Out of everyone in this space, I favor your content and words more so then others. I always feel better about the world and become more motivated everytime you speak of upward spirals. Your work is inspiring. I'm only on rented area right now with limited space but landlord said I can get some sheep on our 7 acres once I get rid of a couple of his cows and begin working on my own upward spiral to try and show my landlord we can heal the land that we have now. Thanks for your stuff Takota.
You showed very little of the skimmer and how it works. According to your title, I was hoping to see the actual skimmer. Most of the time we just got to see and hear you talk and the camera making all the viewers dizzy
Ha! Years ago when I saw your first videos on duckweed, I began thinking of a skimmer to do it. Being a machinist my whole life I have seen floating type oil skimmers used for coolant purposes and designed something for duckweed very similar to what you are using. Ofc my design was using readily available materials I had on hand and not a commercially designed and produced unit… but nearly identical none the less. Great stuff. Great content. Glad to see you back.
@Takota Coen: Other thoughts: Have a water jet on the other side of the pump dock aimed away from your pump, with the water outflow stream running parallel to the shore. This will set up a circular water flow dynamic in the pond and should direct more of the surface floating weed into your skimmer. This process would also have the added benefit of pulling nitrate/nitride runoff pollutants out of your pond outflow. The pellets could probably be used to add nitrogen and organic matter to high intensity growing beds or spread in your pasture if you have sufficient production. Good luck. You are onto an excellent idea.
@Takota Coen: Consider a solar drying unit/s and a feed pelletizer. Pump into a fine mesh gravity draining barrel/tower then solar dryer, and finally, the pelletizer. Entry-level pelletizers can be had for $700-$1400 USD They come in both Feed pelletizers, and wood pelletizers (Stall and coop bedding, or fuel for pellet stoves). This setup would be a compliment to your Closed loop, sustainable system.
Haha great Joe Salatin quote. My buddy always says “a bad plan today is better than a good plan tomorrow”. Not very permaculturee lmao but sometimes true when trying to just get some stuff done.
Glad to see a some updates, I value your videos more then any of the other ones I keep up on although Verge Permaculture and Canadian Permaculture Legacy are both right up there as well. Yours are more overall practical and always challenging or improving on the norm.
He feeds pigs on cattails by the pigs harvest the cattails themselves. Since the pigs will dig up the roots also, so he uses those not grazed that year to harvest the seeds and spreads them in the eaten down area to create new cattail for later harvesting.
Good for compost, maybe even biodiesel? Another farmer tried feeding duckweed to all his animals (chickens, Turkeys, Goats and pigs) and in his case, only the pigs like to eat it. So he turned it all in with his compost pile. Your chickens definitely seem to like it, so that is a good thing.
Very cool. I'm planning a small high tunnel over a padi field, to grow duckweed. It'll take the runoff from the duck pond, as well as the effluent from a small biogas plant.
Great adaptation. However, if you're interested in duckweed that much, especially over the winter, your best bet isn't to put some greenhouse contraption over an irregularly shaped pond, but to move the "pond" into a standard greenhouse. You're talking about hydroponics, basically, and that's easy to do in a greenhouse. You could build it so there are skinners at the ends of the tables, helping to pull the water and duckweed into a collection system. As fast as this stuff seems to grow, I don't think it'd be any problem to get some established and flourishing in a GH. Being able to control the water also means you can add nutrients that aren't available in the natural setting. Maybe boost the protein or calcium or iron, depending on what you find works best. Not only could you run a GH during the winter, but you can keep it running all year long and always know how much food you're producing.
Nice innovations. Wonder if the cattail would silage as well. Cupplant (sylphium perfoliatum) has been used for silage in Eastern Europe since at least the 80s and should grow well on your property. Yields like corn and tests protein like alfalfa. Great to see you using abundant unexploited resources of the prairies.
You know I have never thought of that, but I guarantee it would! I know my cows love to eat them when they are still green. I’ve even eaten the young shoots before, they taste very similar to a mild celery
3" pipe press, use simple 1 ton jack, some pipe, welder... press out the water, re-grind the pucks into powder, dry on screens. Fan dry for ???hours. Mix with grasses /seeds/ dried cattails...Pour into a hammer mill to make pellets. Ferments that in the winter.
Nice. I will have to keep this in mind as people constantly ask us in our business about duck weed. I have been referring to your videos for a few years. But I like the upgrade.
Brilliant Takota. If it’s easier for you to use handheld than a camera stand, I don’t mind. I’d rather see an educational video from you, then a perfect captured one. 😀 or nothing at all, because you are busy.
Yes.... Ferment duckweed with salt in sauerkraut type fermenting device to feed to chickens and pigs in winter Yes... Use greenhouse over the pond to increase pond temp over winter
Greetings, Have you thought about using a ram pump to move your weed/water? I believe you could deepen an area of your pond bottom to place the ram and get enough "head" pressure to energize the pump and force the flow up to your screens, etc..
thats a nice plant sewage treatment plant at work... if you had some produce as well you could also use the food waste from fruits and vegetables to produce black soldier larva as another protein source.
Really really appreciate your videos so much. We just got a semi trash pump for 300 at harbor freight and its amazing but its gas lol im sure they have some electric versions
Fuel vs Feed~ I have a 1/4 acre pond that stays productive year-round. My mission is to use it as input for a Biogas Digester and generate Methane (CH4). It should make a great energy source and be something to consider in your calculations for the cost of operations.
I think it be better as feed, as compared to when you use it for methane I feel as if you waste the valuable proteins fatty acids, anti-oxidants and carbs contained within the plant, not to mention its a very inefficent proccess, I think bio-gas should be produced off of food waste not from edible feed, Its like the production of ethanol instead of eating that corn you decide to put it through a proccess in which you lose 70 percent or more of starting energy and its not even profitable without government subsidies.
Have you check at harbor freight tools , they had a pump at one time for around $300-$400 US dollars. Not sure if this would work for you but it is probably worth a look. What you are doing sounds great.
Truly amazing content!! Thankyou.... I would love to spend a few days on your farm and just observe... then maybe have a nice dinner afterwards with a few questions.... again thanks! Why?? you get it.... So pursue the green house idea.... it will only amp up production!
I did a little experiment with azolla, an aquatic fern much like duck weed, this summer for my chickens. They weren’t really into it. I will try duck weed next time. Great ideas btw.
Feeding fermented weed to your chickens and pigs. They must love you!🤣But yes, having lived the farm life I know all about silage. Another You Tuber was having (and still is) problems with duckweed and so far he's only got the pig to buy in on it. And his respondents said give them time. I like your attitude and thinking.
@CarnevalOne it will be dry weight. In the end it doesn't matter if he has his arithmetic wrong, the point is he's turning a pond polluted by excess fertilizer into a productive generator of animal feed. I like his innovative approach.
6:56 Having a greenhouse will substantially reduce the daily light integral at the water level. I wonder how this would affect the growth rate of duckweed. If there is a substantial negative correlation there might value in exploring other ways to increase the water temp without building a greenhouse, perhaps a solar heater.
The war in Ukraine is putting a stress on nitrogen for farming. Protein equals nitrogen. A high protein plant that does not dehydrate well makes a potential aqueous solution that can be sprayed or row drilled for AG purposes is a God send for a world looking at potential food shortages. Who would a person talk to in their location to see if this can be bumped up large scale. I see aqueous manure spreaders from dairy farms all the time in my area. You are right that skimmer does change things. There are ponds all around us that are duckweed havens. There are lakes that need cleaning in areas that are chocked with algae and duck weed that get poisoned that don't have to be.
very interesting, you may have mentioned it and I may have missed it but do you know the protein content is? and really intrigued by the idea of putting some of it up for feeding, slick setup which will improve with time👍 I live in an area that duckweed is pretty prevalent😳
yes he did mention it and you can google it there is tons of info about duckweed on the internet already, its great to see the farm community taking notice of it
Hey man, did you ever consider using mob grazing on your pasture? I can see many benefits of your system (especially the turning the effluents into nutrients), but I am wondering how easily that fits with mob grazing (even if you only imagine introducing it).
It would be possible to easily work out a formula for duck weed production. Ie the ratio of square yards of water needed per pig/chicken multiply it by your stocking rate to give you the size of pond /greenhouse you would need. A shallow pond formed with a pond liner over a long wide trough with say eighteen inches of organic matter would keep the water warm during your winter and provide compost for your vegetables once rotted, further the pond could also produce crops of fish or crayfish.This in turn would control the larvae of flying pests. Could the duck weed be air dried in a second poly tunnel to provide a form of hay??could it be mixed with molasses for beef or milk production??? once dried. I think you might be better off leaving your present pond as is and starting afresh with a new system then if it does not work the green houses could be put to other use. The rotting compost should even provide gas for cooking and heating a little like capped waste dumps. Or to run a drier for the pond weed?
@@charleswalters5284 yep, but still need to consider the entire cycle. For example phosphorus, I agree that some phosphorus is provided in the run off, but if the duckweed is fed exclusively to animals, and some of the animals are harvested, eventually you run out of phosphates. If new feed is regularly introduced to the system, such as feed from mill, then that is an external source of phosphates and not truely a closed loop.
Sadly they are listed as an invasive species here, even though they are native, so the bureaucrats won’t let me! I would love to add them and catfish to the system
Anyone have suggestions on where to get duckweed? I bought some last year and it didn't make it. I live in southern Arizona and every bit I put into the pond disappeared. I believe it was the myriad of fish. I'd very much appreciate any insights. Thanks!
Your content is highly educational and innovative, the handheld camera work with your face in the foreground and the background spinning around is close to unwatchable. The wind noise is distracting as well. Please consider doing voice over instead and if you are going to pan the camera, please, nothing in the near foreground. Just a couple of small changes to make your content easier to absorb. You have great content and amazing comprehensive animal husbandry practices.
@@TakotaCoen not much... we just use the generic net on a stick kind... maybe grabs a gallon or so at a time... we only have 20 birds.. they sure like it! :)
you never really mentioned, but how long do you run your pump to harvest X amount of duckweed per day with that automated system? usually pumps like that burn fuel pretty quick, do you think a 12 volt pump will work on this?
Lots of effort not much results. Keep it up and the government will get rid of beef and will be feeding us this stuff blended with a little soluit green.
I could barely watch this… uhhh uhhh uhhh uhhh uhhhhh uhhhh. How about you take a moment before you hit record to think about what you’re going to say, then say it without all the uhhhhhhs and ummmms
Out of everyone in this space, I favor your content and words more so then others. I always feel better about the world and become more motivated everytime you speak of upward spirals. Your work is inspiring. I'm only on rented area right now with limited space but landlord said I can get some sheep on our 7 acres once I get rid of a couple of his cows and begin working on my own upward spiral to try and show my landlord we can heal the land that we have now. Thanks for your stuff Takota.
You showed very little of the skimmer and how it works. According to your title, I was hoping to see the actual skimmer. Most of the time we just got to see and hear you talk and the camera making all the viewers dizzy
Ha! Years ago when I saw your first videos on duckweed, I began thinking of a skimmer to do it. Being a machinist my whole life I have seen floating type oil skimmers used for coolant purposes and designed something for duckweed very similar to what you are using. Ofc my design was using readily available materials I had on hand and not a commercially designed and produced unit… but nearly identical none the less. Great stuff. Great content. Glad to see you back.
Nice, if you ever come up with a design I’d love to test it!
Ever since i got introduced to duckweed as an aquarist i've been amazed at the growth potential of it, its very cool to see it utilized like this!
I love your system and setup. Excited for the next update!
Thank you!
@Takota Coen: Other thoughts: Have a water jet on the other side of the pump dock aimed away from your pump, with the water outflow stream running parallel to the shore. This will set up a circular water flow dynamic in the pond and should direct more of the surface floating weed into your skimmer.
This process would also have the added benefit of pulling nitrate/nitride runoff pollutants out of your pond outflow.
The pellets could probably be used to add nitrogen and organic matter to high intensity growing beds or spread in your pasture if you have sufficient production.
Good luck. You are onto an excellent idea.
Amazine! Just what I was thinking about! Amazing duckweed prefers to use ammonia before nitrates! & gives lots of protien.
I like this. Great idea! Ties in nicely with your recent interview on TWF podcast. Cheers, brother!
@Takota Coen: Consider a solar drying unit/s and a feed pelletizer. Pump into a fine mesh gravity draining barrel/tower then solar dryer, and finally, the pelletizer.
Entry-level pelletizers can be had for $700-$1400 USD They come in both Feed pelletizers, and wood pelletizers (Stall and coop bedding, or fuel for pellet stoves).
This setup would be a compliment to your Closed loop, sustainable system.
This could be massive for growing onsite chicken and livestock feed.
Looking forward to seeing your progress.
Love the skimmer!
I have a dozen dugouts covered in duckweed all summer, interesting idea.
Greetings from western Manitoba
Very cool!
Haha great Joe Salatin quote. My buddy always says “a bad plan today is better than a good plan tomorrow”. Not very permaculturee lmao but sometimes true when trying to just get some stuff done.
Glad to see a some updates, I value your videos more then any of the other ones I keep up on although Verge Permaculture and Canadian Permaculture Legacy are both right up there as well. Yours are more overall practical and always challenging or improving on the norm.
Hey Takota, nice to hear from you. This looks interesting.
@Takota Coen: Those overgrown Cattails/reeds.... Mow them, shred them, use directly as bedding, or pelletize them for a variety of uses
He feeds pigs on cattails by the pigs harvest the cattails themselves. Since the pigs will dig up the roots also, so he uses those not grazed that year to harvest the seeds and spreads them in the eaten down area to create new cattail for later harvesting.
Good for compost, maybe even biodiesel?
Another farmer tried feeding duckweed to all his animals (chickens, Turkeys, Goats and pigs) and in his case, only the pigs like to eat it.
So he turned it all in with his compost pile.
Your chickens definitely seem to like it, so that is a good thing.
🤍 Keep us posted on the improvements of collection and preservation of the duck weed! Exciting stuff.
Very cool. I'm planning a small high tunnel over a padi field, to grow duckweed. It'll take the runoff from the duck pond, as well as the effluent from a small biogas plant.
Awesome send me a video when it’s done!
smart alternative use for an existing tool, dude. that thing would be an insane game changer for utilising duck weed.
Great adaptation. However, if you're interested in duckweed that much, especially over the winter, your best bet isn't to put some greenhouse contraption over an irregularly shaped pond, but to move the "pond" into a standard greenhouse. You're talking about hydroponics, basically, and that's easy to do in a greenhouse. You could build it so there are skinners at the ends of the tables, helping to pull the water and duckweed into a collection system. As fast as this stuff seems to grow, I don't think it'd be any problem to get some established and flourishing in a GH. Being able to control the water also means you can add nutrients that aren't available in the natural setting. Maybe boost the protein or calcium or iron, depending on what you find works best. Not only could you run a GH during the winter, but you can keep it running all year long and always know how much food you're producing.
Hi Coen. How is the system working for you looking term? Super interesting system of farming you have set up.
Nice innovations. Wonder if the cattail would silage as well. Cupplant (sylphium perfoliatum) has been used for silage in Eastern Europe since at least the 80s and should grow well on your property. Yields like corn and tests protein like alfalfa. Great to see you using abundant unexploited resources of the prairies.
You know I have never thought of that, but I guarantee it would! I know my cows love to eat them when they are still green. I’ve even eaten the young shoots before, they taste very similar to a mild celery
3" pipe press, use simple 1 ton jack, some pipe, welder... press out the water, re-grind the pucks into powder, dry on screens. Fan dry for ???hours. Mix with grasses /seeds/ dried cattails...Pour into a hammer mill to make pellets. Ferments that in the winter.
You could also try ensiling it with the grains, you'll adjust the DM content an ferment the grain at the same time
This is awesome to see in practice. I built one of these out of some puck board and PVC pipe but doesn't work nearly as well as yours does
This dude is as exciting as watching duck weed grow
Maybe it's you
Nice. I will have to keep this in mind as people constantly ask us in our business about duck weed. I have been referring to your videos for a few years. But I like the upgrade.
Very exciting information! I can't wait to see how it works out.
Show the thing in action and working it’s why I’m watching this
Brilliant Takota. If it’s easier for you to use handheld than a camera stand, I don’t mind. I’d rather see an educational video from you, then a perfect captured one. 😀 or nothing at all, because you are busy.
Awesome my man, keep up the good work!
I would like to hear more about fermented duckweed. I'm working on doing hydroponic to grow this in winter
Yes.... Ferment duckweed with salt in sauerkraut type fermenting device to feed to chickens and pigs in winter
Yes... Use greenhouse over the pond to increase pond temp over winter
Greetings,
Have you thought about using a ram pump to move your weed/water? I believe you could deepen an area of your pond bottom to place the ram and get enough "head" pressure to energize the pump and force the flow up to your screens, etc..
thats a nice plant sewage treatment plant at work... if you had some produce as well you could also use the food waste from fruits and vegetables to produce black soldier larva as another protein source.
My fishtanks grow a bunch of duckweed all winter long using regular LED lights. Maybe set up some tubs in your barn.
Really really appreciate your videos so much. We just got a semi trash pump for 300 at harbor freight and its amazing but its gas lol im sure they have some electric versions
Fuel vs Feed~ I have a 1/4 acre pond that stays productive year-round. My mission is to use it as input for a Biogas Digester and generate Methane (CH4). It should make a great energy source and be something to consider in your calculations for the cost of operations.
I think it be better as feed, as compared to when you use it for methane I feel as if you waste the valuable proteins fatty acids, anti-oxidants and carbs contained within the plant, not to mention its a very inefficent proccess, I think bio-gas should be produced off of food waste not from edible feed, Its like the production of ethanol instead of eating that corn you decide to put it through a proccess in which you lose 70 percent or more of starting energy and its not even profitable without government subsidies.
Awesome use for that machine.
Where are the links to these systems?
Wow looks great, but why not create a flow with a small pump at one end and a sieve at the other end?
Have you check at harbor freight tools , they had a pump at one time for around $300-$400 US dollars. Not sure if this would work for you but it is probably worth a look. What you are doing sounds great.
Truly amazing content!! Thankyou.... I would love to spend a few days on your farm and just observe... then maybe have a nice dinner afterwards with a few questions....
again thanks! Why?? you get it....
So pursue the green house idea.... it will only amp up production!
I did a little experiment with azolla, an aquatic fern much like duck weed, this summer for my chickens. They weren’t really into it. I will try duck weed next time. Great ideas btw.
Loved the video,, but I would have loved to see a bit more in depth shots of the skimmer!
Feeding fermented weed to your chickens and pigs. They must love you!🤣But yes, having lived the farm life I know all about silage. Another You Tuber was having (and still is) problems with duckweed and so far he's only got the pig to buy in on it. And his respondents said give them time. I like your attitude and thinking.
No one ever specifies dry vs wet weight. Duckweed seems to be at least 90% water. I seriously doubt it has 40% protein by wet weight.
@CarnevalOne it will be dry weight. In the end it doesn't matter if he has his arithmetic wrong, the point is he's turning a pond polluted by excess fertilizer into a productive generator of animal feed.
I like his innovative approach.
The harbor freight tools , I was talking about a trash pump.
6:56 Having a greenhouse will substantially reduce the daily light integral at the water level. I wonder how this would affect the growth rate of duckweed. If there is a substantial negative correlation there might value in exploring other ways to increase the water temp without building a greenhouse, perhaps a solar heater.
How did the duckweed do this year? Like your skimmer idea.
The war in Ukraine is putting a stress on nitrogen for farming. Protein equals nitrogen. A high protein plant that does not dehydrate well makes a potential aqueous solution that can be sprayed or row drilled for AG purposes is a God send for a world looking at potential food shortages. Who would a person talk to in their location to see if this can be bumped up large scale. I see aqueous manure spreaders from dairy farms all the time in my area. You are right that skimmer does change things. There are ponds all around us that are duckweed havens. There are lakes that need cleaning in areas that are chocked with algae and duck weed that get poisoned that don't have to be.
very interesting, you may have mentioned it and I may have missed it but do you know the protein content is? and really intrigued by the idea of putting some of it up for feeding, slick setup which will improve with time👍 I live in an area that duckweed is pretty prevalent😳
yes he did mention it and you can google it there is tons of info about duckweed on the internet already, its great to see the farm community taking notice of it
Hey man, did you ever consider using mob grazing on your pasture? I can see many benefits of your system (especially the turning the effluents into nutrients), but I am wondering how easily that fits with mob grazing (even if you only imagine introducing it).
You know I love Machines!
Let me know when you order
I’m digging a nutrient pond this fall
Where did you get that skimmer? Any brand?
This plant cloning better than anything😂
You could build a skimmer for next to nothing. The pump would be the only real cost.
would duckweed work as a green manure to help amend heavy soil?
Would putting a greenhouse over your pond turn the whole thing into a solar still?
what about a pellet machine? drying might be a problem?
What an awesome Idea!
It would be possible to easily work out a formula for duck weed production. Ie the ratio of square yards of water needed per pig/chicken multiply it by your stocking rate to give you the size of pond /greenhouse you would need. A shallow pond formed with a pond liner over a long wide trough with say eighteen inches of organic matter would keep the water warm during your winter and provide compost for your vegetables once rotted, further the pond could also produce crops of fish or crayfish.This in turn would control the larvae of flying pests. Could the duck weed be air dried in a second poly tunnel to provide a form of hay??could it be mixed with molasses for beef or milk production??? once dried. I think you might be better off leaving your present pond as is and starting afresh with a new system then if it does not work the green houses could be put to other use. The rotting compost should even provide gas for cooking and heating a little like capped waste dumps. Or to run a drier for the pond weed?
0:52 - it also need nutrients like other plants N, P, K and Ca, Mg, S + micros
All those and more in organic runoff water he gives them
@@charleswalters5284 yep, but still need to consider the entire cycle. For example phosphorus, I agree that some phosphorus is provided in the run off, but if the duckweed is fed exclusively to animals, and some of the animals are harvested, eventually you run out of phosphates. If new feed is regularly introduced to the system, such as feed from mill, then that is an external source of phosphates and not truely a closed loop.
Do you use the duckweed for compost, at all? Seems like something that would enrich you compost pile
I was wondering the same thing
did you ever find an electric trash pump??
The Duckweed Master
Really cool !
are you going to show it in action?
He did!
Love this content
Any crayfish in the pond? :)
Sadly they are listed as an invasive species here, even though they are native, so the bureaucrats won’t let me! I would love to add them and catfish to the system
@@TakotaCoen how can they stop you?
Which of your animals are eating it?
Anyone have suggestions on where to get duckweed? I bought some last year and it didn't make it. I live in southern Arizona and every bit I put into the pond disappeared. I believe it was the myriad of fish. I'd very much appreciate any insights. Thanks!
Everybody loves to eat duckweed! Secure a minnow net just under the surface where you put the duckweed to keep a base where it can grow from.
Try aquarium or pond stores, or call local ag. extension agent and ask who has it in a pond near you
Yes I’ll take two..
Can it be freeze dried?
Probably, but it is very energy intensive
Your content is highly educational and innovative, the handheld camera work with your face in the foreground and the background spinning around is close to unwatchable. The wind noise is distracting as well. Please consider doing voice over instead and if you are going to pan the camera, please, nothing in the near foreground. Just a couple of small changes to make your content easier to absorb. You have great content and amazing comprehensive animal husbandry practices.
Your video is fine. Keep up the good work!
Eat ginger or kimchee before watching to prevent nausea
we use a pool skimmer on a pole to grab our duckweed to feed to our mother cluckers. chickens.
Awesome what brand/model did you use? How much could it harvest?
@@TakotaCoen not much... we just use the generic net on a stick kind... maybe grabs a gallon or so at a time... we only have 20 birds.. they sure like it! :)
you never really mentioned, but how long do you run your pump to harvest X amount of duckweed per day with that automated system? usually pumps like that burn fuel pretty quick, do you think a 12 volt pump will work on this?
At peak growth I was harvesting about 1 gallon per minute
Pigs may eat duckweed but all other farm animals have to be staving before they'll eat it..
Mix it with your silage
Would u eat it?
Animals love it, regardless of whether a human would like it.
I don't eat grass, but cattle sure like it!
Some vegan companies use it for a protein powder called water lentils
shame i came to watch and understand the skimmer
5 mins 40 sec and I haven’t seen anything yet.
It doesn’t show how it works
1:55 why do you want soy free feed?
Maybe he doesn't want to feminize all his animals, or maybe he doesn't want the ill health from genetic engineering or bug/plant killing poisons.
@@charleswalters5284 maybe, maybe could get GMO free soy
Lots of effort not much results. Keep it up and the government will get rid of beef and will be feeding us this stuff blended with a little soluit green.
You could have at least run the system for a few seconds for demonstrative purposes.
I did. There are several clips of it in action
Maybe a little less face in the camera and a bit more on the subject matter.
The last farmer that harvested duckweed found out that only his pigs would eat it.......
to much of your face, show more action...
I could barely watch this… uhhh uhhh uhhh uhhh uhhhhh uhhhh. How about you take a moment before you hit record to think about what you’re going to say, then say it without all the uhhhhhhs and ummmms