TSP #23 - Tutorial on the Design and Characterization of Class-B and AB Amplifiers

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  • Опубліковано 23 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 472

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  4 роки тому +68

    *Please note that in the schematic diagram the diode D1 is backwards! In the measured circuit the diode is placed correctly which is why the measurement results are correct.*

    • @ve2um
      @ve2um 3 роки тому +4

      Also, in the X-Y scope, Y is input and X, output.

    • @7137271
      @7137271 3 роки тому +6

      I thought that looked funny, and kept trying to figure out how that was going to work.

    • @andr27
      @andr27 3 роки тому +2

      Video posted 8y ago and only 10 months ago errata? :)

    • @SJayanth
      @SJayanth 3 роки тому +1

      The reason for no output at 5v p-p input I think is because the current through the first stage of transistors went too high and the gate voltages for the next stage of transistors fell below 0.6, thus, there was no output.
      Anyway, we started to build amplifiers right? but, neither of the 2 designs could output a voltage higher than the input, then, how can we call these as amplifiers?
      Please, reply quickly.
      And thanks for the video.

    • @VolodymyrTorkalo
      @VolodymyrTorkalo 3 роки тому +2

      @@SJayanth It amplifies current. Before it you need add stages which amplify voltage - in common emitter configuration.

  • @WhiskeyRichard.
    @WhiskeyRichard. 10 років тому +89

    You have no idea how long I've been looking for some kind of tutorial on amplifiers that doesn't just mathematically develop the small signal model. Thank you kindly, and to boot, it's super straightforward and clearly explained.

  • @bloguetronica
    @bloguetronica 4 роки тому +27

    How come have I never seen this! This is a great "must watch" video and, despite its age, should be recommended by UA-cam.

    • @jonramsey6348
      @jonramsey6348 4 роки тому +4

      Yea totally..... finding this video on UA-cam is like finding a diamond in a pile of shattered glass

    • @neeleshkumar8406
      @neeleshkumar8406 4 роки тому

      Same here ,

  • @graemelaubach3106
    @graemelaubach3106 4 роки тому +16

    You are a better teacher than all of my profs combined, you make concepts so easy to understand and more importantly you make it fun because you're just an awesome dude. I wish you the best in these trying times.

  • @Hexor1211
    @Hexor1211 7 років тому +13

    This video and TSP #15 are the best intro into audio amplifier design I've seen.
    Many college electronics Subjects fail to explain it so simple.

  • @BobSolimeno
    @BobSolimeno 5 років тому +2

    WOW! What a great tutorial - very clearly explained, spot-on comparisons of the different amplifier designs, and beautiful hands-on lab experiments to demonstrate relative performance. And what a neat and organized lab you have!! Thank you so much!! Can't wait to dive in the the many, many other videos you have published.

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому +3

    I appreciate your enthusiasm. I am trying to cover a wide audience. Don't worry, there are tutorials on DSB and SSB mixers and complex constellations for wireless transmission which will target a more advanced audience.

  • @ernestb.2377
    @ernestb.2377 11 місяців тому +1

    Very nice short tutorial. 👍 I also see that here, 11 years ago, you have significantly less equipment compared to now 😁 Keep up the good work!

  • @serviceshoptoday
    @serviceshoptoday 12 років тому

    I see some very good comments below. Early in the video the dead spot is caused voltage consumption called (Diode Drop). For the "Question" I agree with the comments bellow. Supply voltage, headroom, saturation, and gain. Very good information. Very well made and thought out. Feel like part of the class. Thank you!

  • @CmAektP2jxrGAb7
    @CmAektP2jxrGAb7 3 роки тому

    You deserve more subscriber friend, and I wonder what kind of person are those who disliked this video, its one of the best tutorial explained & demonstrated in details! Thank you for share your video and knowledge.

  • @wombatau
    @wombatau 9 місяців тому

    That was the best and clearest explanation of class B amplification I have ever seen

  • @generatorlabs
    @generatorlabs 6 років тому +1

    Very good video. The tutorial was not overwhelming. A perfect mix of theory and practical hands on visual elements to glue it all together. Thanks for your work.

  • @einball
    @einball 12 років тому

    He talks about turning off the bias voltage when the input equals zero. -- Great video! I really liked it! Made me happy about the next few months of studying :)

  • @sudharsansuresh170
    @sudharsansuresh170 7 років тому

    The way you taught this is just very simple and straight forward, I am mech engineer looking to build my own class ab amp for gaming in my home! Learnt many things, Ty!

  • @raulvalenzuela4887
    @raulvalenzuela4887 10 років тому

    I was just curious about A and AB amplifiers because I play electric guitar and I found this video. It was still fun to see the explanation and the experiment. Thanks.

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому +43

    This is a conceptual schematic diagram. Both diodes D1 and D2 require a bias current to maintain their junction voltage. But, perhaps more importantly for you to consider, my channel has received about 1300 comments so far. You are the first to use obscene language. My channel is a place to exchange information politely and I would like to keep it that way.

    • @AltayBrusan
      @AltayBrusan 4 роки тому +4

      Thanks for your sharing.
      I am really disappointed with those that do not consider the value of these videos for the others.
      thanks and please don't loss your motivation.
      Your channel is valuable.

  • @MBAgeeJr68
    @MBAgeeJr68 9 років тому +3

    Thank you for this clear tutorial and refresher for me. I am jealous of your collection of test equipment!

  • @MrAtomicLlama
    @MrAtomicLlama 12 років тому

    I can't commend you enough for putting these videos together. They're tremendously helpful for somebody like myself - trained as a scientist many years ago - rediscovering the joys of electronics. Thanks, and best wishes!

  • @johnadams9041
    @johnadams9041 3 роки тому

    Thank you man for the video! This is the best explanation what I ever see. I am not professional and I sow so many videos trying to understand the bias and the class of amplifiers.. Thanks to you know finally understand a lot!. Thank you ! You just have big talent to be a good teacher! God bless you !

  • @chupascz
    @chupascz 12 років тому

    You are awesome teacher! Thousand times better than all my high school el. teachers. Not to mention I have to translate from english. Your 'lucky bamboo' is larger than the last video.

  • @andymouse
    @andymouse Рік тому

    !0 years later and I answered some of your students to say they were correct Lol ! still pure gold....cheers.

  • @MinnoW12
    @MinnoW12 12 років тому

    Im liking the video just by reading the title and knowing the level of detail you go in to!

  • @peep39
    @peep39 6 років тому

    Excellent resource for someone graduating from class A understanding into class B (like me). Thanks for posting this

  • @rcleveacp
    @rcleveacp 12 років тому

    Another excellent video! Once again, I appreciate all of your hard work. Very high quality instruction.
    I believe the answer to your quiz question is the distortion is caused because you are using 2.5 volt supplies. The distortion is caused because there is not enough voltage to drive the transistors through the complete cycle. The transistors are clipping the input signal when they are saturated.

  • @relaxationTherapy001
    @relaxationTherapy001 12 років тому +1

    awesome video, shahriar...keep up the good work.. answer to the quiz is "with increasing input voltage u r saturating the transistors gradually that's y output is getting clipped off. after all you'll never get output higher than the driving supply voltage.."

  • @vispi1944
    @vispi1944 2 роки тому

    Thank for the excellent video presentation. First explaining the theory of various classes of amplifiers and demonstrating their workings on the oscilloscope gave a very good idea of their positive and negative characteristics. Please make a video on how to design a working amplifier, explaining how to calculate and choose parameters of various components. With such knowledge, as yours, you can write books for hobbyists and professionals. We need more videos like this.

  • @DarkInsanePyro
    @DarkInsanePyro 12 років тому

    Just want to state my appreciation to you developing these videos. It is a great way to learn (or review in this case) electronics material. Keep it up!

  • @jimshaw4424
    @jimshaw4424 10 років тому +2

    I really loved this tutorial. You have a great way of explaining electronic circuits. Keep up the good work.

  • @SamWalsh1
    @SamWalsh1 11 років тому

    Thank you so much for these videos, helping me through my University course. I didn't even know what a spectrum analyzer did before watching this. Now I want one!

  • @antoniocastrocarballal4051
    @antoniocastrocarballal4051 3 роки тому +1

    Many thanks for the explanation, Shahriar, absolutely clarifying!!!

  • @thebrakshow7415
    @thebrakshow7415 11 років тому +48

    Great tutorial! your D1 is oriented incorrectly and signal needs to be applied to each base of the transistors and not to the middle of the diode network. Adding some input caps to kill any dc is a good practice. Also, consider using a Vbe multiplier for the a-ab amplifier. It saves you a transistor plus you can use a potentiometer to dial in the biasing current.

    •  4 роки тому +3

      I just wanted to write this as well. In Class AB amplifier diode orientation is wrong.

    • @simoncheung2427
      @simoncheung2427 4 роки тому

      i can’t believe after i watch a whole video and looks everything make sense

    • @m1geo
      @m1geo 2 роки тому

      Just came to write this! 😂

  • @MarysKiril
    @MarysKiril 12 років тому +1

    About that puzzle... it seems that the higher the input level, the closer the emitter potential of Q1 gets to V+, so less current is available to go into the base of Q3 and so the output levels off, falling behind the rise in input potential.
    Love your videos by the way, the topics, the format, the explanations, everything. Thanks a lot for making them.

    • @andymouse
      @andymouse Рік тому

      And 10 years later...The signal is clipping and your correct ! unfortunately you have no prize !

  • @dataviews118
    @dataviews118 5 років тому +1

    An outstanding and comprehensive tutorial on amplifiers. Thank you so much.

  • @raviduprasanna6401
    @raviduprasanna6401 5 років тому

    i don't know how to appreciate to your time and effort to do this tutorial for us

  • @n1gdawg
    @n1gdawg 12 років тому +4

    I really wanted to hear some audio through each! Great video as always.

  • @UpcycleElectronics
    @UpcycleElectronics 8 років тому +2

    Wow, you answered so many questions I had about the interaction of input impedance, the buffer, and preamplifier stage of an amplifier design. Thank you. (liked/subscribed) -Jake

  • @permitivitym4318
    @permitivitym4318 10 років тому +4

    holy cow with all those equipment's. you have more stuff than what I have in my bench at work

  • @bassk94
    @bassk94 9 років тому +50

    just learned more in 39 minute video then in 16 weeks of advanced electronics taught by some old fart with no clue
    Awesome video
    Thank you

  • @jimm2099
    @jimm2099 12 років тому

    Shahriar,
    Very good videos, I wish I had instruction like this in high school "Electronics I" instead of electron hole theory in the early 80's. Not many high schoolers back then were designing semiconductors. I like you very practical theory and demonstration techniques in all your videos, especially the analog circuits
    Thanks very much!!!

  • @FFcossag
    @FFcossag 12 років тому

    What a fantastic video! The way it's put together makes it very easy to follow and a joy to watch.

  • @LolanBadeauxMakes
    @LolanBadeauxMakes 10 років тому +1

    you have wonderful resources and equipment. taking the time to explain each class and showing the effects on the oscope are priceless time savers for us learning. thankyou so much

  • @4833504F
    @4833504F 12 років тому

    hats off for giving such a good and long explanation in a single take!

  • @DanielFries
    @DanielFries 11 років тому +1

    Thank you very much! Very clear, I'm going to be digging around your videos all night now.

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому +15

    Class-D is a good option. I may do a tutorial on that later.

  • @x86cowboy
    @x86cowboy 12 років тому

    These are great videos by the way. Honestly, one of the best channels on UA-cam. Please keep making these great videos!

  • @realchristopher4334
    @realchristopher4334 3 роки тому +1

    This is a very old video! But a very good old one!
    Thank to God of Science that my 'luck' is good! This is the best ever 'tutorial' on amplifiers! Shahriar's A + AB design actually works and works frighteningly well!
    I mean, I simulate it. I have nearly zero hope that simulators (I use Multisim) are accurate, let alone precise, but when I match those measured and simulated numbers they are frighteningly similar! I say this because (simulated) component data are far from realistic. I do not mean the intricacies such as temperature, vibration, and so forth. I actually mean basic characteristics such as saturation, breakdown, and so on. Most op-amp, for instance, have zero limitation, you can feed them kilo volts input and kilovolts of power supply and the the output signal still looks normal! Same goes for diodes.
    I now wonder how to actually make it an amplifier, which component to change. The circuit is not exactly an amplifier but a current/voltage follower. There is no amplification.

  • @Hanz_theengine
    @Hanz_theengine 11 років тому +6

    Brilliant, absolutely loved it!
    Much better than my teacher...

  • @SJayanth
    @SJayanth 3 роки тому +2

    The reason for no output at 5v p-p input I think is because the current through the first stage of transistors went too high and the gate voltages for the next stage of transistors fell below 0.6, thus, there was no output.
    Anyway, we started to build amplifiers right? but, neither of the 2 designs could output a voltage higher than the input, then, how can we call these as amplifiers?
    Please, reply quickly.
    And thanks for the video.

  • @stever128
    @stever128 11 років тому

    Great presentation. The answers to the question are listed below. Keep these wonderful videos coming.

  • @eduardorubin7661
    @eduardorubin7661 4 місяці тому +1

    You just saved my thesis. Thank you!!

  • @jtb8631
    @jtb8631 5 років тому

    great video! very informative, no BS, visual representations are good, well explained and to the point. A+

  • @rossrogers2979
    @rossrogers2979 10 років тому

    Thank you for taking the time to make this exceptional tutorial.

  • @nazanwar6469
    @nazanwar6469 6 років тому

    Thank you, my friend, Shahriar you saved a lot of time for me

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому

    I am not certain if I undersand. Can you clarify?

  • @zohirbailiche7322
    @zohirbailiche7322 5 років тому +2

    Dude.... The diode you were pointing at at 11:17 is in wrong direction... Doen't it?🤔

  • @weststarr2046
    @weststarr2046 5 років тому

    Another awesome shot my friend, specially when it comes to measuring. Good stuff around there...
    THANKS a lot for sharing your knowledge and the way you explain it.
    BLESS 🎩🙏🏾...!!!

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому

    The spectrum analyzer is AC coupled at its input. Furthermore, the output load of the amplifier is 10Ohms. Therefore, adding another 50Ohm in parallel has minimal impact.

  • @VLWhite88
    @VLWhite88 12 років тому +29

    The answer of the puzzle: You have clipping, your input signal exceeds the supply voltage

    • @andymouse
      @andymouse Рік тому +1

      Correct ! no prize now though Lol ! 10 years later !

  • @zaroaster8348
    @zaroaster8348 10 років тому +1

    I have recently discovered your tutorial in the internet they are all very informative thank you for taking time to explain complex electronic concept all so very nicely I am very thankful. My answer to your quiz question at the end of the video about the non-linearity region of the signal is; I think the bandwidth limitation of the transistors in the circuit.

  • @todkapuz
    @todkapuz 11 років тому

    I remember this from when I took my amateur radio tests.... 15-20 years ago.... but never have actually seen it real-life. Very cool.

  • @CoolDudeClem
    @CoolDudeClem 11 років тому +3

    Good video and well explained. My guess for the part near the end of the video is the input signal becoming to strong driving the transistors into saturation, but I could be wrong. Right now I'm actually listening to this through a valve amplifier I made!

  • @saviourslumber
    @saviourslumber 9 років тому

    Great work! Comprehensive and easy to understand! Subscribed.

  • @castimann
    @castimann 5 років тому

    Congratulations, your explanation is brilliant. Thank you for sharing!

  • @camelazo
    @camelazo 4 роки тому

    Hello community i have a silly question , why in the amplifier A+AB the amplified signal ( in blue) is less Vpp than the input source? (yellow one), Regards. 35:16

  • @musicmakelightning
    @musicmakelightning 7 років тому

    I'm guessing you were a great TA as a PhD candidate...wish you were around when I was an undergrad (though, you probably weren't yet born) ;). You teach with great clarity and enthusiasm and remind me why I was so excited to become an EE...which is really uplifting in my, ahem, older years.

  • @octavmandru9219
    @octavmandru9219 6 років тому

    Clipping due to the 2.5V limit of the power supply. Love your videos, don't care how old they are

  • @raisaanalista8338
    @raisaanalista8338 2 місяці тому

    the second diode does not stop the current from negative signal ?

  • @lukesnake123
    @lukesnake123 3 роки тому +1

    this video is absolutely fantastic. brilliant, really.

  • @lonewanderer01
    @lonewanderer01 10 років тому +12

    So is it that you've reached saturation in the transistor?

    • @ve2um
      @ve2um 3 роки тому

      Saturatio will be reached if the input signal (peak) reaches the NPN' collector's voltage + 0.6 volt (an PNP collector -Vcc + -0.6V).
      In the deadzone, both transistors are in cutoff region.

  • @taz0k2
    @taz0k2 9 років тому

    I don't see the reason why the 1k resistors are needed at 19:56 . I know that a single transistor has to be biased in order to "let through" both plus and minus of the incoming signal. But isn't adding a bias of 0V like not adding any bias at all. I mean zero is nothing, x + 0 = x? The capacitor is (already) making sure that only AC is coming in?

  • @michaelpukmel9175
    @michaelpukmel9175 8 років тому

    Thank you very much for the video. Your lecture is very clear and well done!

  • @Standing-Wave
    @Standing-Wave 7 років тому

    Absolute pleasure learning from you!! Great job!!!!!!!!

  • @Popart-xh2fd
    @Popart-xh2fd 8 років тому

    11:25 In the Class AB amp scheme with the diodes, the voltage offset I got between transistor bases was 1.0V instead the expected 1.2V (0.6 + 0.6). Nevertheless I got no distortion on the output! The XY graph of the sine wave of each transistor base is a straight line that intersects the XY axes on 1V and -1V respectively! Why not 1.2V as expected?

  • @zianadir
    @zianadir 9 років тому

    Wonderful tutorial. excellent presentation and very clear...Thanks...

  • @simonyoungglostog
    @simonyoungglostog 2 роки тому

    I love how you think. It's very helpful for me to hear you think out loud. I have a question about using a PNP with a NPN to match a voltage drop? I hope that makes sense..

  • @ClaudioArrau
    @ClaudioArrau 12 років тому

    Why did you use power transistors Q1 and Q2 at the A+AB schematic? Do they need to be "power" bjts, or a simple smaller signal bjt with bigger hfe could still work ?

  • @alextrofimov7947
    @alextrofimov7947 8 років тому

    This is a really great tutorial Shahriar! Thank you so much!)

  • @gregzinhao
    @gregzinhao 12 років тому

    The spectrum analyzer haven't a 50ohm input impedance? How you put it direct on the circuit?

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому

    Yes, they come with the scope as part of the probe package.

  • @paulrajmarichamy4309
    @paulrajmarichamy4309 4 роки тому

    very good explanation.. your lab well organized,

  • @davidcottrell1308
    @davidcottrell1308 3 роки тому

    Very thorough and to the point...thanks!

  • @RobertGallop
    @RobertGallop 12 років тому

    Love this kind of video! Educational and practical, a perfect learning tool. And it's been answers, but your input is exceeding the rails on the output, so you are clipping, in freq domain you would see flats at the top and bottom of the waveform. At least that's my guess.

  • @Verso1987
    @Verso1987 10 років тому

    Is it possible to use a class a + ab to amplifiy a signal +- 10V to +- 250V? My output signal goes to a capacity of 50 pF, so I don't need a much current.

  • @pedrovictor8666
    @pedrovictor8666 6 років тому

    There's one thing I can't understand. In class B operation, one diode will have its collector-emitter junction reverse bisased, correct? It has to handle this reverse voltage. I can't seem to find what spec I need to look for in the datasheet so I know it won't break down

  •  12 років тому +4

    This was a great video! Are you planning on making videos about other amplifier types as well? That would be great!

  • @rickysambora8321
    @rickysambora8321 3 роки тому

    Nice equipment there. May i know the drill stand that you got there (or something similar, I guess yours it's no longer stocked)? i have a similar drill too like yours.

  • @horaciohherasq6526
    @horaciohherasq6526 4 роки тому

    Do you always need a dual power supply to power an AB amplifier? I'm a newby at building these amps and your lessons are pure gold.

  • @roylumsden1017
    @roylumsden1017 7 років тому

    excellent usage of electronic language, clearly understood.

  • @SaadouneZinji
    @SaadouneZinji 9 років тому +24

    Your class AB circuit makes no sense. Since Vin is connected to the anode of the top diode, and when it is at 0 volts, the cathode of the top diode should be -0.6V when that diode is conducting. So the voltage there should be - 0.6V and not +0.6V. Thus your top transistor is turned off until Vin reaches 1.2 V. This makes your circuit worse than a class B amplifier. Your crossover distortion has double in size and importance.
    The top diode should be pointing down rather than pointing up. There should also be a biasing circuit that will ensure that both diodes are forward biased and that they conduct at all times. This is why this class of amplifiers has an efficiency of about 50%. The biasing resistors for both diodes should be high enough so that a small current is pulled from the power supply at all times.

    • @Thesignalpath
      @Thesignalpath  9 років тому +14

      +said jellouli The diode in the schematic shown in the video is backward. It has been corrected on the schematic that is posted on my website. The actual circuit being measured is correct which is why it works.

    • @mrmoon7484
      @mrmoon7484 7 років тому

      you have no idea about "Shahriar". He is world class Electronics engineer. Much more knowledgeable than you

    • @alicekichlu215
      @alicekichlu215 7 років тому

      I DISAGREE!

    • @micglobal
      @micglobal 6 років тому +4

      @The Signal Path, I love your channel, but you should consider re-shooting this video with the corrected schematic shown because of such a glaring error that's inconsistent with your explanation.

    • @neilgroves3592
      @neilgroves3592 6 років тому +3

      The error is already explained....no need to reshoot.

  • @_a.z
    @_a.z 4 роки тому

    Great series!
    The amp looks bare without negative feedback though!

  • @Lowracerman
    @Lowracerman 10 років тому +1

    Very educational. college was fun. I could have learned more if we had enough equipment for everyone in the class to experiment with.

  • @deanedgx
    @deanedgx 3 роки тому

    would the Class A+Class AB configuration be what Quad calls a 'current dumping' amplifier?

  • @toryvaughan4940
    @toryvaughan4940 6 років тому

    Excellent video!!! Thank -you for sharing your knowledge.

  • @XyekiniX
    @XyekiniX 9 років тому

    All the other designs i've seen for the class ab amplifier has d1 and d2 pointing in the same direction(down). can you explain this?

    • @senchu8249
      @senchu8249 9 років тому

      XyekiniX Both diodes (d1 & d2) should be pointing down for correct operation. There is a mistake in the class AB schematic.

  • @Thesignalpath
    @Thesignalpath  12 років тому

    You need a small current flow through D1 and D2. and one of the diodes is backward. I have added a note to the video.

  • @gamalmothersil6943
    @gamalmothersil6943 6 років тому

    If you turn around the top diode how the top NPN will receive a signal from the input

  • @cityzen8539
    @cityzen8539 7 років тому

    whoa..im amazed with all those gears you have there

  • @andymouse
    @andymouse 3 роки тому +1

    This is pure gold...cheers.

  • @violetdeluxe
    @violetdeluxe 9 років тому

    Good job, clear concise easy to follow!

  • @MiamiDfins13
    @MiamiDfins13 6 років тому

    How should I modify the Class A+AB circuit to have voltage gain? Do I need to add an additional stage?