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  • Опубліковано 2 лис 2024

КОМЕНТАРІ • 172

  • @FFcossag
    @FFcossag 9 років тому +49

    "The penalty you pay when you go for a BGA FPGA" - untethered poetry.

    • @EEVblog
      @EEVblog  9 років тому +12

      +FFcossag I never knew I had poetry in me...

    • @frankalvarez7387
      @frankalvarez7387 9 років тому

      +EEVblog Hi Dave can you make a video how to read burned resistors ?
      or explain me cuz i am in trouble
      Thanks :]

    • @Teth47
      @Teth47 9 років тому

      +Frank Alvarez You'd probably have to use the components it's connected to to infer possible resistance values, then try them until one works properly...

    • @heathwellsNZ
      @heathwellsNZ 9 років тому +1

      +FFcossag I liked the "coz these things aren't magic" comment myself! (at approx 20:53)

  • @benadams6332
    @benadams6332 9 років тому +9

    For the signal routing, it would be interesting to see if you can detect a difference in the noise floor between the two channels. If you can and its got an FFT function it would interesting to see the spectrum.

  • @Roobotics
    @Roobotics 9 років тому +5

    The "unsoldered pin" and "fallen out pin" is a cheap way to do DIY keying now you can't plug in certain revs of the board or accidentally reverse polarity in testing cables. Also the 0505S is indeed a 5v to 5v converter but the 'S' stands for single supply, so not a dual +/-5.

  • @BKofficer23
    @BKofficer23 9 років тому +1

    EEVblog. I appreciate the work you put into these teardowns. I'm no electrical engineer, and likely never will be, but I find this stuff fascinating, and you're slowly teaching me.

  • @necessaryevil8615
    @necessaryevil8615 9 років тому +1

    Silabs makes 8051's with interesting peripherals for test gear. There is a thread about a µV/mΩ meter kit which uses a C8051F350. This is a brother of the microcontrollers in the video, it has a has a 24-bit adc and a 1-128x pga on board!

  • @blindfoldeddesign8266
    @blindfoldeddesign8266 9 років тому +1

    Hey Dave! Just found your EEVblog, I'm completely hooked! Keep up the great content! -new Fan from Syracuse, New York

  • @mikeselectricstuff
    @mikeselectricstuff 9 років тому +7

    Didn't see a current shunt or fuse - but has a current range - what's the spec ?
    Maybe those mosfets are an electronic fuse ?

  • @electronicsandcode
    @electronicsandcode 9 років тому +1

    Nice teardown as always - thank you Dave!
    The Pin 2 of the Silicon Labs F330 (@24:18) seems to miss some Solder. :D

  • @douro20
    @douro20 9 років тому

    The TMS320 is still quite a capable DSP. In the early days of production they were used in high-end 3D graphics systems and even found their way into Midway's first 3D video game hardware where they served as both the main processor and the geometry engine at the same time.

  • @power-max
    @power-max 9 років тому +3

    That thing seems to be a mixed bag, great design but poor manufacturing I guess! Lots of little things you pointed out, like the 2 little transformers (or common mode chokes) one looking a bit broken, C123 is missing and the solder did not reflow right, that bit of solder shard shorting 2 pins on that 8051 near the end, etc! I wonder if it would have even been fully functional before you took it apart!

  • @elektronikcz01
    @elektronikcz01 9 років тому

    Wow, new video already ?? Thank you crazy Australian Guy !!

  • @DJignyte
    @DJignyte 9 років тому +1

    There's a second unsoldered pin shown at 22:00.
    Great teardown video by the way, looks like a handy tool to have.

  • @jucano
    @jucano 9 років тому +2

    Very nice videos.
    There is any posibility of making any video regarding the bad usb killer ? And maybe made a circuit where you can plug any usb device and get a reading of the voltages to avoid putting a usb killer in a computer ?

  • @nomadic_rider42
    @nomadic_rider42 9 років тому

    Nice teardown, @Dave.

  • @rhkips
    @rhkips 9 років тому +1

    Despite our "Western" bias, the Chinese are perfectly capable of making good quality products. The problem is exactly what you see here: Quality costs money. If this scope were half the price of anything competing on the market, then it would be a no-brainer, but as it stands, the only thing to separate this scope from any other in the price range is the range of features it offers, and how those features meet the needs of the people buying it. Overcoming brand loyalty is a big challenge; hopefully Micsig can bring a lot to the table. :)

    • @-vermin-
      @-vermin- 9 років тому +4

      The rather inconsistent quality control evident in this tear down perfectly justifies the bias.

  • @vankiu
    @vankiu 9 років тому +1

    Always awesome videos, would not mind more repairs.
    Thanks :)

  • @yaghiyahbrenner8902
    @yaghiyahbrenner8902 9 років тому +1

    Dave you should you a fundamental Fridays session explaining memory types and how to read the datasheet.
    SHARC is still the leader in DSP :D

  • @Kanglar
    @Kanglar 9 років тому

    Happy Back to the Future day Dave!!!

  • @jeanious2009
    @jeanious2009 9 років тому +1

    Love how you had trouble assembling it, happens to me from time to time and I just get very annoyed when it does happen. So I know how you must of felt when it kept happening to ya'., lol.

  • @voltlog
    @voltlog 9 років тому

    Is this a demo unit? The soldering quality on those inputs could improve during production and also they could correct the bodges so it looks all nice.

  • @typedef_
    @typedef_ 9 років тому +1

    Dave, you should do a teardown of a servo amplifier (motor driver). It would be cool !

  • @pratherat
    @pratherat 9 років тому

    Happy Back-to-the-Future Day!

  • @ntoobe
    @ntoobe 9 років тому +3

    I would have expected David II to be David 1, and you the Dave 0 ;)

  • @niceguy60
    @niceguy60 7 років тому

    A cool feature with this scope is that is has a math function that perform series/parallel inductance and capacitance reactance calculation for inputted component values..

  • @Streamtronics
    @Streamtronics 9 років тому

    I wonder, in digital scopes when you move the trace up and down is the scope only moving the trace on the display or is it changing some analog offset value before the ADC? Also as a German, what's wrong with calling it a multifunctional device? I mean it is multifunctional, no? Does it just sound weird or...

  • @thekaduu
    @thekaduu 9 років тому

    Closing the scope back... tripple face-palm worthy ;)... Been there, it pissses me off every time I do it.

  • @IgnacioMoya
    @IgnacioMoya 9 років тому

    I would really like to hear more about Dave2 3D printer board project, perhaps a video could be made about it? Thanks!

  • @martinda7446
    @martinda7446 9 років тому +2

    @28:30 I was laughing out loud. So funny. Easy to do ''haste pace'''etc

  • @setitthen
    @setitthen 9 років тому +1

    How does this hand held scope compare to the 20 year old ths720 series hand held scopes. It would be interesting to see a tare down of one of these.

  • @Techmatt167Official
    @Techmatt167Official 9 років тому

    Happy back to the future day!

  • @Kennynva
    @Kennynva 9 років тому

    I would love to have any of your things like a scope..since i have Never had one...I envy you for having all those toys....have a good day, or night...great video...

  • @jmhjelm
    @jmhjelm 9 років тому +1

    A bit concerned with the missing solder under the F330 on one of the pins @24:00. Guessing it is a ground pin and the solder has gone in under the circuit to a ground tab. It is not pretty.

  • @TheWP
    @TheWP 9 років тому

    +EEVblog Happy BTTF day. Sorry to hear about the movie theater plans - they have I and II showing here. I and III were probably the better ones.... "What the?!" Anyways, catch you next time! Edit: Of course, it has to do with the whole 'Oct 21, 2015' - facepalm

  • @xoxoXoieoxox
    @xoxoXoieoxox 9 років тому

    ok i have a 1958 heathkit o-12 scope i was wondering if there was any way to get a reading from a Jacobs ladder u have been trying but the Jacobs ladder really screws with everything in my lab and the scope is not even giving me a reading i think is true the trace just goes from scanning to like this messed up blob in the middle of the screen any ideas??

  • @darraghomeara7653
    @darraghomeara7653 9 років тому

    Checked in to see if you had a back to the future special :) Maybe a flux capacitor teardown??

  • @JensAndree
    @JensAndree 9 років тому +1

    Dodgy soldering for sure! If that is - like I think it is - a retail product and not a pre-series demo, then with those unsoldered pins and a few other suspecting bits I'd be pretty upset if I'd bought one. Personally I don't care how good something can be if they disregard things like QA and assembly inspection. I hope this video gave them something to act upon but I wouldn't spend my money on a Micsig product as it is now.

  • @digerttm
    @digerttm 9 років тому

    +EEVblog I've never seen those tiny flush ICs before (the ones around the TI chip). Is that just the casing or is there something up with those?

  • @OnEvenKeel
    @OnEvenKeel 9 років тому

    You seem impressed. But, the loose piece of solder, the unsoldered pin, and the "bodgered" resistors/caps make me surprised that it actually functions properly. Don't these defects scare you off, especially at a >$1000 price point?

  • @uzaiyaro
    @uzaiyaro 7 років тому

    Seems like the 410 is the same sort of thing but not isolated. It's also much cheaper. I'm looking into a first scope for automotive use, so it's unlikely to be seeing above 15v or so. The built in meter function is quite interesting too.
    Do I really need an isolated scope? What are the advantages/disadvantages?

  • @martinda7446
    @martinda7446 9 років тому

    Fantastic stuff as usual. PS Watch Earth 2 available on VEEHD for free for 70s Apollo style nuclear bomb filled action. Bet this one passed you by. Some of it is excellent, some funny of course. Thanks Dave.

  • @Maxisokol
    @Maxisokol 9 років тому

    21:05 - I laughed so hard when I noticed that.))
    I thought I'm the only person guilty of soldering pasive components directly to the ICs, but apparently it's Ok even for a few thousand dollar devices. xD

  • @TilmanBaumann
    @TilmanBaumann 9 років тому +4

    I wonder why they did not just run the coax a few cm longer before they go into the board.
    Assuming that coax is more noise resistant than board traces.

    • @RobertSzasz
      @RobertSzasz 9 років тому

      Properly terminating coax into pcb traces can take up enough space that its easier to run a proper pcb transmission line the extra distance.

    • @heman248
      @heman248 9 років тому

      +Tilman Baumann Maybe he was tired.

    • @ConstantlyDamaged
      @ConstantlyDamaged 9 років тому

      +Tilman Baumann Maybe they already had enough layers in the board to isolate the signal properly, what with the MILLIONS of micro controllers and the big BGA(caution, some exaggeration).

  • @alwayscan21
    @alwayscan21 9 років тому

    My question is, (and ,maybe I missed it, but is there a current cutoff, if is there is a thermal overload, should the fan fail or something like that? Anybody notice anything

  • @tasmedic
    @tasmedic 9 років тому +8

    Cripes there is some variability in quality control there! The meter inputs are very poorly soldered, and I suspect the person who did that also dropped the blob of solder into the front end electronics. They need to see your soldering videos, Dave! Maybe the soldering technician was off sick, and the window cleaner had to do the job instead.... chinese factories!
    Another let down is the awful Chinglish font they use on the display. Not sure where that font came from, but is is horrible and hasn't changed since the 1980's. It would cost next to nothing to fix that, but the archaic character set isn't something the Chinese seem to worry about.
    On the plus side, the board components and layout are state of the art and mostly very well thought out, with no cost cutting. Like I said, shame about the hand soldering.
    As for that header with the pin sticking out. It might be a way of ensuring the pins are properly lined up when the boards are pressed together. Some old PC IDE headers were a bit like that, with one of the pins blocked off to prevent misalignment when assembling. Just my theory!

  • @Dennis-mq6or
    @Dennis-mq6or 5 років тому

    I was waiting for you to test the actual frequency response......
    Did you forget?

  • @BogdanTheGeek
    @BogdanTheGeek 9 років тому +1

    +EEVblog how can you say that they aren't cutting corners when you see that most of the solder joints are rubbish?

  • @proluxelectronics7419
    @proluxelectronics7419 9 років тому

    could the front end adc be running in paired and use the two spare data lines for overflow?

  • @badwolf1984
    @badwolf1984 9 років тому

    DAVE, you a big BTTF fan, where was the DeLeorian Time Machine Taredown ?

  • @Shadowdncer
    @Shadowdncer 9 років тому

    Does the (ground?) copper to the left of the ADC at 11:20 look a bit shoddy (bad etching or something)?

  • @ngarewyrd
    @ngarewyrd 9 років тому

    so, how many times did you need to rebuild it? I figured that you fixed the unsoldered pin before you put it back together the first time...
    But yeah, just hasn't been your day, it seems

  • @koelie17
    @koelie17 9 років тому

    Cool Cool can't wait to finish the video ;)

    • @voltare2amstereo
      @voltare2amstereo 9 років тому

      +koelie17 settings - playback speed - 1.25x (html5 player only)

  • @szabolcsmate5254
    @szabolcsmate5254 9 років тому

    23:52 SIL C8051F330 Pin 2 (Ground) not soldered properly?

  • @richfiles
    @richfiles 9 років тому

    Did you at least forget to put the screws in, so putting all the other bits you forgot to put back would be easier? :P
    I have had those days... You need something to just take apart and scrap... GREAT stress relief! :D

  • @DaruoshAghajaney
    @DaruoshAghajaney 7 років тому

    Is that supercap similar to the one used in the fluke 298/7 causing problems?

  • @SeanStrongman
    @SeanStrongman 9 років тому +1

    WELCOME TO BACK TO THE FUTURE !

    • @aptsys
      @aptsys 9 років тому +2

      +Sean Strongman Fuck off

    • @kingoftaurus
      @kingoftaurus 9 років тому +1

      Seriously dude? There's no room for that kind of behavior on EEVblog. Get lost.

  • @Graham_Langley
    @Graham_Langley 9 років тому

    That pin in the header socket (J57?) looks like an improvised polarising key. Shouldn't be needed in a PCB to PCB arrangement like this, but they may use ribbon cables somewhere in testing/faultfinding.
    That missing top on the choke is probably there only to give a flat surface for pick and place, nothing functional.

  • @PIXscotland
    @PIXscotland 9 років тому

    I'm sure I saw a spare screw on the desk when you finished... ;-)

  • @matthewrichardson828
    @matthewrichardson828 8 років тому

    I just bought a couple Siglent Chinese O-scopes. It's very good, and as an American I'm pretty worried that China will be not only making the cheap stuff, but the good stuff too. We're doomed.
    I recently used AD7799BRUZ ADC's on a recent NASA project. They are 24 bit ADC's (which is overkill for a lot of stuff), but super easy to use and very stable. For that matter I suppose the refresh rate is way too slow for a o-scope. I've been wanting to make a multimeter specifically for aviation applications and might dust them off for that.

  • @LoMe64
    @LoMe64 9 років тому

    The unsoldered pin is just a cheap key to prevent the connector to be plugged in the wrong way.
    Have seen that a couple of times.

    • @Graham_Langley
      @Graham_Langley 9 років тому

      +Lothar Merl Ah, you beat me too it.

  • @MariuszNmntechcom
    @MariuszNmntechcom 6 років тому

    How would it compete with Siglent SHS1062 which would you choose ?

  • @Razor2048
    @Razor2048 9 років тому +2

    Why can't they throw in a nice 2048x1536 display on it. For that astronomically high price, they need to at least use a more modern resolution for their display.
    It also should have more memory (e.g., 1GB per channel would do nicely).

    • @bloomtom
      @bloomtom 9 років тому +1

      +Razor2048 2GB of SRAM? Are you mad? I'd say the display is fine, but for the price they should probably manufacture their product a bit better.

    • @krawutzimon
      @krawutzimon 9 років тому +2

      +Razor2048 hard to find industrial reliability grade displays at the higher resolutions. remember, this is not a toy.

  • @timbersrcadventures
    @timbersrcadventures 4 роки тому

    Is that a cap or a battery on the cover image I’ve had them lie about caps before and just put in a battery and labeled it as a cap.

  • @ian-c.01
    @ian-c.01 9 років тому +1

    I wonder if MicSig watch this and take note ?

  • @Arek_R.
    @Arek_R. 9 років тому

    Wow, Dave2 know something! xD

  • @ho2sorellestupide
    @ho2sorellestupide 9 років тому

    @26:06 what is that smd component soldered that way between the two pins of that chip? it looks awful.

  • @hikaru-live
    @hikaru-live 9 років тому

    I spot lots of MC34063 action, yeah... I have a few of those in my M102v5 production design, and by using slightly oversized inductors and massively oversized caps I managed 10mV or less ripple on a 15V rail.

  • @4IN14094
    @4IN14094 9 років тому +6

    Design seem sound enough but QA is a problem.

  • @proluxelectronics7419
    @proluxelectronics7419 9 років тому

    mosfet discharge, caps range?

  • @3roomlab769
    @3roomlab769 9 років тому +1

    i am seeing a "404 not found" when clicking EEVblog. is the site down?

    • @roger6426
      @roger6426 9 років тому +1

      Same here - I was also checking comments here for the 404 Also I get a 403 In US

    • @davidvb3754
      @davidvb3754 9 років тому +1

      +Roger Yep, here too. Seems that Dave didn't pay the bills this month.... ;-)

  • @inthenameofjustice8811
    @inthenameofjustice8811 9 років тому +1

    Listening to an expert talk about a subject you know little about sounds like this:
    Erflob concracker spoodlewhiff napperzolg. Inflecamotive zarry bounding, fetzimter noogie splatwasher. Immertle goonknacker, comined tetraflunastypill, immernobsplurfer.

  • @DeathtrapCult
    @DeathtrapCult 9 років тому

    Yayyy teardown!

  •  9 років тому

    The extra bit on the common mode choke could there purely for Pick&Place purposes.

  • @JJayzX
    @JJayzX 9 років тому +1

    Was expecting it to not turn cause you forgot the battery, lol.

  • @Madmax23419
    @Madmax23419 9 років тому

    Why have they not use a +-5cm longer coax cable? Coax is cheap and isolated.

  • @Zadster
    @Zadster 9 років тому +2

    It all looks very pre-release to me. Expensive stuff left in, screening cans left off, bodge components. Full of "yeah I wouldn't do it like that" design decisions. The enclosure design looks a bit 10-years-ago to be honest, it looked good then (although not sure about the colour) but a bit cheap now. Anyone else noticed how the logo looks an awful lot like the Microsoft logo typeface?
    Dave Jones drinking game update: Every time he says "no wuckers" take a small sip. See if you can stand up at the end of the video.

  • @SproutyPottedPlant
    @SproutyPottedPlant 9 років тому +1

    David2 ❤❤❤❤

  • @suzannemccutcheon8741
    @suzannemccutcheon8741 2 роки тому

    Well made easy to use

  • @calmarcalmar
    @calmarcalmar 9 років тому

    ha, Dave Junior still there :)

  • @xartpant
    @xartpant 9 років тому +1

    Are these kind of boards designed by one person alone? They are complex.

    • @EEVblog
      @EEVblog  9 років тому +9

      +xartpant Sure, as a professional PCB designer I've designed boards much more complex like this on my own. Usually it's a one person job. Does take time of course

    • @GothAlice
      @GothAlice 9 років тому

      +EEVblog I'm sure the software these days can do a lot of the "grunt work" for you (matching trace lengths, etc.) I've seen one some time ago that produced weirdly organic-looking traces.

    • @teardowndan5364
      @teardowndan5364 9 років тому

      +GothAlice Modern serial-parallel protocols (ex.: JESD204B) use word-level alignment at the MAC layer to eliminate the length-matching constraints between serial lanes. Expect the art of delay-matching multiple LDVS pairs to start dying off soon as more serial-parallel chip adopt word-wise re-timing between serial lanes.

    • @bernardlim2888
      @bernardlim2888 9 років тому

      +xartpant it's hardly a one man show.

  • @omfgbunder2008
    @omfgbunder2008 9 років тому

    is that a zebra laser printer i see in the background?

  • @userPrehistoricman
    @userPrehistoricman 9 років тому

    320 solder it, am I right?

  • @DogsBAwesome
    @DogsBAwesome 9 років тому

    I try to watch the adverts to support the channel but that Tesco Mobile is too annoying for me

  • @SetMyLife
    @SetMyLife 9 років тому +11

    20:26 is that C123 ripped off? :O

    • @superdau
      @superdau 9 років тому +5

      +Jaroslav Malec
      That looks weird. It doesn't look ripped of (you'd see some sharp edges in the solder then), but it doesn't look like it was never populated either (double negative on purpose ;) ). What really worries me though is, that the solder did not reflow properly on the whole pad. Many of the other solder joints look dull, too. So maybe they didn't heat the board long enough and if there was a cap on the pads it never reflowed correctly and just fell off when washing the board. Would need a second unit to compare, but doesn't instill a "quality" feeling at all.

    • @YuriLM
      @YuriLM 9 років тому

      and take a look at r141

    • @SetMyLife
      @SetMyLife 9 років тому

      +superdau I must totally agree, it does look like improper soldering process.

    • @bernardlim2888
      @bernardlim2888 9 років тому

      +Jaroslav Malec U41 a resistor on a SO8, this product is full of last minute work.

    • @SetMyLife
      @SetMyLife 9 років тому

      +Bernard Lim Indeed, it's everywhere.

  • @joblessalex
    @joblessalex 9 років тому +5

    6:00 Altera CLONE! Obviously a fake.

  • @Arnthorg
    @Arnthorg 9 років тому +9

    5:58 seems like the processor is a clone.

  • @lasersbee
    @lasersbee 9 років тому

    2:45.... Holy Crap.... I though my shop was a mess.... :o

  • @johndrachenberg2254
    @johndrachenberg2254 9 років тому +1

    6:00 the corners of that chip are all broken. What can be inferred about the manufacturing process here?

    • @SetMyLife
      @SetMyLife 9 років тому +3

      +John Drachenberg I think that might be tooling marks from manufacture.

  • @junits15
    @junits15 9 років тому +2

    I'm not an engineer, but I'd think that you'd get a better made device for $1400, the soldering on the BNCs and the banana terminals was really bad, and that broken common mode choke is strange too.

  • @pvc988
    @pvc988 9 років тому

    24:02 Dat solder joint...

  • @user990077
    @user990077 9 років тому

    Will you please stop making videos for about, say, two months so I can catch up on my binge viewing? I'm only up to EEVBLOG #Two Hundred something.... I've learned so much the last month or so that my brain is getting full I think...

  • @kay486
    @kay486 9 років тому

    Hi, I'm mr. Micsig. How can I help you?

  • @alynicholls3230
    @alynicholls3230 9 років тому

    anyone else notice that "MICSIG" written on the back of the unit is in microsoft font.

  • @alperenalperen2458
    @alperenalperen2458 9 років тому +5

    any 8051 fanboys ?? :D

  • @lordmmx1303
    @lordmmx1303 9 років тому

    Nice oscilloscope... but will it run mario? :D

  • @bluephreakr
    @bluephreakr 9 років тому +1

    Am I the only one who thought they did a bad job of hiding their traces under that metal pot?
    Why couldn't they had just did a uniform sanding on the top? Or better yet, silkscreen a big white block over it? Looks bodgy as all hell.
    And that white goop, eugh, there has to be a better way. Thinking back to iFixIt's mantra of _If you can't fix it, you don't own it_, Micsig automatically lost me as a customer.

    • @111chicane
      @111chicane 9 років тому +1

      The white goop is there because the transformers are heavy. The fact, that they are Chinese doesn't mean they don't know what they are doing! And it's much cheaper to hand grind the markings of the part. If they wanted to spend more money for hiding it, they would have ordered the transformers with their brand and part number, but not to listen to your suggestions.

  • @MasterDecent2
    @MasterDecent2 9 років тому

    Are you the voice of Wheatly from Portal 2? Anyone agree?

  • @pirateman1966
    @pirateman1966 8 років тому

    For a company who claims to want to play with the big boys, they sure have a QC not worth a shit.
    $1400 for this workmanship is unforgivable.

  • @Arek_R.
    @Arek_R. 9 років тому

    "SRAM" in Polish means something like "I shitting" :D

    • @Arek_R.
      @Arek_R. 9 років тому

      -,-

    • @Arek_R.
      @Arek_R. 9 років тому

      +LloydBonafide1 shut up

    • @Arek_R.
      @Arek_R. 9 років тому

      I'm not a nerd, but you are.

    • @Arek_R.
      @Arek_R. 9 років тому

      +Grom then welcome in silly goose nerd salty language club.

  • @krzysztofmazurkiewicz5270
    @krzysztofmazurkiewicz5270 9 років тому

    Hah the first thing i noticed on the battery is the CE logo. And its the China Export logo wchich is designed to look like CE logo fo equipment that matchec EU standards. Sneaky ;)

  • @rooneye
    @rooneye 9 років тому

    Could you explain what "Jellybean" means please

    • @marshaul
      @marshaul 8 років тому

      It basically just means generic, off-the-shelf components. That is to say, components which are not application-specific; indeed, the type of components which are often not specified beyond value/tolerance and rating.