. Could this population be the original speakers of Dene-caucasian? During the warming periods during the ice age the evidence shows they distributed their ancestry to European and near eastern populations. Since modern western siberian and native american populations show ANE ancestry it is clear that ANE bloodlines also had some input into East Asian populations. Thus is Dene-Caucasian the mother langauage of western siberian hunter-gatherer populations. B) The West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers (WSHG). WSHG is an genetic ancestry. They are descendants of ANE groups. It was widespread amongst populations of western and central siberia and central asia. Before the arrival of PIE speakers from west of the Urals it was the core ancestry of the sparse population living from the eastern foothills of the Urals to Lake Baikal and probably a large portion of the north Iranian plateau and Hindu Kush. Populations like the Bactria-Margiana civilization (BMAC) and later IE speaking Andronovo cultural horizon living in western siberia and central asia have WSHG ancestry mixed with neolithic farmer bloodlines from the near east. I would propose that Burushaski is a non-indo-european language and was once more widely spoken. In fact I would consider that its range covered the entire northern portion of the Iranian plateau. Thus the western limit would include the northern Zagros mountains and thus position it adjacent to the Caucasian languages whilst its eastern limit would reach into the Hindu Kush and north-western Indian subcontinent. To the south I would guess it would be adjacent to the proposed Elamite-Dravian language group, I wonder if the language of the BMAC and Kassites was in fact a proto-Burushaki of sorts. What we see of modern Burushshaki is a surving pocket of a a larger linguistic family that managed to survive 'Aryanization' or 'Iranization' which swamped the WSHG zone. There are hints in Babylonian writings that the Kassites were non-indo-european speakers dominated by an IE elite much like the Mitanni, or had contact and influence from IE speakers living to their north. Thus a hypotheses would be that Burushaski is a remnant of a widespread Western Siberian hunter-gatherer dialect that was a one point spoken across western and central siberia and the Northern Iranian plateau from modern Pakistan to the northern Zagros mountains. The WSHG language itself was a branch of the language of the ANE mammoth hunters of western Siberia. Then we saw the arrival of PIE and IE dialects from west of the Urals. Cultures like the Sintashta and later Andronovo cultural horizon, leading to the Indo-Aryans or Indo-Iranian language group dominating central asia and western siberia. So Indo-Iranian languages took over the core of the WSHG geographic area. Steppe herders mixed with WSHG peoples and created a new genetic population. However some WSHG languages survived the Aryanisation. In the Yeniseian river basin the ancestors of the WSHG survived and continued using a dialect of the WSHG language. In the mountian valleys of modern Pakistan another group clung to their non-indo European culture and Burushaski language isolated from their IE speaking neighbours. Burushaski will certainly have IE elements. They have been exposed to IE dialects from at least 1800 BCE when the Proto-Indo-Aryans began expanding southward into central Asia from the foothills of the southern Ural mountians. This is just my constructed theory based on archeology and ancient migrations. I would love to see a DNA survey of the modern Burushaski.
Can hypothetical correlations between PPIE and other isolates (particularly considering Blevin's hypothesis on PIE-PEusk here) possibly be used to strengthen these hypotheses statistically (even if it one or the other doesn't necessarily actually *have* a genetic relations) ? I'm also wondering about the spread of apples wastward (again, particularly due to thinking about PPIE-PEusk) and the possible correlation or otherwise relationship that might have with the Oxus river civilization, though this might be more so related to archæology than anything; the reason I think this might be a relevant question for this topic in particular, is simply due to the proximity.
Nice video! I particulary like the new background in terms of optics, though I would say it's a tad bit too dark. By the way, were you coincidentally at the recent Oxford Anatolian summer school online? I swear I could've seen someone who looked just like you! In any case, keep on making informative videos like this - this type of linguistic content is indeed lacking on UA-cam, so it's nice to see someone who is very much willing to cover it.
Thanks for your kind words and feedback. I'll try an ease up on the darkness! No, it wasn;t me at the summer school but I have to say, the roster of instructors looked awesome. Would you recommend it? Did they go into much depth?
I am very skeptical of Burushaski as genetically related to Phrygian...if that were the case I would expect someone before Casule to have noticed parallels between it and Greek. OTOH the onomastic and especially the folkloric parallels are interesting and deserve further research (it would be interesting to take a second look at the distribution of the dragon legend & whether similar stories or names are found among neighboring IE speakers.) I think a shared Caucasian substrate between IE and Burushaski makes sense, especially given that Blench has identified livestock terms in Burushaski as related to North Caucasian...which raises another question- how Caucasian-Burushaski language contact occurred. I also think Hamp's proposal of a more remote genetic relationship with IE (a split preceding PIE or PIA) might also be worth a look, especially given ANE ancestry in highland Central Asia dating back to the Mesolithic (Tutkaul), but that would suggest an even remoter relationship than he imagined.
Those are all reasonable positions to hold. No idea around the exact nature of Caucasian-Burushaski contact - but it's interesting to speculate about. Thanks for giving me the heads up on Bradley's 2023 paper, I checked it out and liked it a lot - I used it in my Dene-Caucasian vid.
I’m sorry if you’ve answered this before but what do you do for work out of curiosity? Studying linguistics is my dream but it seems like finding a job in the field is almost impossible. Also thank you for the amazing videos!
It's worth noting that Jan Henrik Holst proposed not only a link between Burushaski and Kartvelian, but also a closer link between Burushaski and Nihali, so that the overall phylogeny is (Kartvelian, (Burushaski, Nihali)). There's a good summary of Holst's overall proposal on this Polish Wikipedia page of all places: pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochodzenie_j%C4%99zyka_buruszaskiego But you'll have to go to the book for his reconstruction of the Nihali pronoun system, among other details.
I should start a new theory connecting Burushaski to Uralic because the word "şeyan", "we ate" looks like it's straight from a Uralic language. The word in Proto-Uralic would be something like *sewə-j-mak. I couldn't find any other similarities but this is quite a cool one.
I am Pakistani, and I find Burushaski intriguing. I am not a pro on this language but one thing I immediately noticed when looking at Burushaski lexicon is that it shared the word Maun "black" with Brahui, the Elamo-Dravidian language of Pakistan and remnant of Harappan culture. There were a few other words, and I will continue to research this. However, this leads me to believe that the Burusho must have been in close contact with the Harappan culture, before the coming of the Aryan language family and must've been in the same area of northern Pakistan going back even five to seven thousand years when the Harappan culture was at it's height. Somehow they also survived the coming of Aryan languages possibly by concealing themselves in the same northern mountains which are still their home to this day.
I'm confused, and also a non-expert: the claim by Loporcaro and Paciaroni that a four-gender system (or something approaching that) in some _modern_ Romance languages gives hints of Burushaski being related to Indo-European seems non-sensical. I found the article, and (just skimming) it seems that they only compare the four-gender situation to Burushaski to gain perspective and do not propose a genetic connection. If Čašule's claim is that what was written by Loporcaro and Paciaroni gives hints of Burushaski being related to IE, then it seems non-sensical to me.
Čašule was just trying to show that the four gender system of Burushaski has parallels in IE languages resulting from an unstable neuter. Čašule quotes Loporcaro & Paciaroni: "The existence of a semantic distinction between the two neuters makes our Romance four gender system more similar to the one of Burushaski." There are other languages with four (or more) noun classes and Čašule believes the specific nature of the fourth gender stemming from an unstable neuter is evidence for a genetic relationship and not necessarily as evidence against.
I don't know what they are talking about here. About the Indo-European language, about the source or about the branches of Indo-European that arose later? Everything is confused here. I know that these are only the opinions of individuals and possible theories. As an example, Germanic, Slavic, Thracian, Dacian, Celtic, Albanian are put together here in one theory and they all come from "Northwestern Indo-European". Under number one, how can we put Dacian, Thracian, Illyrian if we "don't know" how they spoke??? Under number two, how did the Albanian language get there? It is a language created at the end of the 19th century from 4 or 5 different languages for political purposes. Such a language cannot be compared with much older languages such as Slavic, Celtic or Germanic. What then are not Indo-European languages? Which proto-Indian language do we take as a basis? Sanskrit??? If it is not Sanskrit, what is it? If it is Sanskrit, then it is clear that the first successors of that language are the Slavs and probably the Celts. Greek and Latin are separate stories and are created by merging different languages. Greek was created by mixing Pelasgian and Proto-Greek. Latin was created as the universal language of the Empire. It is created by a mixture of already formed new Greek, Slavic and all additions from the Apennines. After watching videos like this, I have a lot more questions than before and a lot less answers...
Maybe there's a parent language that connects Indo-Anatolian, Uralic, Basque, Burushaski, Turkic, Mongolic and Yeniseian, from the times of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers.
@@LearnHittite not my dialect of pushto my dad’s originally form Kandahar then he moved to Peshawar but the one dialect of pushto that sound similar to me is the one they speak in wazirstan i would say burushaski is more similar to wakhi but im not a language expert
To be honest Burushaski probably had interactions with the Indo-aryan/iranian Languages for hundreds of years if not thousands. I wouldn't be surprised to see some lexical influence of them even in the most culturally important words for the community. Also I feel that sometimes people at least subconsciously believe a language belongs to a family and then try to find evidence. Consider this, we know that there were languages spoken in India and Pakistan before the arrival of Indo-europeans. We know that there are certain words in the Indo-aryan languages that are of non indo european origin. Maybe we can try to compare them with words in Burushaski and see if there is any evidence that Burushaski might be a pre indo-european language.
I think it's a language isolate, but the speakers absorbed indoeuropean vocabulary from Phrygians resettled there, perhaps in Achaemenid times, or by Alexander.
Isn't Phrygian generally considered Greco-Armenian? If so, it may help to compare Burushaski with Greco-Armenian in general. I wonder if it's a Macedonian superstrate, like in their origin story.
Greco armenian is outdated new studies show phrygian is closer to greek and armenian is more related to indoiranian and balto slavic its now called greaco-phrygian group
no. Early Proto IE (Urals) Anatolian Late Proto IE (Pontic-Caspian) Tocharian PSIE 🎡 LPIE ca.3500 BC -> 🐎 DOM2 2200 BC -> David Anthony and Dorcas R. Brown: The Yamnaya Origins and the Expansion of Late PIE Languages Unlisted link in my community tab
As far as I do not exclude that Burushaski can be related to Indo-European (even it does not seem very likely to me), the Casule's proposal for its closeness to Phrygian feels to me like a huge nonsensical chunk of pseudo-science. Looking even on simple Phrygian terms or short sentences, its close relation with Ancient Greek seems extremely obvious, which would rather imply that Burushaski should be at least somehow close to the ancient Greek. I really skip the fact that I know modern greek and a good part of its ancient ancestor, and it's completely inimaginable to me how Burushaski could be even related to it in any way, because, naturally, "appearances can be deceptive". Rather more importantly, the "correspondences" discovered (or rather invented) by Casule seems to me equally "valid" as if one would try to assume some level of "relatedness" between Nahuatl and Turkish just because the Nahuatl word "tepe-tl" - "hill" is similar to Turkish "tepe" of the same meaning. In short, the Burushaski-Phrygian "cognates" seem very forceful, and if Casule doesn't manage to explain complexively the huge grammatical gap between (Graeco-)Phrygian and Burushaski (as well as the reason of such a spectacular typological-grammatical mutation) I think the idea won't be even worth any further investigation
I'm not convinced by the Phrygian comparisons, some of them are interesting but that's it. I didn't want to leave it out of the video however as Čašule sees them as valuable. Thanks for your comment!
At this point, I feel like any language that isn't Nilo-Saharan or Niger-Congo has been claimed by some researcher ot another to be related to Indo-European or have an Indo-European Substrate. So it feels to me like Indo-European is just so over studied so anyone can draw any connection they want if they look hard enough.
Language is ancient Albanian. Burushaski means language of men in Albanian because it was spoken by Illyrian soldiers who were part of the army of Alexander the Great and who married local women in the Hunza valley (nose in Albanian). There are still many phrases and words that are either exactly the same or very similar to Middle Ages Arberesh and even modern Albanian. Illyrian circles shield and goat helmet show up all over the Hunza valley.
🇦🇱 BURRE BURRU -- MAN BURRESHAS - Husband. 🇦🇱 HUND HUNDEZA - 👃🏻 (NOSE) ALAKSANDU Soldiers ILLURIAN 🇦🇱 AL ☝🏻 AK SAN DU - SO ABOVE WE WANT. 🇦🇱 IL ☀️ LU MI NA - YOU ☀️ MOVED ABOVE US Makedon. 🇦🇱 MADHEKAN - GREAT HAVE. Madhesia - Great. 🇦🇱 E MADHIA - THE GREATNESS (EMATHIA)
They are Proto Turkish people just like Hunza Turks. Phrigian runik language is also a Proto Turkish language. BURUSU their name is Turkish. Means Goddess Bir(one=first) Su means Water. Same as Biriton..Means The first Goddess of water. Donot be funny to add it into fake indoEuropean group.
Please, for your own sake, stick to your core competence and focus on Hittite and PIE. Capšule is irrelevant, Burushaski is fringe, and yes, so is Basque.
Nah, I like making this type of content. You're welcome to start your own channel though covering PIE, Hittite, whatever, I'll be the first to subscribe.
A native burushashki speaker here! I almost jumped out of my seat when youtube recommended me this video. I can't thank you enough for the work you have done in providing such detailed insight into this language. I was always fascinated by the origins of my language but never had the chance to research in more detail, your video is a GEM!. I have forwarded it to almost every burushahski speaker I know, so they can see how intriguing and fascinating this language is. Many many many thanks for this video.
Looking forward to your next video!!
Thank you for your very kind words and support!
This channel is a goldmine. I’ve never seen any English media go this in depth about the Hunza area.
Thank you! Video was a pleasure to make.
I agree! I received a master's in linguistics (admittedly, a very long time ago), and I never saw anything like this from my professors.
@@aLadNamedNathan Your professors follow the official lies.
Tłumacz
Burushaski is my mother tongue. I live in Yasin Valley. Incidentally, YT recommended me this.
Greetings and welcome. I hope you enjoyed the video. It was fascinating to learn about Burushaski and some of the academic theories associated with it. Please recommend the video to your friends! 🙂
Yasen anum ba ❤
hey mate how do you say "My house is there" in burushaski, and also break it down mate please
@@biplobreal Well, that is easy. You say: "Jha Haa eet-tou doa". In which, Jha stands for 'My', Haa is for 'house', eet-tou is 'there' and lastly, doa means 'is'.
@@Abecinna ah i see thanks btw which dialect is it?
Would love to see the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis.
It's on my to do list 👍
I second your motion!
😂😮😅 similar phonological, but diverge over tones. Grammar is another matter.
2:46 peri is Farsi for a fairy 🧚♀️
What about the Romanian hypothesis? Romanian people, for some strange reasons, seem to understand a lot from this language.
I'm personally not really convinced by Čašule's arguments regarding a potential Burushaski-IE connection. I think that there's a huge burden on him to prove that the lexical similarities aren't due to borrowing but are indeed cognates. You bring up a really good point about how the case-ending correspondences aren't as convincing when you take into account Burushaski's method of handling plurals. Besides a couple of papers, I haven't seen anyone really talk much about the potential Burushaski-Yeniseian connection before, but I'm very intrigued by the idea; thank you for including it in this video.
I love how thorough yet accessible your videos are, and I'd love to see you do one on the various Dene-Caucasian hypotheses. I'm not much of a lumper myself, but I think it's fascinating to ponder these potential connections at least.
Unrelated, but I'd love to see a photo of your bookshelf sometime. I always appreciate when you give recommendations for books and articles, and I feel like you've got some great books there.
I agree completely about the burden of proof around its lexicon; I think Čašule recognizes that too, though. It might shock a few people, but I don't consider myself a lumper either 😂. However, I do admire those who put the thankless effort in and try to answer those questions. If we consider the Caucasian substrate hypothesis as a fork of proto-Pontic, I think we are slowly moving in the right direction.
I've always been a fan of journals like 'Mother Tongue' and enjoy reading about all these long-range proposals as well as the critiques that accompany them. Fascinating stuff indeed.
Regarding the bookshelf photo, I did a video on a few book recommendations a few weeks back. I live abroad and am away from the bulk of my books. Everything you see behind me in videos is basically whatever I've picked up over the last couple of years, and of course, more and more, everything is digitalized...
Thanks for your great comment and kind words! All the best!
The Hunza valley, where they speak Burushaski, is the one of the most beautiful places on earth! It's also a trade route between the Indian SubContinent and Central Asia, particularly the Tarim Basin (now the Karakoram Highway) - which makes me suspect some form of contact/continuity with the wider Tocharian world - but I'm guessing the subset of scholars with a working knowledge of Tocharian and Burushaski is pretty much zero. Also, Sheep were probably domesticated in NW Iran about 10.000 BP. I've said this before, it's totally possible that when a population acquired domesticated sheep and goat, they acquired a bunch of shepherding vocabulary too. Think the Indo-aryan horse vocabulary in Hurrian.
Love from hunza
"...Think the Indo-aryan horse vocabulary in Hurrian" - in fact, the opposite is true: Hurrian and partially Hittite horse-vocabulary is Indo-Aryan
@@DavidBuyaner And he said that? Read again.
Wikipedia (I know, I know) reports that the Tibetans speak of a _bru zha_ language of the Gilgit valley whose script was one of five used to record the extinct Zhangzhung language, and they may have transmitted at least some of the so-called ‘ancient’ school of Tibetan Buddhism to the Tibetans themselves. So much for a people who didn't make any mark on history or civilisation...
I hope for a Dene-caucasian video in the future! Also the paleo-siberian langages and ainou would be fascinating!❤
Ohhh paleo-siberian...good call 👍
@@LearnHittite I'm wondering if you've any interest in Vajda's Dene-Yeniseian proposal--and how that might relate to the Yeniseian-Burushaski proposal.
Yeap, I'd like to cover some of Vajda's work. I'll check the proposal out, thank you!
Also Bur has words for writing and reading (girminus, ghatanus). This means, original Burushaski speakers belonged to a well developed civilisation, such as the Indus civilisation.
It's either Indus valley or BMAC. I cling more to BMAC since IVC most likely spoke Dravidian
BMAC language could be also one of the original languages of Iran Neolithic Farmer, which explains similarities with Kartvelian and other Caucasus isolate languages via connection of CHG and Iran N. Furthermor they could be connected deeper, as far back as ANE, which is in line with Dene-Caucasian and Nostratic hypothesis.
you can't imagine how happy i am after watching this video. Brushiski is my first language. I have been lately researching about it & somehow I ended up here. I am so grateful to people who are researching about our language.
Thanks for making this video :)
No problem! That's for the kind words!
OMG I'm delighted to watch this, I was always thinking of making grammar for my language but no I found a load of information about it and I'm speechless
Thank you for your kind words! Burushaski is beautiful!
Native Burushaski speaker here, Yasin dialect. Yasin dialect is comparatively hard dialect. I am 27 and I can't pronounce some words properly either. Additionally, in Burushaski there are no standalone words for some nouns for example there is no word for 'nose', either we have to say 'my nose' ='amush', 'your nose'='gomush', 'his nose'='mush', 'her nose'='mumush'. Similarly it's either 'my eye', 'your eye', 'his/her eye' but no standalone word for 'eye'. Now there is significant difference between Yasin and Hunza Burushaski i.e Yasin dialect is hard one even Hunza speakers don't understand it. Here are some words in Yasin and corresponding words in Hunza dialect, (Yasin, girls = gushangiya), (Hunza, girls= daseyo), (Yasin, mistake=arrhkan), (Hunza, mistake=tis), (Yasin, beautiful=sheali), (Hunza, beautiful=daltas), (Yasin, when=basha), (Hunza, when= belat), (Yasin, how are you=bozali ba), (Hunza, how are you=be hal bela). I personally feel that Yasin dialect sounds more like caucasian languages and Hunza dialect Macedonian.
Wow that's some amazing insight. Thanks for sharing especially about how the different dialects seem closer to different language groups. I can't wait to see what further research into Burushaski and its dialects will reveal.
Mupush is the right word for nose bro…
I am native burushaski speaker and the information you have shared is really amazing..
Thank you! It was genuinely a privilege to have the opportunity to research Burushaski
Exceptional video! Amazing content. Could you cover the Tyrsenian languages?
Its definitely something I could look into
I'm already stoked for a Dené-Caucasian language family proposal video!
As you say you’ve done a few videos on expanded language families.
And they’re certainly a staple of the linguistics youtube territory, I wonder if as a language splitter you might enjoy/be the person to make a video on a language group that looks lenuous/shaky, and demonstrate the way you can attack and deconstruct a family by demonstrating inconsistencies in past work?
Great idea, I'll look into it!
One additional point to your conclusion is if Burushaski really is Indo-European (or closely related), there's a chance it may have some Yeniseian substrate, given the geographical extent of (and genetic connection due to) the Scytho-Siberian world (and prior Afienesevo-descended cultures).
I agree completely
I think the connections, if they do exist and are not mere coincidence and sporadic convergence, must be so remote and so much more indirect than that of all IE branches - including Anatolian - between themselves. So it''s hardly Indo-European, but at best Para-Indo-European. The relationship could've existed millennia before PIE itself. It's known West Siberian and North-Central Hunter-Gatherers were mostly Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestrally, while about half of the ancestry of the Proto-Indo-Europeans from the Eneolithic Pontic-Caspian steppe was derived from the EHG cluster, which was itself ~75% ANE. We also know WSHG-like ancestry existed as far south as in the Harappan Civilization people in South Asia and was definitely found in Tajikistan before the Neolithic. Therefore, assuming both pre-Proto-Burushaski and pre-PIE diverged from a much earlier ANE language, they may have been related going back to the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene, but only at a very deep level, which might explain the connections being so vague and indecisive now, with Burushaski being a remnant of the WSHG-like Central Asian hunter-gatherers, and PIE-derived languages arriving much later in South Asia during the Middle-Late Bronze Age.
Let's see the etymology of the terms burušo, burušaski, berkat "hill or mountain top" which derives from PIE *wer- "high place, top, high", with the nominal form *wer-k- "elevation, swelling on the ground or skin ". The form berkat derives from the nominal form with the formant k, like the Romance peak < *verh < *verk. Other Romanian cognates are nipple, giant, urcior², urdoare, vârcă, age.The name of the Burušaski people and language derives from this radical, a name that must have been used by the ancient Macedonians themselves, as Macedonia is a hilly and mountainous area, this ethnonym meaning "those of the hills and mountains" in loose translation " magureni, deleni or monteni". On the other hand, gr. Μακεδόνες "Macedonians" derives from Gr. μάκετα "hill, hill", therefore being a trace of the Old Macedonian form. The Greek form derives from PIE*meh3k'- "long, tall, thin" This coincidence is due to the linguistic calculation made by the Greek language after the ancient Macedonian language. This extremely important detail is proof that today's Burušo people have their origins in the Balkan region, claims the Macedonian researcher Ilija Čašule, who managed to identify over 70 cognates in the Romanian language.
Consider talking about the Brahui language, it's also spoken by a community in Pakistan and is interestingly dravidian.
Ok, I might well do that, thanks for the heads up!
I think you may have started a little trend, the "Iluvlanguages" channel started making Burushaski videos shortly after you uploaded this. Congrats!
Thanks! I'll have to check out the video
@@LearnHittite Yesterday they put up a Buru/Urdu comparison. Ineresting. ua-cam.com/video/biemmHI-9iM/v-deo.html
Just watching it now, very interesting
You should definitely discuss Etruscan-Indo-European hypothesis!
Very interesting and informative ❤😊 love this!
Thank you very much for your kind words!
I remain a bit confused about your comparison of Indo-European and Burushaski case endings beginning at 20:07. How do Burushaski's many plural forms interact with these? Is Burushaski an agglutinative language?
Yeah it is agglutinative, case endings are the same for both singular and plural. Čašule believes that some of the PPIE case forms are somehow preserved in the many Burushaski plurals. You can read about it in Čašule (2017a.) "Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon" and briefly in his 2023 paper.
I'm a Burushaski speaker from Hunza and we believe Burusho People are a mix of Persian (Central Asian), Macedonian, Tibetans and Turks (Uyghur).
Ah so the Macedonian link is still there, I had no idea about the Tibetan or Uyghur connection but it makes sense - very interesting!
I hope you enjoyed the video - it was fascinating for me to make it.
@@LearnHittite thank you for making an informative video on our language. Btw Regarding the Tibetan link: some people came to Hunza from Baltistan and Baltistani people are Tibetans. And these Tibetan people are more or less in every tribe. Generally it's hard to tell who is who regarding the ethnicity but some families look like they are Turks, some European , some Tibetan and some Persians of Central Asia. But We have no racial superiority or anything. It's just for understanding purpose.
Some people also suggest that Burushaski has some sort of connections with Slavic languages, even the very word Burushaski seem like it's some sort of Slavic language. The suffix "ski" is in use for something belongings to in Slavic languages is the same in Burushaski.
For example if I say they speak German or Shina in Burushaski, I would say They speak Germanski. They speak Shenski.
No problem, it was a pleasure covering it. And thanks for your additional information.
So psyched for this!!!
Fascinating. Thank you.
Thanks!
Thank you for your video, very interesting. I am a native Bur speaker. I am not a linguist but keenly interested in its origins. Let me share some intriguing lexical correspondences between BUR and modern IE. Some of these may be loan words, but some may be common and original. 1. Sa (sun). 2. mamu (milk) this is very interesting: as in 'mu-mamo-ching'; mu (her) mamu (milk) ching (plural-fourth gender), meaning her milk (bearing) plural (her breasts). This also corresponds with mammography, as further evidence. 3. Mama (mother). 4. fu (fire)(French, feu). 5 phal (a single food grain, like wheat, phalo, plural); phal in Persian and Urdu, means fruit. 6. cutter (cutting stone). 7. fee (similar meaning as fee in English (a portion of the flour given to the owner of water mill as commission for grinding wheat into flour). 8. Yar (with a short 'a'), this mean 'first', or 'ahead' as in 'yar bago hir', leading man or 'ja yar bago acho' (my favourite (ahead of others) brother. Yar has transformed into 'yar'an', my friend (first-one); and 'au-yar' (au (mine yar, first), my husband or my first man, and 'a-yar' ahead of me, gu-yar, ahead of you, 'o-yar', ahead of you etc. In Persian and Urdu, yar is friend, but my hunch is that this is a Bur words, meaning first, ahead or prominent person or relationship. 9. sum sang (bright light, as in Korean bright star (this may be sheer coincidence or may be an intriguing correspondence. 10. Buwa (bovine, cow). 11. chosx (suckling of mother's milk (juice in English and chosna (sucking in Urdu). 11. the most interesting is 'daman', god or owner, which may correspond to demon in IE. Another interesting word is sinda (generic name for river) which may be the original word for River Indus, known as Sindh in Urdu, and corrupted by Europeans as Hind, Hindustan and India. We have a page, called Burushaski Research Academy (BRA) on Facebook. Please visit. My late father NAsir Hunzai, gave Prof Herman Berger of Hydelberg University, 30,000 Bur works which he published as Burushaski- German Dictionary. Let's collaborate
Thanks for this excellent comment!
😊 MashAllah um ,
Allamah Nasir re e ba....😊
Hello LearnHittite, I like to see your video documentary about ancient language origins and I find it interesting.
As for the connection between Burushashki and PIE I remain doubtful because it reminds me of the English language with a mainly Anglo-Saxon grammatical core but half of the words are of neo-Latin origin via French. Maybe there is another language that has the same morphology as Burushaski? I am inclined to the idea of the "para-Indo-European" concept.
Also, could you make a documentary about the connection between the Romanian language with the Sicilian-Neapolitan dialects? Because the Romanians descend from the Oscans and Siculi settled in Romania by order of the emperor Trajan and the Romanian language presents traits such as a mixed Sicilian/Neapolitan Vulgar Latin
what a great work ... and yes for the dene-caucasian video
24:10 Bone in Russian is кость, kost', cognate with Ossos. DHHILLE reminds me of тело (telo), body. "Chest" can be a metaphor for body. Hand (рука) and cheeckbone (скула) are both correct, these are modern forms.
Wow, I was surprised when I saw the views on this. Very high quality content for such a small channel! I especially enjoyed the editing. I was wondering how you edit your videos, as I'm learning how to edit videos myself
Thanks for your kind words. I'm still learning in terms of equipment and editing but I hope I slowly get better! At the moment I edit everything in kdenlive and use adobe for any stock pictures or video.
I have always been fascinated by language and its origin but I am more focused on ancient DNA and human migrations.
So here are some educated guesses and ideas.
A) The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). This ice age population of mammoth hunters living in Western Siberia are the genetic ancestors of many populations living in Eurasia.
Could this population be the original speakers of Dene-caucasian? During the warming periods during the ice age the evidence shows they distributed their ancestry to European and near eastern populations. Since modern western siberian and native american populations show ANE ancestry it is clear that ANE bloodlines also had some input into East Asian populations. Thus is Dene-Caucasian the mother langauage of western siberian hunter-gatherer populations.
B) The West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers (WSHG).
WSHG is an genetic ancestry. They are descendants of ANE groups. It was widespread amongst populations of western and central siberia and central asia. Before the arrival of PIE speakers from west of the Urals it was the core ancestry of the sparse population living from the eastern foothills of the Urals to Lake Baikal and probably a large portion of the north Iranian plateau and Hindu Kush. Populations like the Bactria-Margiana civilization (BMAC) and later IE speaking Andronovo cultural horizon living in western siberia and central asia have WSHG ancestry mixed with neolithic farmer bloodlines from the near east.
I would propose that Burushaski is a non-indo-european language and was once more widely spoken. In fact I would consider that its range covered the entire northern portion of the Iranian plateau. Thus the western limit would include the northern Zagros mountains and thus position it adjacent to the Caucasian languages whilst its eastern limit would reach into the Hindu Kush and north-western Indian subcontinent. To the south I would guess it would be adjacent to the proposed Elamite-Dravian language group, I wonder if the language of the BMAC and Kassites was in fact a proto-Burushaki of sorts. What we see of modern Burushshaki is a surving pocket of a a larger linguistic family that managed to survive 'Aryanization' or 'Iranization' which swamped the WSHG zone.
There are hints in Babylonian writings that the Kassites were non-indo-european speakers dominated by an IE elite much like the Mitanni, or had contact and influence from IE speakers living to their north.
Thus a hypotheses would be that Burushaski is a remnant of a widespread Western Siberian hunter-gatherer dialect that was a one point spoken across western and central siberia and the Northern Iranian plateau from modern Pakistan to the northern Zagros mountains. The WSHG language itself was a branch of the language of the ANE mammoth hunters of western Siberia. Then we saw the arrival of PIE and IE dialects from west of the Urals. Cultures like the Sintashta and later Andronovo cultural horizon, leading to the Indo-Aryans or Indo-Iranian language group dominating central asia and western siberia.
So Indo-Iranian languages took over the core of the WSHG geographic area. Steppe herders mixed with WSHG peoples and created a new genetic population.
However some WSHG languages survived the Aryanisation. In the Yeniseian river basin the ancestors of the WSHG survived and continued using a dialect of the WSHG language. In the mountian valleys of modern Pakistan another group clung to their non-indo European culture and Burushaski language isolated from their IE speaking neighbours. Burushaski will certainly have IE elements. They have been exposed to IE dialects from at least 1800 BCE when the Proto-Indo-Aryans began expanding southward into central Asia from the foothills of the southern Ural mountians.
This is just my constructed theory based on archeology and ancient migrations. I would love to see a DNA survey of the modern Burushaski.
Can hypothetical correlations between PPIE and other isolates (particularly considering Blevin's hypothesis on PIE-PEusk here) possibly be used to strengthen these hypotheses statistically (even if it one or the other doesn't necessarily actually *have* a genetic relations) ?
I'm also wondering about the spread of apples wastward (again, particularly due to thinking about PPIE-PEusk) and the possible correlation or otherwise relationship that might have with the Oxus river civilization, though this might be more so related to archæology than anything; the reason I think this might be a relevant question for this topic in particular, is simply due to the proximity.
Burushaski also has vigesimal counting system I wonder if that is shared with other language families in the Caucasus, Basque or pre-proto-IE.
Yes, basque is vigesimal also.
Nice video! I particulary like the new background in terms of optics, though I would say it's a tad bit too dark. By the way, were you coincidentally at the recent Oxford Anatolian summer school online? I swear I could've seen someone who looked just like you! In any case, keep on making informative videos like this - this type of linguistic content is indeed lacking on UA-cam, so it's nice to see someone who is very much willing to cover it.
Thanks for your kind words and feedback. I'll try an ease up on the darkness!
No, it wasn;t me at the summer school but I have to say, the roster of instructors looked awesome. Would you recommend it? Did they go into much depth?
Cool, thanx!
I am very skeptical of Burushaski as genetically related to Phrygian...if that were the case I would expect someone before Casule to have noticed parallels between it and Greek. OTOH the onomastic and especially the folkloric parallels are interesting and deserve further research (it would be interesting to take a second look at the distribution of the dragon legend & whether similar stories or names are found among neighboring IE speakers.)
I think a shared Caucasian substrate between IE and Burushaski makes sense, especially given that Blench has identified livestock terms in Burushaski as related to North Caucasian...which raises another question- how Caucasian-Burushaski language contact occurred. I also think Hamp's proposal of a more remote genetic relationship with IE (a split preceding PIE or PIA) might also be worth a look, especially given ANE ancestry in highland Central Asia dating back to the Mesolithic (Tutkaul), but that would suggest an even remoter relationship than he imagined.
Those are all reasonable positions to hold. No idea around the exact nature of Caucasian-Burushaski contact - but it's interesting to speculate about.
Thanks for giving me the heads up on Bradley's 2023 paper, I checked it out and liked it a lot - I used it in my Dene-Caucasian vid.
I’m sorry if you’ve answered this before but what do you do for work out of curiosity? Studying linguistics is my dream but it seems like finding a job in the field is almost impossible. Also thank you for the amazing videos!
Thanks for your kind words. I work as a lecturer and translator for my day job.
@@LearnHittite thank you!
I’d be really interested in you covering the correspondence and circumstances surrounding the Amarna Letters!
It's worth noting that Jan Henrik Holst proposed not only a link between Burushaski and Kartvelian, but also a closer link between Burushaski and Nihali, so that the overall phylogeny is (Kartvelian, (Burushaski, Nihali)). There's a good summary of Holst's overall proposal on this Polish Wikipedia page of all places: pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochodzenie_j%C4%99zyka_buruszaskiego But you'll have to go to the book for his reconstruction of the Nihali pronoun system, among other details.
Ok that's interesting, thanks for the heads up!
Prof Ilija Chashule already proved that it is IE language connected with the ancient Balkan languages (Brigian).
Did you watch the video? 90% of the content is Čašule's work.
Seems that Chashule comes from the Balkans himself, so nothing very surprising, is it ?
I should start a new theory connecting Burushaski to Uralic because the word "şeyan", "we ate" looks like it's straight from a Uralic language. The word in Proto-Uralic would be something like *sewə-j-mak.
I couldn't find any other similarities but this is quite a cool one.
Get it published and I'll do a video on it 😉👍
I am Pakistani, and I find Burushaski intriguing. I am not a pro on this language but one thing I immediately noticed when looking at Burushaski lexicon is that it shared the word Maun "black" with Brahui, the Elamo-Dravidian language of Pakistan and remnant of Harappan culture. There were a few other words, and I will continue to research this. However, this leads me to believe that the Burusho must have been in close contact with the Harappan culture, before the coming of the Aryan language family and must've been in the same area of northern Pakistan going back even five to seven thousand years when the Harappan culture was at it's height. Somehow they also survived the coming of Aryan languages possibly by concealing themselves in the same northern mountains which are still their home to this day.
Very curious insight!
Very interesting connection between Caucasus and Himalayi. For example relative in east-caucasian *dzam and relative in burushaski *dzam.
You convinced with with the dragon legend, even before getting into the actual linguistics.
Dragons make everything more convincing!
@@LearnHittite The Casule paper is a brilliant read as well, cheers.
Grüsse aus der 🇨🇭 nach *Hunza*
Burushaski's syntax and morphology seem very interesting on their own.
I consider Burushaski to be an isolate. I'm unconvinced by attempts to link it with other groups.
Let’s goooooo!
how do you count from 1 to 3 in Burushaski ? it seems similar in every indo European language word for "name" too.
1 han
2 alto
3 isko
4 walto
5 tsindo
6 bishindo
7 thalo
8 altambo
9 huço
10 torum
@@wifil532 ok doesn't seem indo European to me
@@belstar1128 yeah it doesn't 95 PC of the time
@@belstar1128 1 han seems similar to PIE hoynos and 5 tsindo/tshindo in Old Norse is fingr, Armenian hing and in Italian is cinque.
Genetics would help narrow the search.
I'm confused, and also a non-expert: the claim by Loporcaro and Paciaroni that a four-gender system (or something approaching that) in some _modern_ Romance languages gives hints of Burushaski being related to Indo-European seems non-sensical. I found the article, and (just skimming) it seems that they only compare the four-gender situation to Burushaski to gain perspective and do not propose a genetic connection.
If Čašule's claim is that what was written by Loporcaro and Paciaroni gives hints of Burushaski being related to IE, then it seems non-sensical to me.
Čašule was just trying to show that the four gender system of Burushaski has parallels in IE languages resulting from an unstable neuter. Čašule quotes Loporcaro & Paciaroni: "The existence of a semantic distinction between the two neuters makes our Romance four gender system more similar to the one of Burushaski." There are other languages with four (or more) noun classes and Čašule believes the specific nature of the fourth gender stemming from an unstable neuter is evidence for a genetic relationship and not necessarily as evidence against.
@@LearnHittite Thanks, that makes it clearer. I can't assess the validity of the idea but that's on my head.
I don't know what they are talking about here.
About the Indo-European language, about the source or about the branches of Indo-European that arose later?
Everything is confused here.
I know that these are only the opinions of individuals and possible theories.
As an example, Germanic, Slavic, Thracian, Dacian, Celtic, Albanian are put together here in one theory and they all come from "Northwestern Indo-European".
Under number one, how can we put Dacian, Thracian, Illyrian if we "don't know" how they spoke???
Under number two, how did the Albanian language get there?
It is a language created at the end of the 19th century from 4 or 5 different languages for political purposes.
Such a language cannot be compared with much older languages such as Slavic, Celtic or Germanic.
What then are not Indo-European languages?
Which proto-Indian language do we take as a basis?
Sanskrit???
If it is not Sanskrit, what is it?
If it is Sanskrit, then it is clear that the first successors of that language are the Slavs and probably the Celts.
Greek and Latin are separate stories and are created by merging different languages.
Greek was created by mixing Pelasgian and Proto-Greek.
Latin was created as the universal language of the Empire.
It is created by a mixture of already formed new Greek, Slavic and all additions from the Apennines.
After watching videos like this, I have a lot more questions than before and a lot less answers...
Maybe there's a parent language that connects Indo-Anatolian, Uralic, Basque, Burushaski, Turkic, Mongolic and Yeniseian, from the times of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers.
My mum speaks burushaski and my dad speaks pushto I was born in England but I can still speak both
That's a fabulous array of languages that you speak! Do you see any similarities between Burushaski and Pashto?
@@LearnHittite not my dialect of pushto my dad’s originally form Kandahar then he moved to Peshawar but the one dialect of pushto that sound similar to me is the one they speak in wazirstan i would say burushaski is more similar to wakhi but im not a language expert
Very interesting! Thanks for your reply.
@@unknownspinner2535Burushaski isn’t similar to wakhi bro
To be honest Burushaski probably had interactions with the Indo-aryan/iranian Languages for hundreds of years if not thousands. I wouldn't be surprised to see some lexical influence of them even in the most culturally important words for the community. Also I feel that sometimes people at least subconsciously believe a language belongs to a family and then try to find evidence. Consider this, we know that there were languages spoken in India and Pakistan before the arrival of Indo-europeans. We know that there are certain words in the Indo-aryan languages that are of non indo european origin. Maybe we can try to compare them with words in Burushaski and see if there is any evidence that Burushaski might be a pre indo-european language.
amazing
Thank you! Cheers!
What about comparing Burushaski to Tocharian!? Or Illyrian!?😊
I think it's a language isolate, but the speakers absorbed indoeuropean vocabulary from Phrygians resettled there, perhaps in Achaemenid times, or by Alexander.
its likely that they could be related by the ancient north eurasians, in that burushaski comes from the Arbins, who the Yamana are related to.
Isn't Phrygian generally considered Greco-Armenian? If so, it may help to compare Burushaski with Greco-Armenian in general. I wonder if it's a Macedonian superstrate, like in their origin story.
Greco armenian is outdated new studies show phrygian is closer to greek and armenian is more related to indoiranian and balto slavic its now called greaco-phrygian group
🇦🇱 BRIGJE - COAST (BRYGIAN)
ILLURIAN CELTIC TRIBS.
🇦🇱 BREGAS - COASTS.
🇦🇱 BUK - BEK BRYGIAN
If the language really comes from the Balkans then the story of their ethnic origin in a Greek army is likely to be true. Which is very interesting.
Yeah! Isn't it just!
0 grek, illurian soldier.
🇦🇱 BURRE - MAN.
BURRUSHAS - HUSBABD.
🇦🇱 HUND 👃🏻 HUNDZA 👃🏻
Does "anatolian indoeuropean" presuppose an anatolian origin of IE? I personally dont find the archeological or linguistic evidence convincing at all
no.
Early Proto IE (Urals)
Anatolian Late Proto IE (Pontic-Caspian)
Tocharian PSIE
🎡 LPIE ca.3500 BC ->
🐎 DOM2 2200 BC ->
David Anthony and Dorcas R. Brown: The Yamnaya Origins and the Expansion of Late PIE Languages
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As far as I do not exclude that Burushaski can be related to Indo-European (even it does not seem very likely to me), the Casule's proposal for its closeness to Phrygian feels to me like a huge nonsensical chunk of pseudo-science. Looking even on simple Phrygian terms or short sentences, its close relation with Ancient Greek seems extremely obvious, which would rather imply that Burushaski should be at least somehow close to the ancient Greek. I really skip the fact that I know modern greek and a good part of its ancient ancestor, and it's completely inimaginable to me how Burushaski could be even related to it in any way, because, naturally, "appearances can be deceptive".
Rather more importantly, the "correspondences" discovered (or rather invented) by Casule seems to me equally "valid" as if one would try to assume some level of "relatedness" between Nahuatl and Turkish just because the Nahuatl word "tepe-tl" - "hill" is similar to Turkish "tepe" of the same meaning. In short, the Burushaski-Phrygian "cognates" seem very forceful, and if Casule doesn't manage to explain complexively the huge grammatical gap between (Graeco-)Phrygian and Burushaski (as well as the reason of such a spectacular typological-grammatical mutation) I think the idea won't be even worth any further investigation
I'm not convinced by the Phrygian comparisons, some of them are interesting but that's it. I didn't want to leave it out of the video however as Čašule sees them as valuable. Thanks for your comment!
5:12 the diagram looks like a doggy
Impossible to unsee once seen!
At this point, I feel like any language that isn't Nilo-Saharan or Niger-Congo has been claimed by some researcher ot another to be related to Indo-European or have an Indo-European Substrate. So it feels to me like Indo-European is just so over studied so anyone can draw any connection they want if they look hard enough.
It's a very fair point about IE being over studied in comparison to other language families.
Yiš in Chechen means "sister" and in Burushaski -yas is "sister in law". Maybe just coincidence, but anyway.
Nice observation!
what if every one of the languages people say are related to PIE are actually all related to each other but not PIE? Vasco-Burushaski anyone?
In Albanian language ( burr - man 🧔🏻♂️)
The Burushaski numbers one to ten show no similarity to the Indo-European. numbers .
Language is ancient Albanian. Burushaski means language of men in Albanian because it was spoken by Illyrian soldiers who were part of the army of Alexander the Great and who married local women in the Hunza valley (nose in Albanian). There are still many phrases and words that are either exactly the same or very similar to Middle Ages Arberesh and even modern Albanian. Illyrian circles shield and goat helmet show up all over the Hunza valley.
Burushaski, sounds Russian. 🤷🏻♀️
🇦🇱 BURRE BURRU -- MAN
BURRESHAS - Husband.
🇦🇱 HUND HUNDEZA - 👃🏻 (NOSE)
ALAKSANDU Soldiers ILLURIAN
🇦🇱 AL ☝🏻 AK SAN DU - SO ABOVE WE WANT.
🇦🇱 IL ☀️ LU MI NA - YOU ☀️ MOVED ABOVE US
Makedon.
🇦🇱 MADHEKAN - GREAT HAVE.
Madhesia - Great.
🇦🇱 E MADHIA - THE GREATNESS (EMATHIA)
They are Proto Turkish people just like Hunza Turks. Phrigian runik language is also a Proto Turkish language. BURUSU their name is Turkish. Means Goddess Bir(one=first) Su means Water. Same as Biriton..Means The first Goddess of water. Donot be funny to add it into fake indoEuropean group.
Write a paper on your idea and get it peer reviewed and published?
Please, for your own sake, stick to your core competence and focus on Hittite and PIE. Capšule is irrelevant, Burushaski is fringe, and yes, so is Basque.
Oh, shut up.
Nah, I like making this type of content. You're welcome to start your own channel though covering PIE, Hittite, whatever, I'll be the first to subscribe.
just say you have no curiosity and go
There are many Indo-Aryan dialects having 4 gendered system.