Once again ninja nerd is saving my butt after procrastinating for much too long! The fact that this is so well explained AND that I can put it on x2 speed is a god send!!! We truly don't deserve you and your team!
heyo idk if this is relevant still but there are plugins that let you up the speed beyond 2x, and your brain gets used to it surprisingly fast. Been breezing the respiratory playlist at 3.5x today :^)
I'm honest when I say, your saved my future doctors degree multiple times and still going on! Thank you for all the hard work! Sadly, we can't make you "teacher of the year" officially
Your videos are so well structured and so easy to follow. Thank you for that. It is visible that you are passionate about your work. Thank you for teaching in such a way that even the hardest parts are easy to understand.
Great video! Love the channel, but the S.A discussion is a huge pet peeve of mine. It's not that emphysema reduces the surface area of the alveoli, its that it increases the volume of the alveoli (hyperinflation), RELATIVE to its surface area. Gas exchange is NOT proportional to the surface area, it's proportional to the ratio of V/S.A, which is why we don't see infinitely large cells. The entire reason for forming multiple cells is not to increase surface area but to increase the ratio of V/S.A, which is the limit of gas exchange. If everything was a square, then an object of 1cm has 1^3 cm^3 of volume and 6*1^2 of S.A...pretty good. In this case, V/S.A = 1/6 = 0.16. If this object is now 10 cm, we now have 10^3 = 1000cm^3 volume, but merely 6*10^2 of S.A...way worse. In this case, V/S.A = 1000/600 = 1.67, an increase of 10 times. We now have 10 times as much stuff coming in, as we have the ability to ship it out. When I increased the size of this object, I did NOT decrease its surface area (I increased it by 100X), yet I still impaired gas exchange. The crux of gas exchange is nothing more than a description of the equations between volume and area. For any object, no matter its dimensions or geometric properties, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area, limiting the ultimate size/diameter of entities dependent on gas exchange. Alveoli are small to limit VOLUME, which optimizes the S.A available to transfer that given volume.
is this also the reason why ventilation is worse at the apex compared to the base? bcs ultimately the alveoli are more "stretched"? and ventilation depends on this V/S.A ratio?
@@xDomglmao Hm, I never really thought of it that way. I think with the apical alveoli, it's not that they are "larger", but simply that they don't vary as much (they are larger during expiration, but not at the end of inspiration). The big factor with ventilation in the apex vs. base of the lung has more to do with gravity. If you think about it, both air and blood will have a force of gravity exerted on them. However, since blood is much more dense, the effect of gravity will be significantly MORE influential on blood (think of a balloon filled with air vs. water). As such, way more blood gets into the lower lungs, allowing these capillaries in the lower lung to not get pinched off by the alveoli even at moderate pressure (i.e., during diastole). In the upper lung, since the blood must fight gravity to reach it, it enters with much less pressure, and therefore is unable to overcome the downward pressure of the inflated alveoli (the big stiff alveoli in the top of the lung keeps the capillary pinched shut, unless BP really rises, like during exercise).
"The entire reason for forming multiple cells is not to increase surface area but to increase the ratio of V/S.A"----- Don't you mean DECREASE the ratio of V/S.A? A higher S.A/V ratio is beneficial, right?
While I get what you are saying, I think he based this on Fick's Law of Diffusion, which relies on SA and not V. At least, that is how my physio professors have always based this concept on. So in the lungs, destruction of membranes (via expansion of some alveoli and collapse of others) does decrease SA as well as increase V though reduced elasticity and increased compliance (not discussed much in this video). I will agree that this increases the V:SA ratio, though, yet diffusion depends more on the SA. Thoughts?
His perfusion ventilation video pretty much covered that! Plus the regulations on respiration, as that's how the body decides what to do. I haven't listened to it yet, but going to today. Physio quiz tomorrow lol
Key Concepts Respiratory Membrane Composition 1. Alveolar Cells: Type I Alveolar Cells: Simple squamous epithelium. Involved in gas exchange. Type II Alveolar Cells: Simple cuboidal epithelium. Produces surfactant to decrease surface tension. 2 Basement Membrane: Connective tissue layer between alveolar cells and capillaries. 3. Pulmonary Capillaries: Have endothelial cells lining them, surrounding the alveolar cells and the basement membrane. Thickness of the Respiratory Membrane Normal thickness range: 0.5 to 1 micrometers (may extend up to 2 micrometers). Importance: Thicker membranes impede gas exchange; thinner membranes facilitate it. Pathological conditions affecting thickness: 1. Left-Side Heart Failure: Causes pulmonary edema, increasing membrane thickness, leading to hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. 2. Pneumonia: Causes inflammation and increased permeability, thickening the respiratory membrane, leading to reduced gas exchange. Surface Area of the Respiratory Membrane Larger surface areas facilitate more efficient gas exchange; smaller areas reduce efficiency. Emphysema: Destroyed alveolar walls reduce surface area. Results in decreased gas exchange and is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). Relationships in Gas Exchange: 1. Thickness: Direct Relationship: Thicker = Less Gas Exchange. Inverse proportionality: Increased thickness reduces the efficiency of CO2 and O2 exchange. Examples: Conditions like pneumonia and CHF. 2. Surface Area: Direct Relationship: Larger Surface Area = Increased Gas Exchange. Direct proportionality: More surface area allows for gas exchange. Example: Normal lung structure vs. emphysema-damaged lung. Clinical Implications: Heart Failure and Pneumonia: Increased thickness due to fluid accumulation and inflammation. Result: Decreased oxygenation (hypoxemia) and elevated CO2 (hypercapnia), causing hypoxia and respiratory acidosis. Emphysema: Reduction in surface area due to destroyed alveolar walls. Result: Reduced gas exchange, lower O2 levels (hypoxemia), contributing to COPD. Visual Representation of Gas Exchange: Normal Gas Exchange: Efficient O2 transitions from alveoli to blood within 0.25 seconds out of the 0.75 seconds blood spends in capillaries. Thickened Membrane Scenario: Extended time does not reach full O2 saturation even after 0.75 seconds; leads to hypoxia. Summary of Pathologies: - Thick Membranes: Conditions: CHF, Pneumonia. Effects: Extended gas exchange time, less efficient O2 and CO2 swap, leads to hypoxia. - Thin Membranes: Facilitate efficient gas exchange. - Surface Area: Decreased by conditions like emphysema, leading to reduced gas exchange efficiency.
Once again ninja nerd is saving my butt after procrastinating for much too long! The fact that this is so well explained AND that I can put it on x2 speed is a god send!!! We truly don't deserve you and your team!
heyo idk if this is relevant still but there are plugins that let you up the speed beyond 2x, and your brain gets used to it surprisingly fast. Been breezing the respiratory playlist at 3.5x today :^)
I'm honest when I say, your saved my future doctors degree multiple times and still going on! Thank you for all the hard work! Sadly, we can't make you "teacher of the year" officially
Why does physio become so easy when YOU explain it? Thanks for all of these videos! :)
Exactly, he breaks it down so easily !!
Excellent teaching, thank you so much for all the hard work. I appreciate it. Thank God for you.
+Grace USA Thank you and you’re very welcome!!
i love the way you teach, everything is clear thank you my teacher
5 years later and these videos are still gold thank you so much❤
Your videos are so well structured and so easy to follow. Thank you for that. It is visible that you are passionate about your work. Thank you for teaching in such a way that even the hardest parts are easy to understand.
There is no enough words to thank you ☺️
Your videos have been helping me through respiratory school I don’t know what I would do without you thank you again so much
Brilliant explanation !! I am watching your videos all day every day.... they are SO helpful and clear !!
made concepts clear and you made my day
happy learning with ninja nerd science
Thank u so much for helping us(future doctors). May Allah bless u ❤
Humble thanks from core of my heart.
Love the way you teach. Your very skillful and your drawings are nice. Better than my biology teacher.
srsly you´re my best teacher, so glad i found your channel
you are such a blessing!
Excellent teaching sir . Allah bless you sir
Thank's for making my studies easy.🙏🙏
I love how you break it all down.
My best teacher
Your way of teaching is so easy..thanku so muchhhhhh
Ninja nerd never gets tired of cracking physiology into pieces 🍺
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Just wow!!🔥💪
you make life so much easier, thank you so much 💙💙
The number of times I went OHHHHH now I get it. Thank you man.
Brilliant teacher
Physio has never been easier
+Nguyen Nguyen that's our goal at ninja nerd science!!!i'm so glad that we were able to help
reaaally amazing
Thank you❤ so much for your lots of effort to make us understand
Excellent teaching..
Great video! Love the channel, but the S.A discussion is a huge pet peeve of mine.
It's not that emphysema reduces the surface area of the alveoli, its that it increases the volume of the alveoli (hyperinflation), RELATIVE to its surface area. Gas exchange is NOT proportional to the surface area, it's proportional to the ratio of V/S.A, which is why we don't see infinitely large cells. The entire reason for forming multiple cells is not to increase surface area but to increase the ratio of V/S.A, which is the limit of gas exchange. If everything was a square, then an object of 1cm has 1^3 cm^3 of volume and 6*1^2 of S.A...pretty good. In this case, V/S.A = 1/6 = 0.16.
If this object is now 10 cm, we now have 10^3 = 1000cm^3 volume, but merely 6*10^2 of S.A...way worse. In this case, V/S.A = 1000/600 = 1.67, an increase of 10 times. We now have 10 times as much stuff coming in, as we have the ability to ship it out. When I increased the size of this object, I did NOT decrease its surface area (I increased it by 100X), yet I still impaired gas exchange.
The crux of gas exchange is nothing more than a description of the equations between volume and area. For any object, no matter its dimensions or geometric properties, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area, limiting the ultimate size/diameter of entities dependent on gas exchange.
Alveoli are small to limit VOLUME, which optimizes the S.A available to transfer that given volume.
is this also the reason why ventilation is worse at the apex compared to the base? bcs ultimately the alveoli are more "stretched"? and ventilation depends on this V/S.A ratio?
@@xDomglmao Hm, I never really thought of it that way.
I think with the apical alveoli, it's not that they are "larger", but simply that they don't vary as much (they are larger during expiration, but not at the end of inspiration). The big factor with ventilation in the apex vs. base of the lung has more to do with gravity.
If you think about it, both air and blood will have a force of gravity exerted on them. However, since blood is much more dense, the effect of gravity will be significantly MORE influential on blood (think of a balloon filled with air vs. water).
As such, way more blood gets into the lower lungs, allowing these capillaries in the lower lung to not get pinched off by the alveoli even at moderate pressure (i.e., during diastole). In the upper lung, since the blood must fight gravity to reach it, it enters with much less pressure, and therefore is unable to overcome the downward pressure of the inflated alveoli (the big stiff alveoli in the top of the lung keeps the capillary pinched shut, unless BP really rises, like during exercise).
"The entire reason for forming multiple cells is not to increase surface area but to increase the ratio of V/S.A"----- Don't you mean DECREASE the ratio of V/S.A? A higher S.A/V ratio is beneficial, right?
@@tompa3537 yes my apologies that’s a typo. We want more S.A relative to volume (so a lower V/S.A)
While I get what you are saying, I think he based this on Fick's Law of Diffusion, which relies on SA and not V. At least, that is how my physio professors have always based this concept on. So in the lungs, destruction of membranes (via expansion of some alveoli and collapse of others) does decrease SA as well as increase V though reduced elasticity and increased compliance (not discussed much in this video). I will agree that this increases the V:SA ratio, though, yet diffusion depends more on the SA. Thoughts?
youre the best!
Amazing!
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very helpful i clear all my doubt and questions. thank you so much
the absolute easiest explanation in human history
Love your videos!!!!
appreciate what you are doing!!!
This is awesome explanation, thank You so much
Thank you sir❤️❤️
This guy is a genius 🧐
15:49
There a mistake . Alpha 1 antitrypsin is not produced by lung. It's actually produced by liver .
Thank you🙏🏻😍
Quelle agréable sensation que de comprendre sans se heurter.
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Idk why we humans after seen all these amazing things still believe there is no creator and it’s all just present
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i dont mind if you add some advertisement in this video! hope it can help!, btw thank for everything you helped me a lot for my exams!
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Some studying tips for physiology and other medical modules please... BDW ... love the lectures!
NEET student here ..... Thank you ... You video really helped me
Great video, but just a quick question; what would cause an increase in surface area?
Thank you.
adamın dibi
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Can you explain what is stale air present in lungs
Sir plz start some videos on anatomy
awesome
hello..
can you please make a video on
how does the blood flow in different area in lung..?
thankyou..!!
His perfusion ventilation video pretty much covered that! Plus the regulations on respiration, as that's how the body decides what to do. I haven't listened to it yet, but going to today. Physio quiz tomorrow lol
Thanck you so much Doctor. 🌸
But I have simle question, it is : if the lung bronchiole and alveoli, have mucus gland in there surface?? 🤔🤔
So when we’re using CPAP/BIPAP etc we’re increasing the alveolar surface area? Which is why more oxygen can be diffused?
Where can we get the notes of ninja nerd lectures?
LOYALTY
nice
Is external respiration the same as breathing? I want to know; thanks
Yes
❤
18:33
Key Concepts
Respiratory Membrane Composition
1. Alveolar Cells:
Type I Alveolar Cells: Simple squamous epithelium. Involved in gas exchange.
Type II Alveolar Cells: Simple cuboidal epithelium. Produces surfactant to decrease surface tension.
2 Basement Membrane: Connective tissue layer between alveolar cells and capillaries.
3. Pulmonary Capillaries: Have endothelial cells lining them, surrounding the alveolar cells and the basement membrane.
Thickness of the Respiratory Membrane
Normal thickness range: 0.5 to 1 micrometers (may extend up to 2 micrometers).
Importance: Thicker membranes impede gas exchange; thinner membranes facilitate it.
Pathological conditions affecting thickness:
1. Left-Side Heart Failure: Causes pulmonary edema, increasing membrane thickness, leading to hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis.
2. Pneumonia: Causes inflammation and increased permeability, thickening the respiratory membrane, leading to reduced gas exchange.
Surface Area of the Respiratory Membrane
Larger surface areas facilitate more efficient gas exchange; smaller areas reduce efficiency.
Emphysema:
Destroyed alveolar walls reduce surface area.
Results in decreased gas exchange and is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).
Relationships in Gas Exchange:
1. Thickness:
Direct Relationship: Thicker = Less Gas Exchange.
Inverse proportionality: Increased thickness reduces the efficiency of CO2 and O2 exchange.
Examples: Conditions like pneumonia and CHF.
2. Surface Area:
Direct Relationship: Larger Surface Area = Increased Gas Exchange.
Direct proportionality: More surface area allows for gas exchange.
Example: Normal lung structure vs. emphysema-damaged lung.
Clinical Implications:
Heart Failure and Pneumonia:
Increased thickness due to fluid accumulation and inflammation.
Result: Decreased oxygenation (hypoxemia) and elevated CO2 (hypercapnia), causing hypoxia and respiratory acidosis.
Emphysema:
Reduction in surface area due to destroyed alveolar walls.
Result: Reduced gas exchange, lower O2 levels (hypoxemia), contributing to COPD.
Visual Representation of Gas Exchange:
Normal Gas Exchange:
Efficient O2 transitions from alveoli to blood within 0.25 seconds out of the 0.75 seconds blood spends in capillaries.
Thickened Membrane Scenario:
Extended time does not reach full O2 saturation even after 0.75 seconds; leads to hypoxia.
Summary of Pathologies:
- Thick Membranes:
Conditions: CHF, Pneumonia.
Effects: Extended gas exchange time, less efficient O2 and CO2 swap, leads to hypoxia.
- Thin Membranes:
Facilitate efficient gas exchange.
- Surface Area:
Decreased by conditions like emphysema, leading to reduced gas exchange efficiency.
you're the best sir ^^ (T.T)
But how surface area increases sir I didn't get from your precious vedio😐
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Let us get married
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omg
Thank u sir 🥰