When I studied Classical Civilizations in high school my teacher said it is likely that the Basileus was a local governor or Lord Mayor of a district under a larger authority, possibly something confederacy like as in the Indus Valley Civilization or Mesopotamia pre-Empire. As the central government dissolved the local governors amassed power over the distant ruling council and soon became something like a medieval Lord of the Manor or a Spanish American Hacendado being in control of their estate, with the Basileus virtually becoming the paramount chief of the district. A bit like the intermediate periods in Egypt but with no Pharaoh, even nominal.
It was definitely a wide scale Collapse, as you point out all the big cultures in the area were vastly reduced, the Hittites completely. International trade was disrupted and even stopped for some time.
Also the fact that six or seven kingdoms that came before the Collapse didn't survive the next couple centuries. Only Egypt and the Assyrians but under new leadership, who then assimilated much of Old Asia. I see the Collapse as that of trade and cultural diffusion which doesn't come back until the Greeks and Phoenicians start colonizing.
There's something very appealing about your style. Completely unpretentious, putting the rich history of these times (and the others you've done) in plain and relatable language. Well done. And I will also note that despite this approach, you get all the pronunciations correct. ;)
Thank you. I find this period so interesting, didn't know about the Lefkandi site. I find it interesting how bits and pieces of Mycenaean and Minoan culture were sort of passed down orally until Homer. For example, Homer accurately described some Mycenaean settlements despite them being lost until modern archeology. He also sort of knew the title Wanax. He didn't seem entirely sure what it meant, just that it was for powerful figures. Paris/Alexandros was probably a real dude, since a Trojan king with that name was referred to in a Hittite record.
Dear Thersites, could you please make a series on ancient Egypt, starting chronologically as best possible. I am a big fan of your work and teaching style.
In addition to the Myceanaeans collapsing, the Levant changed a lot following the end of Egyptian colonial rule. This would lead into to the Biblical period.
Can you make a video or some sort of bulletin where you can include some sources for your work? I'm a math major...but I really like history and have enjoyed the majority of your channel over the last 2 months. With all the extra time, I would really like to go a step further and read some more on my own. I'm not quite sure where to start.
@@ThersitestheHistorian ancient history is the most interesting to me, but for example, I've never really knew anything about Byzantium but enjoyed your series on their emporers and wouldn't mind anything you'd recommend. Thanks again! I'd love join you on patron but I'm a little too poor for that right now haha
Now I know this is an old video and I don't expect a response but are there any sources to this video. I was going to ask my professor if I could use this video as a source for my bibliography but there aren't any sources at the end of the video.
As a fellow Historian, I found this was a tight and fairly focused survey in the time allotted. I would have only made a stronger emphasis about Lefkandi being a "single" site and corroboration (either way) with other sites needs to be made.
The development of walled settlements prior to the collapse implies continuous and constant period of risk but of low intensity, sufficient enough to allow for construction of walled settlements. Considering the period of Mycenaean expansion against the natives of Greece didn’t require such walls and by extension imply same risks it could lead to either an outside force moving in and applying pressure trough raids and migration, or intensification of internal conflicts. It could be similar to the Diadochi period with authority of Wanax waning and local autarchs fighting each other to re-unite the confederacy and seize the title for themselves. Prolonged period of warfare could leave the country open to raids and invasions or to societal revolt, which preservation of Basileos as primary rulership title could imply, since the power devolved to tribal chiefs, while Wanax and others disappeared, alongside other literate classes leading to complete loss of literacy among the Greeks until the new alphabet was implemented. The abandonment of ancient city sites like Mycenae in favor of new sites with prominent Acropolis would showcase the need for defense as primary motivator for city founding in this period rather than economy.
Whats the difference between the arcadian greeks, dorian greeks, aeolian greeks and ionian greeks? Just the region? Is there recorded stereotypes about them or historical descriptions?
From what I remember reading about, the different kinds of greek peoples come from different regions and different mix. The dorian greeks are believed to originate from the doric invasion of Greece and the invaders mixed themselves with the local populace. About the stereotypes, I am most certainly that they did have, especially if you consider that calling everyone "greek" is very modern; even the term "hellas" is more modern than the Greek Dark Ages (it appears already in the 4th Century BCE, I think)
But where did the Doric people come from? I know that the spartans always viewed themselves as foreigners inhabiting the land which is why they feared a hellenic slave uprising. Well yeah different people groups are bound to feel a rivalry with eachother when they're all trying to build their own societies. Isn't hellas an idea of pan-greekism?
Vidyagamesnake About the question of from where dorics came, I don't think there's a certain answer yet. I've read somewhere that, for example, the Nazi Party claimed the dorics came from the region we call Germany today. For the pan-paganism, I don't think so. I guess the hellas saw themselves as connected by a thread, not necessaraly in the religious sense. More like... Brother, somewhat? They share some kind of past because of the Myceneans, the trade (since parts of Greece are very mountainous and hard to build plantations...) and all that.
Alexeiyeah Yeah I figured as much with the greek dark ages, I was hoping I was wrong though. The nazis also claimed the swastika was created by Aryans. Pan-paganism? I get what you mean, its a shared background. They were kind of a family since they had a connection as you said. Thanks!
The Hittite empire collapsed but not their civilization. They would survive for around 4 centuries as local city states in south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. In fact one of those city states was Carchemish.A city whose royal house claimed direct descendant from the Hittite Kings (by one of Suppiluliuma sons).
Great video . And yes it is true . There was general decline in population . The mycenean place centers had a lower town . Where the ordinary people lived . And after the bronze age collapse . These towns were still lived in . And but yes some sites were abbonded . But most of these lower towns later evolved into the classic Greek citystates like Sparta , Athens , Argos, Corinth , Thebes etc . . Or the settlement moved and continues somewhere . Nestors palace in messinia was burned down . But population simply moved to the site of modern day pylos and lived there . And yes greeks did indeed continue to Trade with the East . Even though the bronze age Trade routes collapsed . New quikly sprung up . . Around 1050 bronze dissapear from Greece and iron comes in . And since greeks migrated to cyprus during the bronze age. Its natrual that they somehow continued to links to old country . Dark age greeks imported iron from cyprus . So it wasnt so Dark after all . Also yes the greeks adapted the phonecian alphabet around 1000-800 bce . Greek traders had saw it in middle eastern ports and brought it back home . So I think the Dark age wasnt so Dark after all . And that we have to rethink the concept ....
At around 17:30 of your lecture you say they learned shipbuilding or improved shipbuilding from the Phoenicians also that writing was derived from the Phoenician writing (it is possible they found the system better than what they were already using), both disagree with the idea that there has been some sort of continuity, on Cyprus a very close form of Linear-B was used, also quite late and various Greek settlers had already a seafaring tradition since the Minoan times. So I consider these remarks rather speculative.
Cyprus is a unique case and really can't be lumped into what happened in the mainland proper. There was more "continuity" than what went on as there were fewer (e)migrations that went on in mainland Greece. We can see this in the Greek: the "Arcadeo-Cypriot" Greek dialect is the closest to Mycenaean Greek; those speakers were peoples that "stayed" in place after the "Collapse". That doesn't mean thar Cyprus wasn't "ravaged" during the "Collapse". They, however, may have been a "better" position to recover, due to being in the "crossroads" of trade, rather than being an endpoint of trade. As for Linear B, it disappeared because those who used it (in the Palace bureaucracies) died off. It wasn't a "literary" script, or was not used this way by those who could write it (that we have found)--it has some 200 or so characters, making it difficult to learn. The Phoenician-derived Greek alphabet was much simpler to learn and more efficient than the Linear-A/B Syllabaries or the Cypriot one (from Linear-A). I can't say much about the other Cypriot scripts (pre-Indo-European or otherwise), but I suspect they fell into disuse for the same reason.
Brilliant video as always, my man! I personally think that the Dorian "invasion" does indeed seem even more plausible now because of, as noted in your Mycenean video, attacks sweeping through Greece right at their decline such as at Pylos. Just as someone stated here, the Mongol invasion of China resulted in no change in material culture; even the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 6th and 7th centuries left no change in material culture except maybe a few place names that are of Slavic origin, but the Dorians spoke a dialect of Greek and more than likely had a very similar if not identical material culture, so when it comes to material evidence it wouldn't be very obvious. That being said, it seems much more plausible than is perhaps given credit considering there were indeed attacks during that time period that do not contradict the Dorian hypothesis as we so far know and that the Greeks only ever mention the Dorian invasion without any other historian or person holding a different account. What do you think of this? Again, phenomenal work!
Latest research saws that chronology of events should better be drawn backwards around 100 years. In that respect, the Santorini volcano was erupted around 1500BC(even 1550), the troyan war should have taken place around 1300BC and the Dorian invasion about 100 years later, around 1200BC. Perhups, the Dark Ages should be counted down to 750BC or even 700BC. Homer's time(if he was one person) was anywhere between 900 and 800BC.
Assyrians did not collapse, in fact they expanded around this time with rulers like Tukulti Ninurta (com quered Babylonia) and Tiglath Pileser (conquered parts of the levant). Their decline like Egypt was a little later due to internal strife and migrations (in their case the Arameans). Different from Egypt that fragmented during the end of the XXI dynasty the Assyrian royal house stayed in power in the core territories.
Dear mister hallo, translate From italy, volevo chiederti se magari potevi tradurmi due tavolette in terracotta molto antiche, con scrittura cuneiformi, forse parlano di un re, potrebbe essere agamennone, eventualmente fammi sapere, posso spedire foto con email, saluti From italy gonare
I'm not so sure that the greeks had no concept of the decline. They had an idea of history as a circle were a culture went through golden ages and iron (or bronze?) ages. Much like the Chinese. A culture goes through cycles of prosperity and decline. They probably had some concept of their own culture going through a cycle like this.
"Where there is still a people, there the state is not understood, but hated as the evil eye, and as sin against laws and customs." [Thus Spoke Zarathustra, F. Nietzsche, 1890, First Part, 11: On the New Idol] "Without law or compulsion men would dwell in harmony." (Tao Teh Ching, Lao-tzu, Ch. XXXII)" [Psyche and Symbol , Carl Jung, 1958, Part 2, Ch. 6-Two Chapters from: The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche; Sec. III. Forerunners of the Idea of Synchronicity, p. 249] "When cultures change, so do games." [Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 24: Games, p. 211] "Literacy creates very much simpler kinds of people than those that develop in the complex web of ordinary tribal and oral societies." [Understanding Media: The Extension of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 5: Hybrid Energy] "Although this was one of the least of the cultural effects of printing, it should serve to recall that one of the big factors in the Greek adoption of the letters of the phonetic alphabet was the prestige and currency of the number system of the Phoenician traders. The Romans got the Phoenician letters from the Greeks but retained a number system that was much more ancient." [Understanding Media: The Extension of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 11: Number]
Just lack of economics? Like, I know this video is only about Greece, but the way you describe the bronze age collapse makes it sound like trade faltered, so, everyone's empire got a bit smaller. Cities burned. The Greeks and hittites failed. The Levant burned.
There was a good deal of destruction, but if conditions were more generally favorable, there would have been a recovery. The Minoan cities suffered a devastation and rebuilt, as did Troy. When it comes to the Hittites, the empire disappeared for the most part, but pockets of Hittite successors survived for centuries only to be snuffed out by the rising powers of the early Iron Age.
Phoenician ere in Lebanon .there is no one phonicien city located in what u call " palestine" . Also nothing called palestine in ancient world it was Israel .
"Palestine" was an "invented" geography by the emperor Hadrian, after the brutal Bar-Kokhba revolt in Judea 132-135. After this, it was his intention to erase the memory of Judea forever. It didn't work out so well in the end.
When I studied Classical Civilizations in high school my teacher said it is likely that the Basileus was a local governor or Lord Mayor of a district under a larger authority, possibly something confederacy like as in the Indus Valley Civilization or Mesopotamia pre-Empire. As the central government dissolved the local governors amassed power over the distant ruling council and soon became something like a medieval Lord of the Manor or a Spanish American Hacendado being in control of their estate, with the Basileus virtually becoming the paramount chief of the district. A bit like the intermediate periods in Egypt but with no Pharaoh, even nominal.
Good deduction.
It was definitely a wide scale Collapse, as you point out all the big cultures in the area were vastly reduced, the Hittites completely. International trade was disrupted and even stopped for some time.
Also the fact that six or seven kingdoms that came before the Collapse didn't survive the next couple centuries. Only Egypt and the Assyrians but under new leadership, who then assimilated much of Old Asia. I see the Collapse as that of trade and cultural diffusion which doesn't come back until the Greeks and Phoenicians start colonizing.
@@geordiejones5618 so... it wasn't a generalised collapse as per the expression, if 6 or 7 continued for the 'next couple of centuries'.
"the Hittites completely."
They did, but not because of any 'bronze age collapse'. It was essentially at the hand of Assyria.
@@alexanderSydneyOzexcept Egyptian records state Hattie was destroyed by the sea peoples
There's something very appealing about your style. Completely unpretentious, putting the rich history of these times (and the others you've done) in plain and relatable language. Well done. And I will also note that despite this approach, you get all the pronunciations correct. ;)
Thank you. I find this period so interesting, didn't know about the Lefkandi site.
I find it interesting how bits and pieces of Mycenaean and Minoan culture were sort of passed down orally until Homer. For example, Homer accurately described some Mycenaean settlements despite them being lost until modern archeology. He also sort of knew the title Wanax. He didn't seem entirely sure what it meant, just that it was for powerful figures. Paris/Alexandros was probably a real dude, since a Trojan king with that name was referred to in a Hittite record.
Dear Thersites, could you please make a series on ancient Egypt, starting chronologically as best possible.
I am a big fan of your work and teaching style.
Great thanks for posting
Well, the Hittites were destroyed and the whole coast from the Hellespont to Egypt were completely decimated
In addition to the Myceanaeans collapsing, the Levant changed a lot following the end of Egyptian colonial rule. This would lead into to the Biblical period.
Can you make a video or some sort of bulletin where you can include some sources for your work? I'm a math major...but I really like history and have enjoyed the majority of your channel over the last 2 months. With all the extra time, I would really like to go a step further and read some more on my own. I'm not quite sure where to start.
Which particular topics interest you?
@@ThersitestheHistorian ancient history is the most interesting to me, but for example, I've never really knew anything about Byzantium but enjoyed your series on their emporers and wouldn't mind anything you'd recommend. Thanks again! I'd love join you on patron but I'm a little too poor for that right now haha
Hang on, did you say the lady in the grave was wearing a garment that was already 1,000 yrs old at the time of burial? I find that hard to believe.
why? I have a couple norman cloaks in my closet /s
Now I know this is an old video and I don't expect a response but are there any sources to this video. I was going to ask my professor if I could use this video as a source for my bibliography but there aren't any sources at the end of the video.
As a fellow Historian, I found this was a tight and fairly focused survey in the time allotted. I would have only made a stronger emphasis about Lefkandi being a "single" site and corroboration (either way) with other sites needs to be made.
The development of walled settlements prior to the collapse implies continuous and constant period of risk but of low intensity, sufficient enough to allow for construction of walled settlements. Considering the period of Mycenaean expansion against the natives of Greece didn’t require such walls and by extension imply same risks it could lead to either an outside force moving in and applying pressure trough raids and migration, or intensification of internal conflicts. It could be similar to the Diadochi period with authority of Wanax waning and local autarchs fighting each other to re-unite the confederacy and seize the title for themselves. Prolonged period of warfare could leave the country open to raids and invasions or to societal revolt, which preservation of Basileos as primary rulership title could imply, since the power devolved to tribal chiefs, while Wanax and others disappeared, alongside other literate classes leading to complete loss of literacy among the Greeks until the new alphabet was implemented.
The abandonment of ancient city sites like Mycenae in favor of new sites with prominent Acropolis would showcase the need for defense as primary motivator for city founding in this period rather than economy.
The Mongol invasion of China resulted in no change in material culture, yet it happened, and the step peoples were not Chinese.
You have an interesting accent. If it's not too private, might I ask where you're from?
Judging by his Doric accent, I assume he's from Laconia.
There was also a dramatic decline in the manufacture and use of bronze and subsequent development of iron, which was crude and regarded as inferior.
Whats the difference between the arcadian greeks, dorian greeks, aeolian greeks and ionian greeks? Just the region? Is there recorded stereotypes about them or historical descriptions?
From what I remember reading about, the different kinds of greek peoples come from different regions and different mix. The dorian greeks are believed to originate from the doric invasion of Greece and the invaders mixed themselves with the local populace.
About the stereotypes, I am most certainly that they did have, especially if you consider that calling everyone "greek" is very modern; even the term "hellas" is more modern than the Greek Dark Ages (it appears already in the 4th Century BCE, I think)
But where did the Doric people come from? I know that the spartans always viewed themselves as foreigners inhabiting the land which is why they feared a hellenic slave uprising. Well yeah different people groups are bound to feel a rivalry with eachother when they're all trying to build their own societies. Isn't hellas an idea of pan-greekism?
Vidyagamesnake About the question of from where dorics came, I don't think there's a certain answer yet. I've read somewhere that, for example, the Nazi Party claimed the dorics came from the region we call Germany today.
For the pan-paganism, I don't think so. I guess the hellas saw themselves as connected by a thread, not necessaraly in the religious sense. More like... Brother, somewhat? They share some kind of past because of the Myceneans, the trade (since parts of Greece are very mountainous and hard to build plantations...) and all that.
Alexeiyeah Yeah I figured as much with the greek dark ages, I was hoping I was wrong though. The nazis also claimed the swastika was created by Aryans.
Pan-paganism?
I get what you mean, its a shared background. They were kind of a family since they had a connection as you said. Thanks!
Vidyagamesnake Oops. I read pan-paganism instead of pan-greekism. Sorry hahaha
The hittite empire did collapse, with their capital being abandoned. (Modern Turkey)
Yes. This. You seem to have forgotten the poor Hittites.
The Hittite empire collapsed but not their civilization. They would survive for around 4 centuries as local city states in south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria.
In fact one of those city states was Carchemish.A city whose royal house claimed direct descendant from the Hittite Kings (by one of Suppiluliuma sons).
Great video . And yes it is true . There was general decline in population . The mycenean place centers had a lower town . Where the ordinary people lived . And after the bronze age collapse . These towns were still lived in . And but yes some sites were abbonded . But most of these lower towns later evolved into the classic Greek citystates like Sparta , Athens , Argos, Corinth , Thebes etc . . Or the settlement moved and continues somewhere . Nestors palace in messinia was burned down . But population simply moved to the site of modern day pylos and lived there . And yes greeks did indeed continue to Trade with the East . Even though the bronze age Trade routes collapsed . New quikly sprung up . . Around 1050 bronze dissapear from Greece and iron comes in . And since greeks migrated to cyprus during the bronze age. Its natrual that they somehow continued to links to old country . Dark age greeks imported iron from cyprus . So it wasnt so Dark after all . Also yes the greeks adapted the phonecian alphabet around 1000-800 bce . Greek traders had saw it in middle eastern ports and brought it back home . So I think the Dark age wasnt so Dark after all . And that we have to rethink the concept ....
Getting hung up on semantics is just lame
Does anyone can point me to some aeolic greek text. Thaks
I love Mycenaean Greek history. Thanks !
At around 17:30 of your lecture you say they learned shipbuilding or improved shipbuilding from the Phoenicians also that writing was derived from the Phoenician writing (it is possible they found the system better than what they were already using), both disagree with the idea that there has been some sort of continuity, on Cyprus a very close form of Linear-B was used, also quite late and various Greek settlers had already a seafaring tradition since the Minoan times. So I consider these remarks rather speculative.
Cyprus is a unique case and really can't be lumped into what happened in the mainland proper. There was more "continuity" than what went on as there were fewer (e)migrations that went on in mainland Greece. We can see this in the Greek: the "Arcadeo-Cypriot" Greek dialect is the closest to Mycenaean Greek; those speakers were peoples that "stayed" in place after the "Collapse".
That doesn't mean thar Cyprus wasn't "ravaged" during the "Collapse". They, however, may have been a "better" position to recover, due to being in the "crossroads" of trade, rather than being an endpoint of trade.
As for Linear B, it disappeared because those who used it (in the Palace bureaucracies) died off. It wasn't a "literary" script, or was not used this way by those who could write it (that we have found)--it has some 200 or so characters, making it difficult to learn. The Phoenician-derived Greek alphabet was much simpler to learn and more efficient than the Linear-A/B Syllabaries or the Cypriot one (from Linear-A). I can't say much about the other Cypriot scripts (pre-Indo-European or otherwise), but I suspect they fell into disuse for the same reason.
What about the hittites? They also collapsed.
Brilliant video as always, my man!
I personally think that the Dorian "invasion" does indeed seem even more plausible now because of, as noted in your Mycenean video, attacks sweeping through Greece right at their decline such as at Pylos. Just as someone stated here, the Mongol invasion of China resulted in no change in material culture; even the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 6th and 7th centuries left no change in material culture except maybe a few place names that are of Slavic origin, but the Dorians spoke a dialect of Greek and more than likely had a very similar if not identical material culture, so when it comes to material evidence it wouldn't be very obvious.
That being said, it seems much more plausible than is perhaps given credit considering there were indeed attacks during that time period that do not contradict the Dorian hypothesis as we so far know and that the Greeks only ever mention the Dorian invasion without any other historian or person holding a different account.
What do you think of this?
Again, phenomenal work!
Latest research saws that chronology of events should better be drawn backwards around 100 years. In that respect, the Santorini volcano was erupted around 1500BC(even 1550), the troyan war should have taken place around 1300BC and the Dorian invasion about 100 years later, around 1200BC. Perhups, the Dark Ages should be counted down to 750BC or even 700BC. Homer's time(if he was one person) was anywhere between 900 and 800BC.
Please cite your sources. I recall hearing this about 30 years ago, BTW. Someone should send them to David Rohl.
Hittites and Assyrians also collapsed, not just Mycenaean Greece.
Assyrians did not collapse, in fact they expanded around this time with rulers like Tukulti Ninurta (com quered Babylonia) and Tiglath Pileser (conquered parts of the levant).
Their decline like Egypt was a little later due to internal strife and migrations (in their case the Arameans).
Different from Egypt that fragmented during the end of the XXI dynasty the Assyrian royal house stayed in power in the core territories.
Only Greeks? What about Hittites? Egypt & Fertile Crescent declined. It was a collapse.
I always thought of the collapse part being the collapse of globalization and cultural exchange.
I thought it was called collapse due to the restricted international trade
How did the Greek Ages begin?
The Hellenic era started when Alexander the Great conquered the entire known world. But this is not the time period being discussed in this video.
Dear mister hallo, translate From italy, volevo chiederti se magari potevi tradurmi due tavolette in terracotta molto antiche, con scrittura cuneiformi, forse parlano di un re, potrebbe essere agamennone, eventualmente fammi sapere, posso spedire foto con email, saluti From italy gonare
Is this real? Wow. Any chance I can see a photo? I don't have any idea about cuneiform though. Just curioso.
I'm not so sure that the greeks had no concept of the decline. They had an idea of history as a circle were a culture went through golden ages and iron (or bronze?) ages. Much like the Chinese. A culture goes through cycles of prosperity and decline. They probably had some concept of their own culture going through a cycle like this.
Didn’t the Hittite empire also collapse?
Yes they did ceased to exist as an organized state
"Where there is still a people, there the state is not understood, but
hated as the evil eye, and as sin against laws and customs."
[Thus Spoke Zarathustra, F. Nietzsche, 1890, First Part, 11: On the New Idol]
"Without law or compulsion men would dwell in harmony."
(Tao Teh Ching, Lao-tzu, Ch. XXXII)"
[Psyche and Symbol , Carl Jung, 1958, Part 2, Ch. 6-Two Chapters from: The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche; Sec. III. Forerunners of the Idea of Synchronicity, p. 249]
"When cultures change, so do games."
[Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 24: Games, p. 211]
"Literacy creates very much simpler kinds of people than those that develop in the complex web of ordinary tribal and oral societies."
[Understanding Media: The Extension of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 5: Hybrid Energy]
"Although this was one of the least of the cultural effects of printing, it should serve to recall that one of the big factors in the Greek adoption of the letters of the phonetic alphabet was the prestige and currency of the number system of the Phoenician traders. The Romans got the Phoenician letters from the Greeks but retained a number system that was much more ancient."
[Understanding Media: The Extension of Man, Marshall McLuhan, 1964, Ch. 11: Number]
When did zeus emerge as the main god of greece .then u find when the dorians ruled .
We know from Linear B tablets that the Mycenaeans already had Zeus as the king of the gods prior to the alleged Dorian invasion.
Do you think the population decline was partially due to chronic bum rushing?
Just lack of economics? Like, I know this video is only about Greece, but the way you describe the bronze age collapse makes it sound like trade faltered, so, everyone's empire got a bit smaller. Cities burned. The Greeks and hittites failed. The Levant burned.
There was a good deal of destruction, but if conditions were more generally favorable, there would have been a recovery. The Minoan cities suffered a devastation and rebuilt, as did Troy. When it comes to the Hittites, the empire disappeared for the most part, but pockets of Hittite successors survived for centuries only to be snuffed out by the rising powers of the early Iron Age.
Marxists say what? -not a Marxists.
The vases are quite like the shape of a cute butt.
b.c.e. st. Valintine
Phoenician ere in Lebanon .there is no one phonicien city located in what u call " palestine" . Also nothing called palestine in ancient world it was Israel .
"Palestine" was an "invented" geography by the emperor Hadrian, after the brutal Bar-Kokhba revolt in Judea 132-135. After this, it was his intention to erase the memory of Judea forever. It didn't work out so well in the end.
@@mikegarwood8680 Palestine means land of the Philistines. What evidence do we have that it was his intention to erase Judea's memory?