Why do atoms form molecules? The quantum physics of chemical bonds explained
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- Опубліковано 28 сер 2020
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Video on QM of Atoms which may clarify some concepts: • The Quantum Mechanical...
Why do atoms combine to form molecules? The quantum mechanics of chemical bonds and chemistry. How is it that we can have so many chemical substances with only about 100 relatively simple building blocks, called atoms? This is because atoms are rarely found alone. They are mostly found in combinations with other atoms, through the process of chemical bonding.
Why does this happen? Why is the universe not full of just atoms floating around? The answer to this important question lies in understanding the role that energy plays in the formation of molecules, and its roots in quantum mechanics. All natural systems tend to adopt a state of lowest energy.
A marble at the top of a hill has high potential energy due to gravity. If given the opportunity, it will roll naturally to the bottom of the hill where it will have a lower potential energy.
The hydrogen atom by itself will be in its lowest energy state, called the ground state. But when a second hydrogen atom is introduced, some things begin to happen. Both atoms are in their respective ground state. But as they come closer to each other, first, the electrons since they are both negatively positively charged repel each other, but the electron of hydrogen atom 1 also starts to get affected by the positive charge of the proton in hydrogen atom 2. Similarly the electron of atom 2 starts to get attracted to the proton of atom 1.
So the electrons of each of the 2 atoms tend to get pulled slightly to the other one’s proton. And if they get close enough, the cloud begins to spread to the space between the two atoms. if the atoms get too close, then the protons begin to repel each other and push each other apart. So there is an optimal distance that the two protons prefer to be in.
Shouldn’t the electron clouds be repelling each other, and not allow them to get anywhere near each other? No, there are other interactions that affect the energy of the system:
To calculate the lowest energy of this two atom system, or molecule of hydrogen, we have to take into account:
1) The kinetic energy each atom
2) The potential energy between the two protons
3) The potential energy between the two electrons
4) The potential energy between each electron and each proton
The sum of the possible outcomes of kinetic and potential energy of this entire system in quantum mechanics is referred to the Hamiltonian, represented by capital H. This Hamiltonian is an operator corresponding to the energy of the system, and once you plug it into the time-independent Schrodinger equation, you can solve to get possible values for energy. This is not a trivial equation to solve. But it can be represented for simplicity by the morse potential graph.
The energy two atoms system is less than the energy of two separate one atom systems. This is the reason if a bunch of hydrogen atoms are near each other, they will naturally combine to form a molecule of H2 rather than float around by themselves. This sharing of electrons by two atoms of hydrogen is called a covalent bond.
Not all atoms form bonds with atoms of their own kind, nor with just any other atom. All the substances strive to achieve remarkable stability by sharing or having magical numbers of electrons - 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, or 86 electrons in so called shells around the nucleus of atoms. These numbers correspond to the number of electrons contained in the 6 naturally occurring noble gases. These are inert elements because they already contain the number of electrons needed to form highly stable shells around the nucleus.
Other elements strive to contain a full set of electron in their outer shell called the valence shell. Any element with an unfilled outer shell has a much higher chemical potential energy than these noble gases.
But what's so special about these numbers? Chemists will say, all atoms strive to form a valence set of electrons. And this attractive force for atoms to share electrons in order to form a full valence shell, is balanced by the repulsive forces of their electron clouds and protons.
#hamiltonian
#schrodingerequation
Quantum mechanically, it all has to do with potential energy of multi atom systems. The Schrodinger equation and the Pauli exclusion principle are the underlying principles. - Наука та технологія
Check out this prior video on QM of atoms which may clarify some concepts: ua-cam.com/video/fP2TAw7NnVU/v-deo.html
Also, yes, as many of you have pointed out - Methane is NOT a smelly gas! My mistake. Interesting fact: The United States has one of the largest supplies of natural gas, (which is almost pure methane - CH4) in the world. About half of all homes in the US have natural gas piped in from a central source, similar to the way water is piped in to many homes around the world. And all natural gas supplied to homes in the U.S. has a smelly compound called mercaptan added to give it a very foul, "rotten egg" smell. This is done so that any leak, which can be quite dangerous, does not go undetected by human noses. Growing up, we sometimes had leaks in our house, which I could smell very strongly. So as a kid, I always thought, Methane smelled like rotten eggs. lol.
Glad that you are back! It seemed like forever since your last video; how have you been doing through the pandemic, Arvin?
Thanks for clarifying this Arvin. I honestly thought the same so now we both learned something new.
To me mercaptan smells more like rotten or rancid onions.
Thanks for the Chem. review btw; got quantum chem flash backs lol.
@@kilowagmagnusson4590 Thanks for asking my friend! I'm sick of it to be honest with you. The vaccine can't come soon enough. I'd just like to be able to be around other people again without being paranoid.
Arvin Ash It is called ‚odorization‘ this saved a lot of lifes yet 😉
Always asked my teacher why atoms wanted a full outer shell and she could never give me an answer, thank you so much!
Happy to help! Yes, the quantum mechanical underpinning of chemistry is usually not covered in chemistry class.
She couldn’t say “nature tends towards the lowest energy state”?
New Phone Who dis might've been a coach teaching chemistry
Yfrfh
Well you didn’t get the answer from this video either. But you can search UA-cam a few videos actually explain this very well.
Mom: Why did you fail in the test?
Me: It all boils down to Quantum Mechanics!
Indeed, Manas
,😂😂😂
for real tho
Are minds are not physical like, theyre fundemental.
They should theach that in schools before even talking about chemistry! It doesn't really matter that kids wouldn't fully understand that, it would at least give them a clue of what is going on.
My most hated class was chemisry, I hated to learn these seemingly arbitrary rules. But since I found out the reason behind it all, I started to love chemistry. But it was way too late - classes are already over.
Agreed
I was taught about fire being a chemical reaction, before i was taught what a chemical reaction was
I hadnt even been taught about the atom
Didnt even know what protons neutrons and electrons was
Frederik 126 Ha ha ha! Like you know it now) That is funny
You can get classes for free online, like MIT's open courseware. Unfortunately for-profit sites like brilliant advertise everywhere so people don't know about the free ones.
Chemistry works without QM, so why add to the confusion. A chemist working for a pharmaceutical manufacturer can do his job perfectly from day 1 to retirement without ever hearing the words quantum or mechanics. Its not something everyone need to know, just like in astronomy where classic physics can be applied to everything, even if we know theres no classic physics mechanism behind it.
This video is so beautifully put together that anyone who is even slightly knowledgeable of chemistry, physics or quantum physics, will absolutely understand. The most complex subject is so easily and patiently explained. Only if we were this fortunate to have had such teachers to teach us or such videos available to us on the palm of our hands when we were studying. In our school/uni days the teachers got upset when you asked complex yet most fundamental question, or even worse - made fun of you so you r permanently discouraged. I am saving this video in my playlist to visit it over and over, whenever i need to refresh this topic. In many aspects, kids these days are very lucky.
what do you*know*of atoms insofar as you have direct immediate personal experience of them?
When did you last directly immediately personally experience "an atom"?
Yeah, right. What is the difference between atoms and unicorns?
@@vhawk1951kl I don't have any personal of you. What is the difference between you and a unicorn. How can I confirm you are not just a comment bot?
See somethings just gotta be accepted. Atoms should exist because highly qualified individuals have done experiments to show that an atom exists. If you want to know about it yourself, you can conduct those experiments, I can tell you how to do it, but recommend to just google it, they will give you better explanations. Also, the experiments are kinda costly, so beware of that.
@@genericjoe4082 If you accept without question, the disease have caught is called religion, and religion tends to stupefy those that eat insects, as you illustrate.
Who told you that anyone had conducted any experiments and why do you believe them, or did you conduct the experiments yourself, but you and I know they well you don't have the wits to conduct an experiment because you have got a very nasty disease called religion which tends to stupefy the reason and you make that perfectly obvious.
You are not compelled to believe anything you do not
*have* to believe anything but if you do believe without question the disease you have caught is called religion, and it is a very nasty disease indeed as it induces stupidity in being infected with it, as you illustrate, but you can't help it any more than a man with a cold can help sneezing, although more likely in your case it is genetic believably your causes or parents were equally stupefied and you can't choose your causes or parents
Once again you did it. I have a better understanding of chemical bonding than I did at college 30 years ago. Thank you sir.
Exactly. Why didint I find it 25 years ago :}
But 30 years ago you werent supposed to answer this, in fact you still arent and risk a failing grade. Talked to a nutcase from the university of copenhagen and in dishonor of Bohr they refuse to mix Quantum Mechanics into anything thats classic physics. Use classic physics or get a failing grade.
Probably because ( at least in k-12) chemistry was taught the shell model.
Wasn't until sometime after 2000 chemistry routinely shown all models including the quantum orbitals... and you had to learn them. Even in basic elective courses chemistry classes in high school or college.
And he didn't show how the geometry of the orbitals influence their behavior.
So you still have work to do.
Here's a link to learn more.
chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding/1.03%3A_Atomic_Structure_-_Electron_Configurations
30 years ago you never paid attention to the teacher when he or she explained it to you.
@@abiemogul2204 wrong
This channel is sooooo freaking good!!
Thank you as always for your work!
Thank you. Glad you enjoy it!
@@ArvinAsh We're patiently(?) awaiting a promo for a new show..
Its been 6yrs completing my schooling. Today I understand the concept of chemical bonds. There’s no reason why one shouldn’t subscribe this channels.
ANOTHER outstanding science class Arvin ! In chemistry studies WAY BACK when, My "Ground state" was a slack jaw... This time around, I only sensed it going Slack a few times..Well done friend..
Hey if ur curious about space video,and mysteries of the world then do visit my channel once pls 🙏
@@EXOPLANETnews So I accepted your invitation, watched your latest offering, left a comment and subscribed.. As a retired science professional we may not always agree, BUT, the art of popularizing the various concepts in science is an admirable one..Peace..
In school they didn't teach "why" fundamentals of chemistry they just tecach "what", always been curious about these fundamentals later come to know about quantum physics the base of all!
Great explanation as always
found your comment after I had submitted a lengthy version of exactly what you replied. The "what" and never the "why" left me bored and unchallenged, and I wonder every day how I might have contributed differently had someone provided me with more "why's".
@@jasonwatkins86
Yes the amswers for why also should been given time to time otherwise it becomes boring and uninteresting for many!
@Daniel Welch
The things they teach 12 year old about basic chemistry are also complex if we look with that perspective,
Many of 12 years wonder "why"
If yes the "what" things are simple but that don't develope curiosity or fulfill doubts instead it contributes towords uninterest
@@jasonwatkins86
Actually decided to write after reading your own comment!
@Daniel Welch
I am currently in college, and what i have written is my personal experience
"WHY do atoms form molecules?"
Anyone learning about chemistry should ask this question, but few do.
molecules
So, Thanks so much for tackling this topic.
I would like to challenge all college level science teachers (including myself) to REFRAIN from pretending that atoms have feelings. In this video we heard words like "atoms strive to..." "atoms want to ..." "atoms are happy when"...etc. These pedagogical constructs may help grade school students visualize what's happening.
But ultimately they are as accurate as saying "the Sun moves through the sky because it is pulled by a chariot"
I thought the sun was pulling the chariot?? Boy, do I feel silly now.
I think for economy of language these are helpful expressions. Everyone at college level knows an atom can’t be happy but that makes it easier to convey the meaning.
If I'd had you for a teacher I most certainly would not have failed chemistry in high school. I love all your videos, keep up the great work my friend!
I had amazing chem and physics teachers in high school, but Arvin actually explains it instead of a half-hearted “because I said”. I hope he never leaves this channel it’s one of my favorites.
"Consciousness that we enjoy". Speak for yourself...
I was about to say that xD
too true.
This sentence was really stupid, he should withdraw it!
Damn,I learned much more in a 12 minute youtube video than 4 years of chemistry taught in school and college.Keep up the good work arvinash,deserve much more subs than you currently have.
I remember learning about chemical bonds in public high school, luckily I had an awesome Chem teacher that made it so interesting that a class full of bad ass kids actually paid attention, learned and we all passed. To this this day I still remember so much from that class! Just goes to show how a great teacher really can have an impact, and you’re doing just that Arvin here on UA-cam!
It's always the teacher,success or failure is mostly up to him.
tell us what you remember. i doubt u remember anything. i think your full of BS
JackJackKcajify I think you’re a dickhead who doesn’t deserve a response how about that
@@L0R3N23 Well said. I think that you just promoted to master troll slayer status.
@@jonm8513 Give that Knight a horse and shield to carry him and his well sharpened sword. Many troll dragons to slay.
Boom! These super high quality videos are exciting to watch. Arvin Ashe is teaching us the real deal. No misleading pictures, no misleading analogies, and NOT dumbing it down. THIS is cutting edge short form physics communication! ❤️
why do you believe all this dreaming about atoms ?- have you any direct immediate personal experience of "an atom"?
Yeah, right.
@@vhawk1951klYou probably failed chemistry and/or physics😂
You found the sweet spot for my low energy brain to understand how a molecule is formed;) Such a good visible explanation! Thank you
The force potential is strong with this one.
why do you suppose that there are any such things as "molecules" ? - have you ever had a direct immediate personal experience of a molecule? - Is so, and you know it was a molecule?
Is not all this dreaming about atoms just dreaming?
In middle school i've also been through a chemistry apprenticeship program and I learned an aweful lot of amazing things during the time. However the reason why two neutrally charged atoms would make compounds in the first place, even elements bounding with others of same kind, has been a tiny hole in my understanding that I've never knew until you explained the Hamiltonian concept. Thanks a lot!
He is like my grandad who loves to teach me
Mine too...😢😢
@nils4545 say things in a way that no one finds it hurtful
Oh god. I look that old?
@@ArvinAsh Maybe it's the "wise part" of the grandpa , and not the "age" part :)
@@ArvinAsh no no its just that my grandad is quite young
You have a very nice way of starting a video. The sentence "Think about this" aroused curiosity in me.
I dont like when he say the answer coming up right now........and the advertisement after that just make it worst
There were always so many why and how questions I had as a curious kid with ADHD in school that the teachers would never be able to answer, thanks for your videos!
What i like about Arvin is that he asks "why" instead of "how". How things work The way they do can be answered easily most of the time. But WHY they work like that... That's anothe story
Once I learned in middle school that biology and chemistry didn't come anywhere near explaining the fundamentals of how the universe is built I quickly dropped both classes and continued with physical, going into university to get a more profound understanding of the building blocks of the universe. Never regretted that choice.
Chemistry and biology both are kinds of short cut science they take too much as given.
How is the journey so far? What level are you at?
I learned chemical binding in high school and college. Energy wasn't introduced, if my memory is still reliable. I had a shallow grasp of chemistry. I feel that notions of quantum physics should be taught early, not in third or fourth year university courses. Otherwise, students are left to believe in 'magic.' Thanks to Arvin Ash's videos (and other sources), I now have a grasp of the fundamentals.
Your explanations are simple, beautiful and elegant.
Can only be done by somebody who fully understands the concepts
This was excellent. Can you imagine how frustrating it must have been to study chemistry (or physics) before the 20th century? They had no idea why anything worked the way it did.
Unbelievable. You spoke so eloquently about the topic.... I’m so speechless!!! and grateful that I came across your channel!! Just...WOW thank you for your efforts into these videos!!
You're welcome, and Welcome aboard!
Arvin, I wish to thank you for producing such amazing science content. Congratulations. I am an enthusiast of quantum computing and this video you produced help to explain why many companies such as micorsoft and IBM are running to support calculation of ground state of molecules/Hamiltonians. I hope that some day you are going to produce a series of videos on quantum computing. Count on me.
One of the best and most complete lectures on the subject. Short, simple yet extensive.
Glad it was helpful!
You have great explanation and great presentation. People who dont know chemistry like me, can understand connection between physic and chemistry from this video. Thank you.
Now I actually understand how covalent bonds work and strong ironic bond
I always knew all of this but didn’t understand it this much🙏🏾
Finally a proper explanation. Thank you! Have been looking for this for years!
9:45
“why not some arbitrary number like 16?”
Square planar transition metal complexes have left the chat
My notes,
- 1:52 "Why are atoms prevalent mostly as molecules?"
All natural systems tend to adopt a state of lowest energy.
Why?
Gravity...?
High potential energy tends to g down because curvature (gravity)...?
Gravity create tendency for a high potential energy to be low potential energy...?
- 4:20, Hukum tarik menarik, the attraction law, gravity. The space curvature of the two atom as they got closer got shared to each other, create one space of curvature for the two atoms. And then the two atoms resting, find it's equilibrium, balance in that shared space.
- 4:34 "what happens with the entire system is determined bythe total energy of the system"
Hence two become one, the balance in space for the atom when they are alone now becomes the balance in space for the two atoms - the Total. To find the state, that state, "state of lowest energy". Resting.
- 6:10 the graphical illustration of two atoms finding its "resting" state.
Energy of two atom system is lower than two one atom system.
So, does that mean being alone can also mean having more energy than to be together with someone...?
Wait is that why HE is the one with the most energy, because he is One... Or perhaps it is the principle is the reflection of the higher/est reality/truth, His truth. That when He created others, he gave up some of His energy willingly...sacrifice...love... Oh wow... WOW.
- 6:55 "all the substances you see all around you, comprised of molecules is due to the remarkable stability of atoms that have or share certain seemingly magical numbers of electron, 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86 electrons in so called "shells" around the nucleus of atoms."
Shells, it is the fix space available to be filled by electron in nucleus system. Perhaps like the seat available to be filled in order to maintain balance.
My head hurt upon reading this
No, no, no, no, gravity has nothing to do with the formation of molecules! It's the electromagnetic force that causes the atoms to attract each other!
Amazing video Arvin as usual! Please keep doing these incredible videos.
Wow...!You are one of the rarest people out there to actually want reason for why. I too frequently question "WHY" after learning "HOW" it works and I strongly believe there will be a reason for every 'why', no matter how complex reason is!!
Awesome!!! Thanks so much for this video... It's exactly what I was interested in asking you to do next...
Saves me from asking you though, as I was planning in the comment section of a future video...
Kudos to one of the greatest scientific channels today on youtube, and the only youtuber that has the knowledge of explaining complex concepts in simple to understand, logical and visual ways, instead of always jumping to complex mathematical equations.
Glad it was helpful! It's interesting that you say that. This final version of the video is actually version 6. We had many prior iterations that we improved on. In version one, I had all kinds of mathematical formulas. But feedback from early viewers was that they were not helpful, so I got rid of them, and put in more graphics instead.
@@ArvinAsh That's the biggest obstacle for anyone to understand these things...
Many people have the capacity to learn and quickly grasp complex ideas, but only if they are presented in a visual way that makes things visually obvious...
You can explain PI to a child for example with a few lines and a circle or arc and some variations...
The issue with many Wikipedia articles and other publications or videos is that the person explaining always jumps to a complex mathematical formula to explain everything, and when you're not used to those, all of a sudden the presentation turns from interesting and educational into Chinese (eg unintelligible). And after a few minutes, the viewer stops viewing...
Not everyone had a maths education in high school and/or college/university level, but they are still smart enough to understand many of these kinds of scientific ideas...
A great example for me is the great Richard Feynman. He was a nobel-prize winning professor and whenever he gave a lecture (like advanced string theory etc... you can find some of his lectures here on youtube), I can understand it completely because of the way he explains everything visually with drawings...
The diagrams that he created (Feynman diagrams) that show the interactions of elementary particles are a popular and well-accepted example of this and allow me to understand complex interactions between particles very easy and intuitively...
"Quantum mechanics Creates questions, and that questions create Quantum mechanics"
-My mind
Thank you Arvin for explaining me these topics!
What a truly amazing video, thank you for this Arvin, these are answers to questions ive had for 30 years, i cant thank you enough for clarifying a couple of these things that have bugged me randomly throughout the years lol, Bravo sir
I had done so much time on just the atom alone i didnt realize the next level in molecules could be THAT fascinating wow
An easily understandable explanation to something I didn't realise I really wanted to know. Thank you so much!
If life was ever such that money wasn’t an issue, I’d spend my life learning. Thanks UA-cam for making this possible without requiring that I not make a living.
Ask yourself, how much money do you need to “not make it an issue”, and what are the issues(are they absolutely issues of “need” or “wants”)???
Infinite Love❤️❤️❤️
@@maxfletcherEternalLove yeah. That’s what goes through my mind. I live a very small life. Once my kids are out of college, I’ll retire.
Imagine where you might be in life if you weren't forced to place your natural curiosity and desire to learn on the beach burner because society demands we create widgets in order to justify allowing us the basics necessities of life. If instead we guaranteed everyone the basics of a healthy life, we could pursue that which would fulfill us, rather than that which will put food on the table.
We need UBI.
Great, Arvin!
For about 50 years no school could explain bonding to me as you did in 10 Minutes!
You surely can explain the simple and understandable way what is mesomeric bonding, too.
So after seeing your explanations I am now sure that some programmers can make an open
source simulation that can precisely predict the outcome of any possible chemical reaction.
If you know of such program on github then, please, show it to us.
how do you know is not just making it up? Have you any direct immediate personal experience of atoms or an atom?
Another Arvin Ash video saved to my physics playlist. The principles in this video are often missing from nature vs design discussions. Natural processes are unplanned, but not random (e.g. chemical bonding happens according to proximity, the electron shell, and the energy state)
Magnificent video! No one was able to explain to me what physical mechanism bounds electrically neutral atoms together, but this video finally gave me proper understanding. Thank you so much!!!!
Love you Arvin!
Thanks. Love you back.
@@ArvinAsh ❤️
I love his name too
Thank you so much for this generous and masterful explanation.
I loved that you covered this topic because its something I've always pondered since a kid!
Just signed up for Magellan TV. It is freakin awesome! Its like a Netflix that specializes in science documentaries but can be viewed all in Ultra HD and 4K. I have a 4K monitor so even watching Magellan's videos in 1080P is still just sick. Doing the first month free and then will likely sign on continuously afterwards. Love your videos Arvin, your awesome.
Nice! 4K is pretty cool isn't it?
During my elementary school years I would always argue with my chemistry teacher that chemistry isn't a separate science it's just a derivate of physics and something in me would always tell me all chemistry should be explained by quantum physics. But back then I had no much idea of how quantum physics works, but believing at some level everything should be in the form of discrete.
You were a really smart kid!
@@ArvinAsh Not really. I was always good at imagination but not at math.
In my private school we took them together. I got transferred to public and they tried to make me retake chemistry alone. I dropped it and took ecology instead. Chemistry is useless without physics.
Well you can’t really do chemistry with quantum mechanics. Solving a wave function for anything bigger than H2 is essentially impossible from a practical standpoint. I’m not even sure if it’s possible to solve the H2 wave function. It would be beyond impossible to use quantum mechanics to describe complex reactions like the Krebs cycle and bio chemistry for example. That’s why chemistry and biochemistry are completely different areas of expertise. I’ve met many cameras that don’t know a thing about bio chemistry and many physicist I don’t know if thing about chemistry or bio chemistry. They’re just not reducible to physics
@@selfloop "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution."...Albert Einstein
Thank you, Arvin! As I recall, I was given the rather simplistic explanation that all the other elements have "noble gas envy" and want to be like them. Now I finally understand, at least in an intuitive, non-mathematical sense, why all atoms want to fill their valance shells.
What is the reason?
Arvin, it's great to watch your videos. So interestingly narrated in simple words. Great Thanks.
That intro was such a great way to provide context. I stumbled upon this video and I’m so glad,
This show is proof that physics and chemistry are taught the wrong way in school....Ministries of education around the world should engage Arvin Ash as an advisor to help rewrite physics books.....this would surly make it more probable that a next "generation" would really succeed in answering still unsolved questions.
Your last question was sort of covered by Stephen Hawking, in his book "The grand design"
He said it comes down to some mathematical properties of universe.
And those properties themselves have no base to stand on, and just sort of exist, because why not.
Actually there are universes with all possible properties, but we only see the one we live in
This is one of the best educational video's I have come across in quite some time. Excellent explanation of some very dense subject matter!
the graphics and animations in this are very helpful. thanks for taking the time/effort to cons those
Lucid & brilliant as ever Arvin! - You always add a little more to my understanding of science especially physics with every video - Thank you
Very informative video.
It's so encouraging to see UA-camrs like you and Nick Lucid who are getting their deverved recognition at last. Your content is top notch and explanations are unique. It would be helpful if you made a vedio or two about precession and other elusive yet classical mechanical phenomena
The REASON why Arvin Ash videos are so 'cut above the rest'? Because of what he said at 11:24. "But what I want to impart to you is that the quantum mechanics behind this phenomena only allow you to see how nature behaves. It does not explain why nature is the way that it is. It only shows you how nature works. The question of why things are the way they are is what I think the most interesting question."
This is what my physics teacher never cared to do. He only wanted to run through the curriculum. This is what the textbook writers don't care to write even today. We present physics and mathematics to children in such a way as if we know nature till the last detail, as if there are no more questions, as if our equations perfectly describe everything. Reality is, we have hardly even scraped the surface. Thank you Arvin.
Beautiful, please do a full length on Periodic table.
Excellent, Arvin (even I'm still not buying that consciousness is for certain a product of our biological matter). You took what was part of my basic learning on this years ago and carried it far further. I much appreciate it.
How do you think conciousness arises?
@@marcusnelson1239 I don't know. Nor does or can anybody. All we can do is speculate.
@Incommunicado Just so! Assuming that "things" exist in the physical universe.
You have a way with your explanation. It is quite frankly beautiful. I remember taking qed in college and struggling to wrap my mind around the basic concepts of quantum mechanics but your video series does an excellent job of doing that and helping to visualize it all.
Glad it was helpful!
11:25, golden statement right there. I remembered a book called Madam How and Lady Why.
But what aboutDi-Hydrogen Monoxide?
Just kidding....brilliant and concise as always.
Stay away from DHMO. It's highly addictive, you're likely already hooked on it! Trying to get clean and abstaining for even a few days can be devastating; and it is in almost every bit of food and drink you take. You're DOOMED! Sorry, friend.
;-)
@@monkeybusiness673 Agreed Monkey. Experts are saying some fish live their whole life in the stuff. The electrolytes in Gatorade AKA Brawndo are actually a requirement for all living things. Just say No to DHMO! Here's my source to cite: ua-cam.com/video/lUTZmSyDErg/v-deo.html
@@EEGBiofeedback Brawndo's got what plants crave. It's got electrolytes.
Good to see you're up to the game, man! Stay safe! ;-)
That damn explosive jet fuel is found in high levels contaminating all humans
Truly I just got in love with energies they now feels easier! this comment is genuine and bro amazing you are really amazingg!
This is the first video I have viewed that combines quantum mechanics in chemistry easily. Arvin has a way that catches my attention every time.
Great explanation, the ease at which you speak about it and the visuals make this great for even children to understand this concept. Thank you for the good work that you do.
Great video! Follow up question: At the start of the video you talked about the huge diversity of material properties caused by atoms bonding together. What is it that defines the properties of molecules once atoms bond together? For example, why are O2 and H2 both gases but when you make H2O it becomes liquid water? What fundamentally makes this water have such different properties than its constituent parts? Thanks!
Great question! The hydrogen atoms and oxygen share electrons, but they do not share them equally. This leads to a slightly unbalanced density of electrons, causing a polarity. in the water molecule. This polarity attracts water molecules to each other, causing them to be in a liquid form rather than gas form. In fact, water molecules are so strongly attracted to each other that it takes a lot of energy, in the form of heat, to turn them into a gas (steam).
@@ArvinAsh Thanks for your reply! I'd love to see a video about how the configuration of atoms/electrons makes materials have different properties. Liquid, gas, solid only barely touches the surface of the range of properties that materials have - hardness, shinyness, reactivity with other materials, mechanical properties. Is it all defined by polarity and sharing of electrons or are there other factors in play too? And fundamentally, why does a slight change in the configuration result in such vastly different properties in our physical world?
The minimun energy principle, demonstrated once again. 💪
EXCEPT, a 3rd body *is* required for 2H to be come H2! The H+H reaction is non-radiative, the 3rd body is required to accept the heat of the N+H reaction. Reference can be supplied in the texts if needed.
This is a very clear and well put together explanation. Awesome work
Superb! The classes I took at UT (and high school) that spoke of electron orbitals, tended to concentrate upon individual, “disembodied” (in a sense) atoms. All they really talked about was filling the outer shells: The 1S orbital really wants to contain two electrons, even if it’s shared with another atom’s electron. That’s about as far as they went with it.
However, the Solid-State Electronics class I took did go into energies in crystalline lattices, leading to the concept of a “hole,” in doped lattices. There’s another, somewhat-related video topic for you, Arvin!
Yes, very few chemistry professors get into the question of "why" molecules form, only the how.
Arvin Ash, ultimately it’s all Differential Equations: In this case, solutions to The Wave Equation (electron orbitals).
Again, crystalline lattices, semiconductors and “holes”: that would make a good follow-on video!
@@mr88cet can you explain the hole thing. As a kid in middle school learned about the P N junction but was curious why there are holes in these semiconductors that allow electrons to move into where as other elements dont have that property thanks!!
Nick's Garage, I can’t realistically explain it in the comments to a video, which is why I’d love for Arvin to do a video on this topic. Also, it’s been quite a while since I took my solid-state electronics class.
Amazing as always! Well done, I'm a physics and chemistry teacher.
That's awesome! Glad to hear that you are a science teacher.
Then you should have been one of the first to identify that methane is NOT a SMELLY gas.
thanks for this info.. now I now what was the purpose of us in school learning about filling orbitals and stuff lmao.. wish schools would explain stuff like this
Thank you this was so helpful! Never had it explained to me as good as this!
Just read the molecules chapter in my molecular quantum mechanics book and this video was PERFECT for reviewing the concepts!! thanks a lot for this
I haven't watched this video yet, but I have noticed Arvin uses the words "WHY", and "HOW" interchangeably... As an example, science attempts to explain "HOW" the universe came to be, rather than WHY the universe came to be... Or, "HOW" the laws of physics came to be fine-tuned to support life, rather than "WHY" they are fine-tuned for life... The answers to "HOW" questions could be answered by science, but the "WHY" question should be answered by philosophers and such...
I totally agree.
"Why" is in any event a silly word.
@@ZubairKhan-vs8fe Especially, if in the end of the video Arvin still leaves us wanting... "Quantum mechanics doesn't explain WHY nature is the way that it is...It only shows how nature works..."
i like the way u say '''''''its coming up right now'''''''''' thats the moment i always press like button ;--;
Awesome Xplanation Arvin 👍🏻❤️
The transition from the regular content to the advertisement was so clean, my brain starts to question its freedom of thought...
Like for string theory
Comment for loop quantum gravity
I know that this comment is weird but I have to give it a try anyway. It didn't turned out well so I am deleting it.
So if there's a trough in the energy diagram, isn't it rather due to some urge to complete spins than to electric charge?
What do you mean by "complete spins"?
Hund's rule says you should fill in electronic diagrams such that the total spin is at the maximum value. In fact, you have to expend energy to pair spins in the same orbital.
Hey Arvin, have a few questions:
1- would seeking answers for “why” be the field of science?
2- if no scientists have been able to answer any “why” question so far, what makes you hopeful about next generations?
3- May the scientific method not be the right method to seek answers for “why”?
4- Why do the scientists and teachers always use a language as if they are explaining the “why”s of the universe while they know in fact all they say is “how” the universe works?
5- Are correlations reasons? In another word, do one occurrence have an affect on the existence of next occurrence? Should we say: “atoms tend to complete their outer shell because they want to be in the lowest energy state” OR “atoms complete their outer shell then they reach their lowest energy levels”? Wouldn’t be the first one is a subjective (comment added) statement and the second one is objective (only observance)?
Thanks in advance! Love your videos.
I think it is the hope of scientists that someday we will be able to answer the "why" - I think it is the ultimate question. It is supremely unsatisfying to answer the question philosophically instead of scientifically.
@@ArvinAsh Thanks Arvin! I believe as long as the answer is logical, we should be satisfied regardless of being scientific or philosophic or metaphysic. At the end, not all the reality we perceive is “scientific”.
Finally, after watching almost all the Periodic Videos, you answered this fundamental question that had been bugging me for so long.
Chemistry is a topic whose language is physics and mathematics?
Yesh Agarwal
Indeed it is, my friend !
When you get down to the nuts and bolts of chemistry, it IS physics and math speak..
As my professor of physical chemistry put it when we first touched on that subject: Everything is physics when you look closely enough. And physics is spoken in terms of maths.
So biology often comes down to molecular interactions, which is chemistry. And chemistry really boils down to the physics of all the particles, if you 'zoom in' closely. Understanding the physics can help you understand the biology, in a way ;-)
Rafiuddin Galib
Well said! 👍 for you!
I came here because Freakin' Reviews recommended this channel.
Cool stuff. I never liked chemistry, or anything apart from math and linguistics but I'll stick around for these clear explanations.
Thank you very much for the video.I have been looking for this question for a long time.
I'm a chemist applying for grad school and I sometimes like to watch these fundamental videos and I really like how he masterfully incorporated advance quantum in basic chemistry for beginners
Oh,thought you're also gonna take about quarks too since you mentioned "quantum mechanics" .Anyway great video.
The Schrodinger equation, probably the central equation of QM, is used to calculate the energies.
"Consciousness that we enjoy" speak for yourself, I want to die.
Well, most of us don't have a choice in the matter. It will get us all eventually. Why not make the most of the time we have now, the one opportunity we have right now? There may be nothing after this. It's never too late to make the life you wish you had.
Lately your videos have been lit🔥 Arv.
Thank you, keep up the great work
Outstanding video, much appreciated!
Great content. Thank you Arvin Ash 👍
Amazing video! Thank you very much!
Loved this video. You're doing a great job.
First time I can get an explanation that is « understanding », thank you very much @Arvin . I’m a fan of your videos. Lots of explanation without reductive arguments.
Good presentation. Clear and thorough.
Great video and very well explained. Thank you
Great vid, as usual. I like the Wow moments. Will have to dig deeper into Hamiltonians, now
When I learned the details of chemical bonds and thermodynamics to assess dangerous goods. I found the bound and the connection to quantum mechanics very interesting. But in the other hand you have also to look in the entropy when new bonds form. And Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics blew my mind when I first encountered it.
In my opinion it is beautiful that pure mathematics can be helpful in estimating the chaotic behaviour of the atoms in the macroscopic level.