This is basically the video on ice 3. This is the method used to get it, and the one important property, and how we found out it exists. Now, another video about ice 2 through 20? :D
Not mentioned; when doing this in real life, those pressure numbers get terrifying really fast. The ice desperately wants to form and will rip steel pipes apart, freezing instantly as it finally has room to expand.....hence pipes busting in winter
@@richardgratton7557 yes it does exist but only with a very small volume where the pressure exists. it is basically a round steel ball with 10+cm wall thickness and a highly specialized valve. also another trick to do it is putting the high pressure tank inside a not as high pressurised tank so that the pressure difference between inside and outside isn't as extreme.
If anyone else is wondering about Ice I and II: I: Normal ice as we know it, i.e. forming around 0°C and 1 bar. II: Formed from further cooling down ice I at a high pressure, for example at -75°C and 300 bar III: As discussed here: Freezing water under high pressure. Can be further turned into either Ice I or Ice II as well. And then there are like 15 more ice types that form at different pressure/temperature combinations.
Several of these ice types actually exist inside the Earth's mantle and probably other inside other planets as well. Above a certain pressure, when talking about gigapascals (GPa), eventually most things become solid, no matter how hot they are, and this includes water as well.
That's why the term "incompressible" is a bit misleading. Water can be compressed, it's just that even a tiny bit of compression results in absurd amounts of pressure, since water molecules (or any liquid particles) push back against each other VERY strongly when they get close. Electromagnetism is a crazy strong force.
@@majinnemesis Yeah, but black holes happen when a piece of matter gets so dense the universe just gives up. With neutron stars, it's at least still trying :p
I asked this question about 25 years ago in my first ever high school science class. The science teacher went and got the chemistry teacher. He thought it was a great question but he didn't know what the actual answer was. I've never stopped wondering! I hope he's still around, I'll send this to him and see if he remembers me asking all those years ago.
@@mileyardgigahertz we don't, trust me! That was one of the best ones in a school full of very good teachers. I had just finished at a school down the road and it was full of the teaching rejects. Awful school. Maybe someday I'll write a book but probably no one will believe it!
@@mileyardgigahertz The majority are just doing a job - not passionate about teaching like mentioned above. Passionate teachers in the US exist, but they are the exception. However, those that are both passionate and good at teaching subjects leave enough impact on the students that the students remember and talk about them later, so you hear about them. No one wants to remember the bad ones.
I have had my share of good teachers, who cared about teaching and bad teachers who cared about nothing, except keeping their job. I would say the main difference was that the great teachers, where secure in their living situation. No matter outcomes of students, and they only taught because they loved it. I also realize that I was only in good schools where teachers made living wage and students where raised well and respected teachers.
It is not so odd considering people generally just come in to contact with you regular ice, water and vapour/gas. The other forms you generally see in just extreme conditions.
@@Cythil but extreme conditions are extreme just for our common perception, lets say on some other planet or in some point underground they can be pretty "normal", so we must not judge on that just beause we don't see it regularly around us
yeah, except it didn't explain, it just said there's two kinds of ice. could have been a 10 second video. now I've gotta go research "ice III" to learn the interesting part of the answer to the original question.
Solid ice phases are actually extremely interesting, and there are quite a few of them. It's a fun research topic to expand (ha) your knowledge about crystalline structures and phase transitions.
@@blockchaaain Yep in fact they have found inclusions of ice 7 within diamonds brought up from Earth's mantle so even on Earth there isn't just ice 1 naturally occurring if you look deep enough down
Learned in undergrad chemical engineering ice actually has 18 crystal structures (aka building blocks and they’ve actually found an ice-19) in which it can form depending on the surrounding conditions. Truly fascinating! Another fun fact the way iron forms it starts out bcc or body center cubic and at higher temps it switches to a fcc or face centered cubic structure and you can physically watch a piece of iron change it’s crystal structure
I loved Cat's Cradle and I was hoping someone else would mention it. It's fun to watch people react while I explain all the various subplots and the fictional physics of Ice 9.
That's a whole thing, probably longer than a minute, as different solid phases aren't concepts that just apply to water. For instance, common iron is known as alpha iron, while high-pressure iron can turn into epsilon iron, or hexaferrum. Carbon can be graphite or diamond. Oxygen has 8 different solid phases. The mechanisms involved in the creation of these are the exact same mechanisms that lead to the creation of ice III. The particles just pack into different arrangements because they don't have enough space to do what they'd do at the temperatures & pressures that we're used to.
@@KazmirRunik And don't even get started on phase diagrams of mixtures (Iron-Carbon for example) at which point the number of possible phases "explodes" depending on how mixable the constituents of the mixture are. Oh the sweet memories of having to memorize the entire Iron-Carbon-Diagram at atmospheric pressure and be able to draw it in the exam. Material engineering ftw! :D
For y’all surprised that Ice III exists alongside Ice II, you should probably know that Ice VII (7) exists as well. Idk how much higher the numbers go lol
I think the most exciting phase of water is Ice IX, as described in a paper by K. Vonnegut, J. Jonah and K. Trout, appearing in the Summer 1963 edition of the journal "Cat's Cradle".
Please do a follow up video on the different kinds of ice and how they are formed. They are so interesting, I searched them up one day when looking into what would happen if a huge planet was made entirely of water, and the pressure would make interesting different kinds of ice like ice III. Seeing other comments, it seems others are interested in the different types too.
@@mauricebenink Yeah, some ice only forms when it’s hot. And some only when it’s cold. And some under very low pressure, and some under enormously high pressure, it’s interesting just how many conditions will form ice.
Bro you answered it so simply. I wish I had you as my professor during my Engineering days....The professors kind of gave us tough times and we had to figure it out ourselves.
The video brilliantly takes a seemingly simple concept-freezing water-and unravels its complexities in a way that is both engaging and easy to follow. The explanation of phase diagrams and the interplay between temperature, pressure, and water's phases is incredibly clear and thought-provoking.
1850 bar is a lot of pressure. For a cylindrical mild steel vessel, you'd need about a 2.5" outer diameter to support a 1" inner diameter solid pressure vessel.
the whole point of the thought experiment is that it can handle much higher pressures than the random stuff you find around your house or even chem labs.
Bro you really think scientists and minutephysics would ask this question for a random household plastic or glass container? Maybe I just missed your sarcasm.
If you lower pressure enough, the boiling point will decrease, so there is a point where if you freeze water in a low pressure environment, it will attempt to boil and freeze at the same time
This is actually a useful property. Freeze driers work by freezing a thing and then dropping the pressure so much that the ice evaporates rather than melting
A long time ago I read a scene like that in a sci fi book (can't remember which, more's the pity). Some aliens drop a bomb onto the surface of Europa, shattering it. The water underneath boils and freezes all at once!
I heard back in like 2019 in some TV show(Discovery channel I think) that there are 7 different such types of ice, all at different pressure and temperature conditions. This gave me some nostalgia.
Discovery channel did a good job of introducing people to science. The only bad thing is that 90% of the time is very outdated or sometimes wrong information. But we know that what makes them money is naked people ""surviving"" in very unhealthy situations, i hate average people.
Fascinating. I’d heard that people had discovered a bunch more phases of water/ice, but I had no idea there was one which contracted instead of expanding, and this explanation of how you get to it is great!
I've actually seen an example of this recently! I put a can of pepsi in the freezer just to see what would happen. At first it expanded and the can bulged out, and I assumed it had stopped expanding and all the liquid had frozen after a couple days. But then at some point the can burst, and sprayed liquid pepsi all over the inside of my freezer! When I looked inside, it kind of looked like it had formed horizontal stalagmites on the door of the freezer, almost as though it had frozen instantly upon touching the wall or even in mid-air, which makes sense considering it would have been below the freezing point by then, and would have gotten even colder when the can burst due to the sudden expansion of the pepsi!
Yep, a related concept is that of "superchilling". A liquid can be superchilled well below its freezing point but still stay as a liquid, but when some sort of external force or agitation is undergone, it will suddenly and almost instantaneously freeze.
@@LittleWhole Even more interesting is that a type of hand warmer uses superchilling to produce heat. Not the most effective thing but still interesting nonetheless.
The soluabilty of a gas in liquid varies inversely with temperature. So the pressure from the CO2 would decrease. But afaik it is not dissolved in any ice that forms. Which means the pressure increases as there is less liquid to dissolve the gas.
I forgot 3 energy drinks in the freezer. A Coke Energy, a Burn and a Red Bull. The Coke and Burn broke the can and froze. The Red Bull didn't freeze. It looks like Red Bull is so toxic, it contains anti-freeze instead of water.
I think the first time I had ever heard there are different phases of ice was reading about a hypothetical planet's ocean being an order of magnitude deeper than Earth's. The pressure found deep in this ultra deep ocean forces water to freeze in this manner and forms the seafloor. For a planet the size of Earth I think it's around 65km in depth to get like this.
I think I've seen the same video, because after reading your text I suddenly came to the realisation that I also first heard of Ice-types in such a condition. Thanks! :)
Hmm... Ice-1 is barely less dense than water. If Ice-3 is denser than water, seems like it would build up on the seafloor over time, potentially causing any number of awkward problems!
@@bamforyou So much more.... Water, one of the most simple and common molecules around us, is actually one of the most complex behaving molecules we've studied.
I’ve heard about stuff like ice 7 that’s alleged to make up the sea floor on planets with remarkably deep oceans and been found on earth too by diamond mining operations. Idk if it’s more or less dense than water though but definitely denser than regular ice
@@solsystem1342 Gas giants are supposed to have Ice XVIII (18). It's pretty wild. It's basically an "anti-metal" or something. Instead of having a lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of electrons, this has a lattice of negative oxygen ions in a sea of protons (hydrogen ions).
@@HercadosP like nothing probably, polar compounds are probably an important part of what even allows chemical compounds to have enough degrees of complexity to make life happen
@@Ivancal72 They're mostly different ways of arranging the water molecules into crystals. Because water is such a simple molecule there's a lot of ways to do that, but because of complicated physics reasons most of these ways are really, really difficult to make happen so we mostly end up with ice 1h
This is a great video, it explains phase diagrams really well, I think maybe the only criticism is that the word "equilibrium" would've been nice at the end, as often when you get an apparent paradox point in a changing system, what you really reach is an equilibrium (forces influencing one way equal forces influencing the other). What I will say as something you've taught me, ICE III CONTRACTS? I knew different types of ice existed and had differing properties, but it contracts, that's wild. I would love a video on the different types of ice honestly.
Almost every material contracts as it freezes. Water happens to have a unusual (near-unique) combination of a relatively dense liquid phase (due to hydrogen bonds) and the least dense solid phase it can given its bond length (different crystal structures have different 'packing factors' and ice Ih is the least efficient of any of the common crystal structures, if I remember correctly), and even then the efficiency difference is quite small and ice only expands by like 10%. But other ice phases have other crystal structures (this is actually the primary way a crystal phase is defined), which I think all have higher packing factors than ice Ih. So, pretty much every other phase of ice is denser than regular ice, and I don't think there are any others that are less dense than liquid water. There are like 18 of them and I didn't check them all. There are other materials with the same crystal structure as ice Ih, but their liquid phases aren't as dense as water's so they still contract when freezing, just not by as much as some other materials. For some reason the actual packing factors of various crystal structures are incredibly difficult to find online, outside of the 5 most common crystal structures that metals and stuff have. I can't find ice Ih's packing factor at all and I've been looking for like 30 minutes. You'd think this would be a pretty basic thing, as it's a very simple geometry problem, but I can't even find the parameters I'd need to calculate it myself.
@@Archimedes.5000 Ice 3 contracting is like North Korea becoming more democratic. It's normal for other countries, but still very strange for North Korea. Contracting while solidifying is normal for other elements, but very strange for water.
unrelated to the main topic of the video but i love how the music sounds like the music that plays when theyre drawing in the notebook on blues clues lmao.
What's the difference between Gay Lussac's law and Amonton's law? I know they are ultimately the same law, but what is the historical reason why they both are the namesake of this law, depending on who you ask?
This is actually really hard to do though. You need super strong metals like you said and super strong joints and then there is the issue of how the container is closed. ... like threads are weak etc etc.
Interesting side fact: because if the low surface area with the body weight of a human, skates cause the ice bellow it to melt which is what causes you to glide so smoothly.
iirc this has been partially debunked - ice below some temperature (minus 6 Celsius or something?) can't melt enough to support skating through pressure melting alone, so there are other effects that help skate
I got a question: If you got an object which the mass is just below the mass needed to create a black hole, you take that material and you accelerate it by like, throwing it really fast or not. *Will this material become a blackhole?*
No. Mass doesn't increase with speed, gamma does. Here's a video explaining it very, very well: ua-cam.com/video/LTJauaefTZM/v-deo.html Edit: Gamma, not Lambda.
@@SlimThrull But if you increase the speed, the material will colide with the air and it will increase it's mass if the molecule in the air sticks to the material
Imagine the meeting where the CEO demanded that unlike other materials, water has to expand when becoming solid, and then the engineers went like, but what if it can't expand and they went over different scenarios and chose this and after that a bunch of senior engineers quitted but it became a good product in the end.
Ice 3 will be successful but ice 4 changes to a subscription model. Ice 5 is then bought by EA and from then on ice 5-20 are just annual releases that look the same.
The 'Preface paradox' is a whole big thing about how a book noting that it may have errors in it is crazy. The 'Temperature paradox' is literally 'The temperature is rising. The temperature is ninety. Therefore, ninety is rising.' Paradoxes as a whole can be astoundingly dumb.
Wow, this remind me those when as soon you open a sealed bottle of water it freezes completely. But also we can do the opposite bt bolling water on a fully airtight bottle and toss it in the fire, I used to do that on some camping trips when we forgot to bring kettle. Pressure can do wonders if you know how to take advantage from
All the way back in the late 90s, the EU did a huge study to compare the quality of school education between member countries by letting kids take a number of voluntary, non-graded exams on a wide range of subjects. I was one of the kids selected in Germany, and the one test question I remember was to write a one-page reply to the question "What would be the effects on nature if frozen water did not float?" And it's really easy to fill a page once you start going down that rabbit hole.
I remember studying this in college, Mostly I remember learning about the Triple Point. Water is definitely more interesting than most people think it is.
Keep in mind that this is under the assumption that the ice/water system is maintained at a constant temperature. There is also latent heat of fusion involved. If your container were INSULATED from any transfer of heat, then as soon as any water would freeze, it would heat up the surrounding water since crystallization is an exothermic process. That heat would transfer back into the ice, allowing it to melt again. So a thermally isolated system would undergo no phase change. Everything in this video assumed temperature constant, which would actually require you to pump heat away from the system to get it to freeze still.
Now listen, i was taught basic physics in school, and i know there's 3 states of matter! I dont like all these modern teachers indoctrinating my kids with liberal ideas like "non-binary ice", and 76 states of matter! Now I'm open minded, I'll call a gas a "plasma" to be polite. But we've got to stand firm that calling something Ice-3 or a Bose-Einstein condensate is mental illness! Im not paying to have my kids brainwashed with this nonsense, just so "scientists" can justify their expensive lab equipment!!! And remember Ice 1h is a slur! 1h is a slur, it's just normal Ice! Call yourself ice 3 if you like, but normal ice is just normal ice, not ice 1h!!!!!
Thermal expansion isn't just the name of a Minecraft mod. Water, in particular, has a habit of both expanding and contracting over a given change in temperature (or temperature Delta, if you will), and being a pain in the posterior (well, specifically the back pants pocket) about it to anyone who owns pipes and is not a plumber. ESPECIALLY the non-plumbers, but presumably even the Mario Brothers wouldn't care for the extra unpaid work.
This is very cool (ha). I first read about this years ago in a book self-published by a cranky ex-meteorologist in Oregon. He was explaining supercooled water and showed how, for a tiny droplet of water in a cloud, surface tension is enough to keep the water liquid below freezing. This is what makes these clouds so dangerous to airplanes.
I am commenting #BringBackDislikes on every unique UA-cam video that I watch for the rest of 2024, regardless of if I actually dislike the video or not. This is video 690.
Lol. I had just completely learned phase diagrams for Steel- Fe3C, and it became obvious right away what will happen, although with iron, we can ignore the pressure because it doesn't do much with solids, thus we can use the Gibb's phase law with just +1 , but with +2 when it is water . Nice video!
Wow I didn't know they came out with Ice III already, I must have missed Ice II
Maybe it is like Highlander movies, II was so bad we all consider it never happened 🤔
/jk
"Ice II: Crystal Boogaloo"
Ice II froze to death.
It's ice nine you need to watch out for
There's like 9 different types of ice if i remember correctly
Well, now I just want a video about ice 3
was entirely unaware that there were different types of ice and now I am in need of a video about it
look up Ice Age 3
This is basically the video on ice 3. This is the method used to get it, and the one important property, and how we found out it exists.
Now, another video about ice 2 through 20? :D
There is a video called "Something weird happens when you keep squeezing" by Vox that also talks about these ice phases.
There are *many* different forms of ice. The most interesting is ice-nine.
Not mentioned; when doing this in real life, those pressure numbers get terrifying really fast. The ice desperately wants to form and will rip steel pipes apart, freezing instantly as it finally has room to expand.....hence pipes busting in winter
600 atm are 607 bar and that is the number for -4°C. a car tire has around 2 bar.
Electrostatic forces are damn strong...
Does a container that can withstand those pressures really exist?😮
@@richardgratton7557 Yes you just need a really thick container.
@@richardgratton7557 yes it does exist but only with a very small volume where the pressure exists. it is basically a round steel ball with 10+cm wall thickness and a highly specialized valve. also another trick to do it is putting the high pressure tank inside a not as high pressurised tank so that the pressure difference between inside and outside isn't as extreme.
If anyone else is wondering about Ice I and II:
I: Normal ice as we know it, i.e. forming around 0°C and 1 bar.
II: Formed from further cooling down ice I at a high pressure, for example at -75°C and 300 bar
III: As discussed here: Freezing water under high pressure. Can be further turned into either Ice I or Ice II as well.
And then there are like 15 more ice types that form at different pressure/temperature combinations.
Underrräted comment
IX is the best, but requires careful handling
Several of these ice types actually exist inside the Earth's mantle and probably other inside other planets as well.
Above a certain pressure, when talking about gigapascals (GPa), eventually most things become solid, no matter how hot they are, and this includes water as well.
I love the theorized metallic water/ice. But since it needs terapascals...
Ice VII (7): Let's apply a ton of pressure to normally liquid water
"Oh don't worry, nothing weird happens, it just turns into an entirely new form of ice"
That's why the term "incompressible" is a bit misleading. Water can be compressed, it's just that even a tiny bit of compression results in absurd amounts of pressure, since water molecules (or any liquid particles) push back against each other VERY strongly when they get close. Electromagnetism is a crazy strong force.
the term itself is a bit misleading since pretty much everything in the universe is compressible if you apply enough force
@@majinnemesis Neutron stars: _Bonjour_
@@widmo206 they can still be compressed further which is what happens when black holes are formed
@@majinnemesis Yeah, but black holes happen when a piece of matter gets so dense the universe just gives up. With neutron stars, it's at least still trying :p
@@widmo206that's actually a pretty good explanation
I asked this question about 25 years ago in my first ever high school science class. The science teacher went and got the chemistry teacher. He thought it was a great question but he didn't know what the actual answer was. I've never stopped wondering! I hope he's still around, I'll send this to him and see if he remembers me asking all those years ago.
@@mileyardgigahertz we don't, trust me! That was one of the best ones in a school full of very good teachers. I had just finished at a school down the road and it was full of the teaching rejects. Awful school. Maybe someday I'll write a book but probably no one will believe it!
@@mileyardgigahertz The majority are just doing a job - not passionate about teaching like mentioned above. Passionate teachers in the US exist, but they are the exception. However, those that are both passionate and good at teaching subjects leave enough impact on the students that the students remember and talk about them later, so you hear about them. No one wants to remember the bad ones.
I have had my share of good teachers, who cared about teaching and bad teachers who cared about nothing, except keeping their job.
I would say the main difference was that the great teachers, where secure in their living situation. No matter outcomes of students, and they only taught because they loved it.
I also realize that I was only in good schools where teachers made living wage and students where raised well and respected teachers.
Mileyard American teachers are overworked and underpaid like everywhere else.
@@mileyardgigahertz Well, Thanks for atleast puting it out..
Wait, how have I never heard of Ice III before? I feel like we need a video just on that.
It's just a slightly different crystal structure that is only stable under very high pressures. So you can't really do anything with it.
It is not so odd considering people generally just come in to contact with you regular ice, water and vapour/gas. The other forms you generally see in just extreme conditions.
From Wikipedia, there are 19 ices in total en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice#Phases
@@Cythil but extreme conditions are extreme just for our common perception, lets say on some other planet or in some point underground they can be pretty "normal", so we must not judge on that just beause we don't see it regularly around us
@@5poolcatrush extreme = something outside what we consider normal. That's not judging, it's just convenient use of language.
"If Ice is so cool, why haven't have made Ice II yet?"
Physics: "Bro we're at, like, Ice XIX right now."
You: ha, I will hack universe!
Universe: no you don’t.
Ice melting under pressure is oddly relatable
Non-binary..
Pauli Principle
@@abramrexjoaquin7513 indeed
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
@@abramrexjoaquin7513 ?
Explaining complex topics so concisely in a minute is genius
And 3 minutes is still pretty good
@@MindLaboratory and pi minutes is a piece of cake
yeah, except it didn't explain, it just said there's two kinds of ice. could have been a 10 second video. now I've gotta go research "ice III" to learn the interesting part of the answer to the original question.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
@@steveoh9025 ther are more than 2 that is why ice 1h and ice 3
Solid ice phases are actually extremely interesting, and there are quite a few of them. It's a fun research topic to expand (ha) your knowledge about crystalline structures and phase transitions.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
almost 2k atm at -20°c if you make a small hole, water doesn't rush out like crazy fast? could that be used to make anything useful?
They are extremely interesting. Especially when you try to learn about all 19 phases of water ice.
@@v44n7 idk about usefulness, but those exotic phases of ice probably exist on icy/watery worlds. Even in our Solar System.
@@blockchaaain Yep in fact they have found inclusions of ice 7 within diamonds brought up from Earth's mantle so even on Earth there isn't just ice 1 naturally occurring if you look deep enough down
Learned in undergrad chemical engineering ice actually has 18 crystal structures (aka building blocks and they’ve actually found an ice-19) in which it can form depending on the surrounding conditions. Truly fascinating!
Another fun fact the way iron forms it starts out bcc or body center cubic and at higher temps it switches to a fcc or face centered cubic structure and you can physically watch a piece of iron change it’s crystal structure
2:30 I thought when you said "wait, wat-er you doing" was about to be a step brother joke lol
Ice-suspect
+1 like
Just watch out for ice nine. That stuff will really ruin your day, and everyone else’s.
I loved Cat's Cradle and I was hoping someone else would mention it. It's fun to watch people react while I explain all the various subplots and the fictional physics of Ice 9.
yeah...but ice nine HATES ice 7...since 7 ice 9
@@patrickkilduff5272 lmao😂
@@chaotickreg7024 So *that's* what 8 Bit Theater was referencing... Red Mage cast Ice IX on a Bag of Holding.
⑨ The strongest!
Not only there are different types of ice, there are about freaking 20 of them, depending on the pressure.
And temperature
And even a few kinds that aren't stable at ANY pressure or temperature and need to be formed from clathrates.
@@garethdean6382 clath what now?
Ice XIX is the newest form known to science, but it is entirely exotic and not able to be formed in nature. May there be more types to be discovered!
@@aaaaaattttttt5596 Basically a foreign compound around which the water molecules arrange themselves.
I think this deserves a follow up with the complete water phase diagram.
That's a whole thing, probably longer than a minute, as different solid phases aren't concepts that just apply to water. For instance, common iron is known as alpha iron, while high-pressure iron can turn into epsilon iron, or hexaferrum. Carbon can be graphite or diamond. Oxygen has 8 different solid phases.
The mechanisms involved in the creation of these are the exact same mechanisms that lead to the creation of ice III. The particles just pack into different arrangements because they don't have enough space to do what they'd do at the temperatures & pressures that we're used to.
@@KazmirRunik Dope
@@KazmirRunik And don't even get started on phase diagrams of mixtures (Iron-Carbon for example) at which point the number of possible phases "explodes" depending on how mixable the constituents of the mixture are.
Oh the sweet memories of having to memorize the entire Iron-Carbon-Diagram at atmospheric pressure and be able to draw it in the exam. Material engineering ftw! :D
Complete with supercritical water
Yeah, I would like to see the video on water in the vacuum of space.
For y’all surprised that Ice III exists alongside Ice II, you should probably know that Ice VII (7) exists as well. Idk how much higher the numbers go lol
Ice 19 that's how high
Is Ice 3 a final release version, or is it still in early access ?
@@scratchy996 it’s actually been out for a while, just a bit under the radar. Not as popular as the other ices, but still holds its own against them.
Great explanation for triple point! Never understood how it works in practice until now
usually we think of the gas/liquid/solid point as _the_ triple point, but you have a point (heh) that this is a explanation of a triple point
I think the most exciting phase of water is Ice IX, as described in a paper by K. Vonnegut, J. Jonah and K. Trout, appearing in the Summer 1963 edition of the journal "Cat's Cradle".
This video reminded me of this classic too! Great research paper 😂 also digging into weird banned religions that seemingly everybody practices
would be pretty interesting if it actually existed
Almost as interesting as Asimov's Thiotimoline.
You guys are a pack of geeks! I've never felt more at home.
You sound like you just made that up haha
Please do a follow up video on the different kinds of ice and how they are formed. They are so interesting, I searched them up one day when looking into what would happen if a huge planet was made entirely of water, and the pressure would make interesting different kinds of ice like ice III. Seeing other comments, it seems others are interested in the different types too.
Even cooler is that is technically possible if a planet is close enough to thier star to have a planet of ice that is on fire
@@mauricebenink Yeah, some ice only forms when it’s hot. And some only when it’s cold. And some under very low pressure, and some under enormously high pressure, it’s interesting just how many conditions will form ice.
I think I don't remember. Wasn't it ice 7 that formed 'hot ice' you could call it. I remember a lot of numbers being jumped over
I think there is at least one actual exoplanet like that.
We just covered phase diagrams in Solid State Chemistry. Super interesting and simple to understand.
CBSE gang here
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
You’ll come to regret calling it simple… the basics are but you’ll find out it’s a lot more complicated but even more interesting 😊
Bro you answered it so simply. I wish I had you as my professor during my Engineering days....The professors kind of gave us tough times and we had to figure it out ourselves.
The video brilliantly takes a seemingly simple concept-freezing water-and unravels its complexities in a way that is both engaging and easy to follow. The explanation of phase diagrams and the interplay between temperature, pressure, and water's phases is incredibly clear and thought-provoking.
Oh man I really missed these Minutephysics shorts. Thank you.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
It's not a short
@@calholli short in the sense that it's not a 15 minute video, not short in the sense that UA-cam is trying to compete with TikTok
@@calholli -😵💫
I’ve seen others try it, it mostly involved the (metal)container bursting open as the water froze
1850 bar is a lot of pressure. For a cylindrical mild steel vessel, you'd need about a 2.5" outer diameter to support a 1" inner diameter solid pressure vessel.
the whole point of the thought experiment is that it can handle much higher pressures than the random stuff you find around your house or even chem labs.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
Bro you really think scientists and minutephysics would ask this question for a random household plastic or glass container? Maybe I just missed your sarcasm.
@@JoeARedHawk275 I meant it was a metal container 😅
its amazing you are still dropping classic videos after all these years. kudos people will be watcing these videos for decades.
If you lower pressure enough, the boiling point will decrease, so there is a point where if you freeze water in a low pressure environment, it will attempt to boil and freeze at the same time
This is actually a useful property. Freeze driers work by freezing a thing and then dropping the pressure so much that the ice evaporates rather than melting
A long time ago I read a scene like that in a sci fi book (can't remember which, more's the pity). Some aliens drop a bomb onto the surface of Europa, shattering it. The water underneath boils and freezes all at once!
the enby jokes earned my subscription and made my day thabk you
I was looking for something like this
Non-binary is also just a regular phrase to refer to something which has more than 2 options.
I heard back in like 2019 in some TV show(Discovery channel I think) that there are 7 different such types of ice, all at different pressure and temperature conditions. This gave me some nostalgia.
there are 18 differjt rypes of Ice...
@@yaykruser ohh thanks.
Discovery channel did a good job of introducing people to science. The only bad thing is that 90% of the time is very outdated or sometimes wrong information.
But we know that what makes them money is naked people ""surviving"" in very unhealthy situations, i hate average people.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
@@yaykruser there's more, check wikipedia
Fascinating. I’d heard that people had discovered a bunch more phases of water/ice, but I had no idea there was one which contracted instead of expanding, and this explanation of how you get to it is great!
I’ve pondered this question for years and nobody’s been able to give me a solid (pun…intended?) answer. Thank you for this!
Now I understand at a basic level the different versions of ice. Cheers 👍
Please make a video about Information Paradox (and why information can't be lost)
I've actually seen an example of this recently! I put a can of pepsi in the freezer just to see what would happen.
At first it expanded and the can bulged out, and I assumed it had stopped expanding and all the liquid had frozen after a couple days. But then at some point the can burst, and sprayed liquid pepsi all over the inside of my freezer! When I looked inside, it kind of looked like it had formed horizontal stalagmites on the door of the freezer, almost as though it had frozen instantly upon touching the wall or even in mid-air, which makes sense considering it would have been below the freezing point by then, and would have gotten even colder when the can burst due to the sudden expansion of the pepsi!
Yep, a related concept is that of "superchilling". A liquid can be superchilled well below its freezing point but still stay as a liquid, but when some sort of external force or agitation is undergone, it will suddenly and almost instantaneously freeze.
@@LittleWhole Even more interesting is that a type of hand warmer uses superchilling to produce heat. Not the most effective thing but still interesting nonetheless.
@@ragingfirefrog I actually have a few of those reusable hand warmers, very useful where I live since its so cold in winter.
The soluabilty of a gas in liquid varies inversely with temperature. So the pressure from the CO2 would decrease. But afaik it is not dissolved in any ice that forms. Which means the pressure increases as there is less liquid to dissolve the gas.
I forgot 3 energy drinks in the freezer. A Coke Energy, a Burn and a Red Bull. The Coke and Burn broke the can and froze. The Red Bull didn't freeze. It looks like Red Bull is so toxic, it contains anti-freeze instead of water.
I think the first time I had ever heard there are different phases of ice was reading about a hypothetical planet's ocean being an order of magnitude deeper than Earth's. The pressure found deep in this ultra deep ocean forces water to freeze in this manner and forms the seafloor. For a planet the size of Earth I think it's around 65km in depth to get like this.
I think I've seen the same video, because after reading your text I suddenly came to the realisation that I also first heard of Ice-types in such a condition. Thanks! :)
Hmm... Ice-1 is barely less dense than water. If Ice-3 is denser than water, seems like it would build up on the seafloor over time, potentially causing any number of awkward problems!
i dig the solo double bass in the background
of all the answers i was expecting for this problem, trans rights for ice was not one of them
I've thought about this before and it's cool to see someone tell me the answer.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary]
@@VeganSemihCyprus33 Why don't you take a long hike off a short pier.
Just wait until you hear 'bout the other 18 forms of ice.
@@kindlin wait there’s more 😅
@@bamforyou
So much more....
Water, one of the most simple and common molecules around us, is actually one of the most complex behaving molecules we've studied.
I’ve heard about stuff like ice 7 that’s alleged to make up the sea floor on planets with remarkably deep oceans and been found on earth too by diamond mining operations. Idk if it’s more or less dense than water though but definitely denser than regular ice
I think the gas giants have some. Although they have way more liquid hydrogen than ice anyways.
@@solsystem1342 Gas giants are supposed to have Ice XVIII (18). It's pretty wild. It's basically an "anti-metal" or something. Instead of having a lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of electrons, this has a lattice of negative oxygen ions in a sea of protons (hydrogen ions).
Neat video, I was hoping you would bring up Ice 7 though that forms at over 3GPa!
wtf 7 different kind of ice? what I've missed
@@Ivancal72 Not 7, apparently 19. at least, last I checked. There is potential for many more.
@@xtieburn water is weird af. Life is remarkable for relying on it so much, although I do wonder how would nonpolar life look like
@@HercadosP like nothing probably, polar compounds are probably an important part of what even allows chemical compounds to have enough degrees of complexity to make life happen
@@Ivancal72 They're mostly different ways of arranging the water molecules into crystals. Because water is such a simple molecule there's a lot of ways to do that, but because of complicated physics reasons most of these ways are really, really difficult to make happen so we mostly end up with ice 1h
New enchantment added to real life: Ice III
It's great to have your share on this.
Ive wondered this my entire life. Thank you
sounds like you would really enjoy watching some lectures on intro materials science! phase diagrams are super cool!
you just gonna gloss over the fact that there is apparently an ice 3? tell us about the magic ice!
Waitll you hear about ice-9!
There are far more (water) ice crystal structures than just 3.
There are 18 known phases of ice. Probably more unknown ones.
This is a great video, it explains phase diagrams really well, I think maybe the only criticism is that the word "equilibrium" would've been nice at the end, as often when you get an apparent paradox point in a changing system, what you really reach is an equilibrium (forces influencing one way equal forces influencing the other).
What I will say as something you've taught me, ICE III CONTRACTS? I knew different types of ice existed and had differing properties, but it contracts, that's wild. I would love a video on the different types of ice honestly.
Well, most substances contract when solidifying, water is the exception, and it's the reason why the phase diagram is different for it as well
Almost every material contracts as it freezes. Water happens to have a unusual (near-unique) combination of a relatively dense liquid phase (due to hydrogen bonds) and the least dense solid phase it can given its bond length (different crystal structures have different 'packing factors' and ice Ih is the least efficient of any of the common crystal structures, if I remember correctly), and even then the efficiency difference is quite small and ice only expands by like 10%. But other ice phases have other crystal structures (this is actually the primary way a crystal phase is defined), which I think all have higher packing factors than ice Ih. So, pretty much every other phase of ice is denser than regular ice, and I don't think there are any others that are less dense than liquid water. There are like 18 of them and I didn't check them all.
There are other materials with the same crystal structure as ice Ih, but their liquid phases aren't as dense as water's so they still contract when freezing, just not by as much as some other materials.
For some reason the actual packing factors of various crystal structures are incredibly difficult to find online, outside of the 5 most common crystal structures that metals and stuff have. I can't find ice Ih's packing factor at all and I've been looking for like 30 minutes. You'd think this would be a pretty basic thing, as it's a very simple geometry problem, but I can't even find the parameters I'd need to calculate it myself.
@@Archimedes.5000 Ice 3 contracting is like North Korea becoming more democratic. It's normal for other countries, but still very strange for North Korea.
Contracting while solidifying is normal for other elements, but very strange for water.
Best explanation of a phase diagram, very well done.
unrelated to the main topic of the video but i love how the music sounds like the music that plays when theyre drawing in the notebook on blues clues lmao.
My favorite thing about this video is that its total time is pi (3:14)
I was just wondering why didn't you post anything new for a while. Love what you do. Keep going ❤️
2:24
Gay-lussac: Boltzmann, what happened??!
Boltzmann: they/them water 😵
What's the difference between Gay Lussac's law and Amonton's law? I know they are ultimately the same law, but what is the historical reason why they both are the namesake of this law, depending on who you ask?
This is actually really hard to do though. You need super strong metals like you said and super strong joints and then there is the issue of how the container is closed. ... like threads are weak etc etc.
Ice III is more commonly known as Blizzaga among non-scientists.
Ice 9 freezes the entire universe permanently and should not be cast.
Interesting side fact: because if the low surface area with the body weight of a human, skates cause the ice bellow it to melt which is what causes you to glide so smoothly.
iirc this has been partially debunked - ice below some temperature (minus 6 Celsius or something?) can't melt enough to support skating through pressure melting alone, so there are other effects that help skate
considering the surface area by weight of my ass, ice can support a skater quite well.
another interesting point is where the three lines of the phase diagram meet: the Triple Point where water freezes and boiles simultaneously
or how dry ice goes from a solid to a gas.
I got a question:
If you got an object which the mass is just below the mass needed to create a black hole, you take that material and you accelerate it by like, throwing it really fast or not.
*Will this material become a blackhole?*
Since e=mc^2, yes. But no.
I like the way you think, keep being curious.
No. Mass doesn't increase with speed, gamma does. Here's a video explaining it very, very well: ua-cam.com/video/LTJauaefTZM/v-deo.html
Edit: Gamma, not Lambda.
@@SlimThrull Thanks for the video 👍
@@SlimThrull But if you increase the speed, the material will colide with the air and it will increase it's mass if the molecule in the air sticks to the material
I've been wondering this for literal years. Thank you.
Whoa whoa whoa I haven’t even gotten to ice 2 yet and we’re already talking about ice 3.
Before : so there's a paradox here
After : There exists something called ice 3
Me: that's cheating
I love learning but I love cheesy puns more! Henry, so many bonus points!
That ice-suspect kept me watching til the end of the video.
We got Ice 3 before GTA 6
Imagine the meeting where the CEO demanded that unlike other materials, water has to expand when becoming solid, and then the engineers went like, but what if it can't expand and they went over different scenarios and chose this and after that a bunch of senior engineers quitted but it became a good product in the end.
Ice3 is just version 3 of ice, after 2 major iterations, all the bugs have been solved.
Ice 3 will be successful but ice 4 changes to a subscription model. Ice 5 is then bought by EA and from then on ice 5-20 are just annual releases that look the same.
This channel is the embodiment of “I don’t understand but it sure hell is entertaining”
I'm rooting for Ice 9 (RIP San Lorenzo Island)
Why would anyone think there was a paradox here and not simply that it'll reach equilibrium?
The 'Preface paradox' is a whole big thing about how a book noting that it may have errors in it is crazy. The 'Temperature paradox' is literally 'The temperature is rising. The temperature is ninety. Therefore, ninety is rising.'
Paradoxes as a whole can be astoundingly dumb.
I feel like we need a video on every phase of matter water has
That is going to be a long (but awesome) video lol.
I'm lost right away. Water can melt? lol.
Fairly low level chemistry but despite knowing the concepts (I mean, I have a degree in it...) oddly satisfying to watch. Thanks!
There’s actually higher ice numbers too but it gets very technical
Here I thought this was going to turn into a "triple point" video. Never knew about ice III. Neat.
"water can be nonbinary"
like me and thousands of others!
Thousands? You are severely underestimating that number.
I'm proud of water coming out as enby, but I think everyone around them already saw it coming. still takes courage though, good job water
2:04 so this is where Ice-9 in Zero Escape 999 comes from?? :O
Ice-9 originally came from the book "Cat's Cradle".
@@WilliamLeeSims ...which came from this
I lived for sixtysix years without over not realising I needed to know this. My life is complete. 🙂
Question is answered at 2:15.
Wow, this remind me those when as soon you open a sealed bottle of water it freezes completely. But also we can do the opposite bt bolling water on a fully airtight bottle and toss it in the fire, I used to do that on some camping trips when we forgot to bring kettle. Pressure can do wonders if you know how to take advantage from
Water is like this very mystical compound that seemingly defies the laws of physics
All the way back in the late 90s, the EU did a huge study to compare the quality of school education between member countries by letting kids take a number of voluntary, non-graded exams on a wide range of subjects.
I was one of the kids selected in Germany, and the one test question I remember was to write a one-page reply to the question "What would be the effects on nature if frozen water did not float?"
And it's really easy to fill a page once you start going down that rabbit hole.
Just be careful with these experiments to not accidentally create ice 9…
I love the thumbnail of someone just telling physics to do something and expecting it to work! XD
I remember studying this in college, Mostly I remember learning about the Triple Point. Water is definitely more interesting than most people think it is.
Keep in mind that this is under the assumption that the ice/water system is maintained at a constant temperature. There is also latent heat of fusion involved. If your container were INSULATED from any transfer of heat, then as soon as any water would freeze, it would heat up the surrounding water since crystallization is an exothermic process. That heat would transfer back into the ice, allowing it to melt again. So a thermally isolated system would undergo no phase change. Everything in this video assumed temperature constant, which would actually require you to pump heat away from the system to get it to freeze still.
neglecting friction :D every text book does it. but good point you have to state your assumptions.
Now listen, i was taught basic physics in school, and i know there's 3 states of matter! I dont like all these modern teachers indoctrinating my kids with liberal ideas like "non-binary ice", and 76 states of matter!
Now I'm open minded, I'll call a gas a "plasma" to be polite. But we've got to stand firm that calling something Ice-3 or a Bose-Einstein condensate is mental illness! Im not paying to have my kids brainwashed with this nonsense, just so "scientists" can justify their expensive lab equipment!!!
And remember Ice 1h is a slur! 1h is a slur, it's just normal Ice! Call yourself ice 3 if you like, but normal ice is just normal ice, not ice 1h!!!!!
“They’re makin physics WOKE!!!”
Next the liberals will be identifying as gender superfluid!!!! This cannot stand! We need to get supercooled helium out of our schools!
Congratulations for coming out! Non-binary water 💛💜🖤
Thermal expansion isn't just the name of a Minecraft mod. Water, in particular, has a habit of both expanding and contracting over a given change in temperature (or temperature Delta, if you will), and being a pain in the posterior (well, specifically the back pants pocket) about it to anyone who owns pipes and is not a plumber. ESPECIALLY the non-plumbers, but presumably even the Mario Brothers wouldn't care for the extra unpaid work.
This is very cool (ha). I first read about this years ago in a book self-published by a cranky ex-meteorologist in Oregon. He was explaining supercooled water and showed how, for a tiny droplet of water in a cloud, surface tension is enough to keep the water liquid below freezing. This is what makes these clouds so dangerous to airplanes.
awwww i’m so happy for the solidarity of freezing water in an enclosed space for coming out as non-binary i know that takes so much courage 💛💛💛
I am commenting #BringBackDislikes on every unique UA-cam video that I watch for the rest of 2024, regardless of if I actually dislike the video or not. This is video 690.
2:27 water is non binary? Good for them!
My man drops the therm “ice III” as if it was as clear as water for us
i haven’t started the video yet but i’ve wondered about this question for the longest time
Woah, nonbinary water, cool
hell ye!!!
Imagine steam
Mentally ill water cool
oh em gee
yuck i'd rather drink battery acid
Non binary water was not on my bingo list but I enjoy the idea immensely
Never thought I'd share a gender with water
This is a well, "Brilliant" 🙂 explanation of a very unusual corner case in physics. Thanks for sharing!
Freezing water: tries to expand.
Pressure vessel: "You have no power here."
lol 3:14 video 😎
not cool
1.618 gang here
@@panzerofthelake4460 🤣
happy for water coming out as nonbinary
Yay enbie ice
OH MY GOD I'VE HAD THIS QUESTION SINCE GRADE 5 THANK YOU SO MUCH
Lol. I had just completely learned phase diagrams for Steel- Fe3C, and it became obvious right away what will happen, although with iron, we can ignore the pressure because it doesn't do much with solids, thus we can use the Gibb's phase law with just +1 , but with +2 when it is water . Nice video!