The Kapp Putsch of 1920
Вставка
- Опубліковано 15 лют 2018
- By 1920, Germany had been transformed from an authoritarian monarchist state under the Kaiser to a republic with a democratically elected parliament and president. However, not all Germans were pleased with the new changes, in fact the majority either wished for totally different, Communist-oriented government or for a return to the way things were under the Kaiser. Supporters of the latter could be found aplenty in the Freikorps, roving bands of semi-official war veterans ridding the country of its socialist and communist would-be revolutionaries. However when they were ordered to disband some of their most elite units, they instead marched on Berlin and kicked off what would become known as the Kapp Putsch on March 13th 1920.
Music Used:
Midsummer Night's Dream - Felix Mendelssohn
Hungarian Rhapsody - Franz Liszt
Up and Away - Holfix
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YmM_...
All images are from the Public Domain of Wikimedia Commons and Pixabay.
Related Videos of Mine:
Weimar Republic Playlist:
The Revolution that could have turned Germany Communist in 1919:
ua-cam.com/users/edit?o=U&vide...
Why is Belgium so Divided?
• Why is Belgium so Divi...
The United Nations and the League of Nations:
• The United Nations and...
The History of the Peaky Blinders:
• The History of Peaky B...
Explaining the Many Names of Germany:
• Explaining the Many Na...
What did Spain do in World War II?
• What did Spain do in W...
The Russian Revolution:
• The Russian Revolution...
The Netherlands, Holland and the Low Countries:
• The Netherlands, Holla...
How did the Weimar Republic Pay Reparations?
• The Weimar Republic - ...
Weimar Politics 1924 - 1928:
• Weimar Politics 1924 -...
Weimar Political Parties:
• Weimar Political Parti...
Was Von Papen to blame for Hitler's Rise to Power?
• Was Von Papen to blame...
The Role of Foreigners in the Spanish Civil War:
• The Role of Foreigners...
The Weimar Presidential Election of 1925:
• The Weimar Election of...
How did Hitler Become Chancellor of Germany in 1933?
• How did Hitler become ...
Soviet Ambition in Europe after World War II:
• Soviet Ambitions in Eu...
Why is North Korea Communist?
• Why is North Korea a C...
The UN and the League of Nations:
• The United Nations and...
Related Videos by Other Channels:
Original Footage of the Kapp Putsch:
• GCSE History: What was...
German Revolution:
• German Revolution | 3 ...
Patreon
/ historywithhilbert
Vid.me Channel: (RIP)
vid.me/HistoricHilbert
Twitter:
/ historywhilbert
Facebook: / history-with. .
Send me an email if you'd be interested in doing a collaboration! historywithhilbert@gmail.com
They went *Kapp-ut* am I right?
I'm sorry
🤣 I guess you mean kaputt
whitepiano23
Bad puns go KAPUT!
Wei(mar) did you make that joke?
Dang
Why Are You Sorry? It's Funny...
Fry Core is a group of Germans who meet regularly to eat French fries and other fried foods.
Frei Korps: Free Corps
Nikki M. Solis
Hahahah you silly boy
Yeah, but they are called "Pommes" here in Germany, so meh.
Freikorps*
Nikki M. Solis Fry Core sounds like a cool name for the kitchen staff in the army
why do you use Germany's today borders and not the post-Versailles?
Because he can't find any royalty free maps of Germany from that time period, so I made these for him.
imgur.com/3l5mQnX
imgur.com/AW8XjzA
Hilbert, if you ever need any more royalty free maps of anything just ask and I'll be happy to deliver.
anexed by poland
Decision UK USA and Soviet Union.
Thor the swagger copyright issues
Because, Assholes on youtube would demonize your video, if you even dare think about using anything without there 'promise'. They would even ban the video if you dare use it.
Welcome to youtube. Big Brother is always watching you. And there's nothing you can do about it.
I do love the Kapp Putsch. It's like the middle sibling between the Spartcists and the Beer Hall Putsch and is almost never talked about. Thank you for doing a video on this!
Red Star Undead
In the great family of Weimar instabilities, the Kapp putsch is that one kid that always get left behind.
Indeed!
Minor objection: German army in Latvian civil war was fighting against the Bolsheviks AND the democratic government.
The way you nailed the prononciation of Versailles is quite impressive.
6:00
that was the cutest "Putsch" ive ever heard in my entire life
you used the actual size ratios of the flags! Finally people understand it
Ben Highway wich one?
Johnny DaZ flags have different size ratios. For example, the flag of Switzerland is a perfect square, and the flag of Qatar is much more elongated. The video uses these different ratios, and most people tend to ignore those.
Excellent video, Thanks!
Could you put the new Weimar videos on the playlist? I like listening to it over and over and it'd be nice if the new ones were on there. I'm very happy you're returning to this topic, btw. Thanks, man.
So... will we be getting a Beer Hall Putsch video next? I certainly hope so.
The way you pronounce ther German words sounds very French. I kinda like it lol
He’s Dutch. It’s sort of a hybrid of the two nations.
@@a.morphous66 I thought if you mix French and German. You get English. What the hell Dutch?
@Frist Name Last Name dutch are more like a German dialect which wasn’t affected that hard by Luther’s bible because they left the HRE at one point and Luther’s dialect was pretty much modern German so their dialect is further away of modern German. In the past German wasn’t one United language but very different.
@@fristnamelastname5549 Dutch, French, Latin, German and (Scandinavian) make English. Old English and Dutch (also Low German) oven are very similar, as the people who came form these areas were Saxons.
@@sergeantsharkseant no, Dutch isn't a German dialect. German has diverged so much due to Luther's books (no, he didn't write a bible), as his works didn't involve Dutch (Nederlandisch).
But you're right in saying that not all Germanic languages are the same, especially the North Germanic "Scandinavian" ones from German/Dutch.
The Kapp Putsch saw the first use of the swastika by German military (Freikorps) before it was adopted by the Nazi party.
HI fellow horse
Before that it was used by the Finnish airforce right?
You wanna slapbox for like 5 seconds? Jup, and more people should a knowledge that...
yup, still is for base insignias
It was also on some german planes in ww1.
Damm the Kapp Putsch would’ve been a cool alt history scenario
Could you use a historical map of germany next time. Thank you
It's because he can't find any royalty free maps of Germany from that time period, so I made these for him.
imgur.com/3l5mQnX
imgur.com/AW8XjzA
Hilbert, if you ever need any more royalty free maps of anything just ask and I'll be happy to deliver.
@@bennygoat That is a very nice map Benny. I saved it should I ever need it!
@@HistoryonUA-cam so glad you like the maps! I made them a long while but I very much appreciate your enjoyment of them, completely royalty free and owned by the public, I release the above photos under the creative commons act 3.0. is under effect, so use them to your hearts content!
(oh and please tell me if you ever use them in a video!)
What to do if you are a military officer and your government fired you? Call your former soldiers and open up a private army.
Germany actually planned on using these Freikorps to circumvent the heavy manpower restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. There even was one raised after WW2 by former WW2 Commanders counting up to 30,000 men. But unlike Kapp they made an arrangement with the government turning them into a Guerilla Force in case the Soviets decided to push for the Rhine.
great video
These Videos are great for my A Level history course on Germany 1871-1997
Congratulations! On 60 000 subscribers. I'm your 60 003 subscriber.
60 004th subscriber:)
History shows time and time again that when it comes to toppling an existing government and successfully replacing it with one's own, it takes much more than just a....putsch and a shove. Also, kudos on featuring the P14/M1917 rifles in the video! (The M60 befuddles me a bit, but it's a fun anachronism I suppose. Good thing none of those Freikorps actually had any M60s.)
The way they saw it, they were just restoring the old order.
There are bits of information that are either wrong or inaccurate, apologies for the call-out and block of text. This is what I am writing my dissertation on.
Freikorps created before 100,000 limitation was known - created by General Maercker and Reichswehr Minister Noske to fight against the Spartacists/protect the eastern border/maintain ‘peace and order’ because the old army had dissolved and couldn't even get the People’s Naval Division out of the Marstall in Dec 1918.
The troops were ordered disbanded not for 100k, but 15k limit on the navy - They were technically both naval brigades - nitpickery
, I know
The Löwenfeld Brigade was not in Berlin, was never in Berlin during the Kapp Putsch. They were in the province of Silesia where they seized the capital Breslau - the only large scale movement related to the putsch. They did horrendous things though, 'accused of carrying out a campaign of murder' with several other Freikorps in the area. (Nigel Jones, Birth of the Nazis)
Lüttwitz had the idea for a coup for a while, but because of the ordered dissolution of the Brigades that he had command he was forced to move up the timetable. He was generally influenced by the fear of an impending Russian invasion through Poland and feared that any less troops in Germany would leave her defenseless.
He also felt that the Entente would not do anything if Germany kept troops past the deadline, much of the upper echelons of the army hoped that they could win Britain over and get at least a 200,000 army.
Maybe just mis-spoke, but Ehrhardt Brigade was already in Germany so they did not march into it, only to Berlin, they were camped at Döberlitz - This is after Noske had removed Lüttwitz from his position in favor of Admiral von Trotha with the approval of both President Ebert and General Reinhard. He ordered his removal because of murmurings in the right and his repeated protests against dissolution of his troops. Before marching into the city Noske had sent generals to meet with Ehrhardt at the camp where he gave them some quickly written demands - literally scribbled them down in front of the generals - they were a repeat of what the German National Press had asked for (presidential elections, special ministers, early National Assembly elections). Upon getting that note he knew they would march on Berlin. The ‘15 minute escape’ is wrong; the government had notice prior to the city's occupation. Ehrhardt sent demands the day before saying if they were not met he would invade specifically at 7 am. The 'uncovering of a monarchist plot' even graced the cover a newspaper the day before accusing Kapp and Col. Pabst of leading it. An officer in the Ehrhardt Brigade wrote that the troop got there at 7 am, while the gov't had fled at around 5.30 am. [Mit Ehrhardt durch Deutschland]
Seeckt was never ‘sent in’ nor were any Reichswehr units sent in, only the local Berlin police detachment (ordered there by Noske) would go forth, they did join with them. Noske had a meeting with Reinhard, Seeckt, Oven and other generals, only Reinhard supported action against them. Seeckt said his line then went home to his wife and stayed there.
Absolutely never ‘looked like they were about to do battle’ because there were no troops there to do battle.
Seeckt, while not completely for the govt, was completely against illegally seizing power and so would not support the putsch, that is showcased later on when he is given dictatorial powers during the Beer Hall Putsch and willingly stepped down. His main reason for saying 'RW doesn't shoot on RW' was he did not want to split the army, the various states are all clamoring to be their own thing, the unity of the Reich itself is completely in question, he believed the Reichswehr was the only thing holding it together.
Idea that they were elites; sure. But wholly irrelevant from Seeckt’s perspective. Noske wrote (post-putsch), “I am still convinced that a couple of dozen machinegun companies could have stopped the trouble at the outset.”
‘Green troops under Seeckt’ - the large majority of the Reichswehr units that existed by this point were old Freikorps that had been integrated into it - Best example being Maercker’s Landesjägerkorps turning into the Reichswehr Brigade XVI. Maercker’s unit had over the past year moved from city to city removing soldier’s councils, occupying towns, and fighting - the government could have stopped Ehrhardt if it had support.
Bavarian Soviet Republic was removed by the Freikorps the year prior (1919), not during the Kapp Putsch (1920).
It did swing hard right though afterwards and many of the officers who were involved in the Kapp Putsch (Ehrhardt & Co.) went there as the Bavarian government refused to prosecute them or allow the Reich (Berlin) Government to get at them.
The general strike was not called from Stuttgart or Dresden, it was called before the Ebert government left Berlin - there is debate over who actually called it, in both Noske’s and Maercker’s works they say that Ebert and the various cabinet members’ signatures were put on the document without their permission/knowledge. Maercker - “A call for a general strike was issued, under which the names of the Socialist members of the Reich Government were set without their consent, as they expressly told me in Dresden.”
While Seeckt did not provide military support against the putsch, he told those in the ministry of war not to accept any order from Lüttwitz - When Lüttwitz & Co. went there, they were simply ignored
The general strike was extremely effective, but the Kapp Putsch also failed because they occupied Berlin at the start of the weekend so when they actually did seize the government buildings they were unable to publish newspapers and pamphlets saying they had because they would not be open till Monday. They were unable to get word out to Reichswehr/Freikorps units that might have joined with them before their position was untenable because of the strike.
The rushed nature is shown by the 'Iron Host' of Rudolf Berthold. He had been in contact with Lüttwittz about a coup as early as January but he did not learn that it actually happened until the day of. He eventually got his Freikorps gathered up and moved towards Berlin via rail, they were stopped in Hamburg because of the strike. His group spent the night in an empty school to find themselves surrounded by an armed mob that fired machine guns into the building until they surrendered. (Nigel Jones - Birth of the Nazis)
The ‘lots of fighting’ mentioned when the putsch failed is inaccurate, and it was not the Löwenfeld Brigade in Berlin but the Ehrhardt Brigade. Kapp/Lüttwitz fled and Ebert & Co. allowed Ehrhardt to simply march out of Berlin - 'in military formation with arms shouldered and Imperial flags flying' (Nigel Jones - Birth of the Nazis) - but because of the strike the sidewalks and streets were full of people against them. Jones says that because a boy laughed at them two Freikorps fighters broke rank and beat and kicked him, the crowd boo'd and hissed at them, then a command was given for a machine gun volley into the crowd. That was near the Brandenburg Gate. No fighting.
Can you do video on Reconstruction south year by year and states by state
❤great sir
Good job
I actually speak German, but this video helped me a lot for my history class test.
I swear half the comments are complaining about the map. Guys just google one if you want to stair a map of the era. As always great video Hilbert keep up the great work.
9:43 They Fled Germany To Germany?
rate eightx huh, nice. It meant to be Sweden
Mr. Hilbert . . . . thanks for these videos on Weimar Era Germany.
Strange how the Weimar Republic had revolts from the far left (Ruhr & Sparticist Uprisings) and the far right (Kapp & Beer Hall Putsches)
Why do you use the map of modern day Germany and not the map of Weimar Germany?
The Weimer series is my favorite.
3:30 why is there a picture of an M60 machine gun? it's just odd
Don't forget to do a video on the 1923 Hamburg Uprising. It was a communist uprising that happened after the Kapp Putsch but before Hitler's 1924 Munich Putsch.
I am disappointed that Het Wilhelmus was not snuck into the video somewhere.
First 20 seconds made me cry
Mooi om te horen dat je uitspraak van het Duits steeds (een beetje) verbetert.
class
why cant you change the 19 to 20
you should look at making a video about the Mexican revolution of 1910
One minor but important distinction is to make here. The second Empire aka imperial Germany was in no way an "authoritarian" state as it is described at the beginning of this video..
Karl Karlos You are right. I don't understand why people always see the Kaiserreich as a 'monatchist dictatorship' when in fact it was a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament.
Maybe because the executive branch was ruled by a person who wasn't voted into office by the people? And he had much greater power over the legislature and judicial branches then they had over him (e.g. he could disband the parliament at will, but the parliament couldn't abdicate him at all).
Why don't you make your own maps so you don't have to rely on copy right free maps of pre ww2 germany
Anybody know anything of Kapp bloodline ... where they came from
"All of poland was taken from Germany " u should know that the majority off these territorys we're traditional german territory with a majority of Germans Living in it .
Der Philstift Every Territory lost from Germany to Poland was first Polish. Pommern was not very Long Polish but it was Slavic, The same with Silesia. Only Emland-Masuren was not first Polish. And if you mean about the post-ww1 territory’s lost, Then you need a new Brain
Wrong map/silhouette of Germany. All throughout the video. Post-WWII instead of Weimar.
It's because he can't find any royalty maps of Germany from that time period, so I made these for him.
imgur.com/3l5mQnX
imgur.com/AW8XjzA
Hilbert, if you ever need any more royalty free maps of anything just ask and I'll be happy to deliver.
Nonsense, you have a lot of free stuff on Wikimedia Commons... any idiot can make a silhouette...
I'm not claiming to be picasso, I'm just providing him with some maps...
No, I mean that's a nonsense claim on his part. Your stuff is good... I'm saying like the FIRST result you find on "map Weimar Germany" is likely to be 100% free/public domain... And a vector image too, so you can do whatever your want with it...
Is he German? Because if he is, it's a good bet he's using that map for German Guilt reasons...
dIRECT0R He's Dutch as far as I know.
Got an exam tmr whew
I just realized those guns that are drawn are 1917 Enfeilds
Please use accurate maps!!!
It's The Kapp Putsch, Capisce?
The outline of the German map in these videos represents present Germany and has nothing in common with the German borders of the 1920s. Silesia and Pommern are still part of Germany until after WW II. The map shown designates today's Germany.
Copyright issues
your mic game needs work brah.. you're hitting peaks really badly
The irony is that in 1920 the trade unions brought down the reactionary military regime after only five days, thirteen years later the forces of reaction took power almost without a whimper from organised labour.
I’m pretty sure the SPD was also the ruling party before 1914
I was very surprised at the speed of the German surrender in WW,1,they had just signed a peace deal with the Russians so they were no longer fighting on two fronts, Plus releasing hundreds of thousands if not millions of extra soldiers to fight on the west, they're position whilst surrendering in 1918 was on foreign territory, Germany was nowhere near facing invasion. Amerian entry to the war was very minimal, the Germans didn't really test their military resolve ,so I am surprised they give up so quickly, it must be down to the economics in the Homefront ,why else would you surrender when you still occupy foreign territory?
The treaty with the Soviets took a long time to finalize, preventing the Germans from sending large parts of the army to the west. Plus Russia was fighting a civil war by that point and Germany did not wan to leave their eastern border undefended. Ludendorff did use what troops were available from the east in his last campaign, but it failed to gather enough ground. He had a nervous breakdown and demanded that peace be sought. They were very close to being invaded, after the ineffective campaign they did not have the manpower to defend the whole line, especially with the imminent arrival of American troops. Ludendorff & Co. wanted to end it while they were 'ahead' in order to make sure the army did not actually completely collapse and leave Germany open to invasion.
People were starving en masse in Germany and the Allies had broken the German lines in France and were in the process of pushing into Belgium. The Revolution started when the German Navy attempted a final suicide run against the British, which the sailors were not willing to take part in
... Wir wollen unseren alten Kaiser Wilhelm wiederhaben
Das geht aber nicht. Den gibt es ja gar nicht mehr.
What about Henry VII
did anyone else speed his voice up? XD
Hello :D
Your map of germany is wrong and inaccurate, it doesn’t include Silesia, East Prussia or Western Pommerania
5:24 So they call them brigada Ehrhardt?
Gad Yariv "Brigade Ehrhardt"
Wedding march??
If only the Monarchy could of stayed in power
I just came here to know the kapp putch lmao he only started talking about it 6 mins in ughh
Was the same colors used by NSDP on the flag, being red,white and black have anything to do with the flag used by the monarchy? It is the same colors or did the Nazis assign a meaning to each color; ex red=blood?
I'm pretty sure that it's just because those were the national colours of Germany, although if I'm wrong, I'd like to hear it.
They used this colours to try to legitimate there rule. In the eyes of the Germans there are 2 legitimate government, the Kaiser or an elected person. So they use both. (But the Nazi were anti monarchies )
Black,white,red were the original colours of germany. The nazis just took them, like they did with almost everything.
The black, red, and gold flag had originally been adopted by the people who staged the failed Liberal revolution of 1848. The founders of the Weimar Republic represented themselves as the heirs of that tradition.
On the other hand, the black, white, and red flag had been adopted by the German Empire created in 1871 and represented monarchical and nationalist tradition.
Hello
Also Germany was never actually defeated in WW1. Germany was never defeated decivesly on the battlefield... Germany capitulated out of good will. Or more like the German people stopped working and stopped fighting to make the war end. Germany necer was defeated. Thats also one of the many reasons why the Versailles Treaty with its harsh terms has been received as too hard by the German public.
That explains the stab-in-the-back myth the far right of the time claimed, right?
@@TheMaster4534 Sure could. Now let's explain why everyone repeats it being a "myth" by some ominous "far right back then", without knowing much about it.
NO ONE DID ANYTHING WRONG!!!
EVERYONE IS WRONG
I want the Kaiser back...
Pluot - Fiur - Tōd He’s dead mate
Pluot - Fiur - Tōd
We should restore the glorious Monarchy in Germany
Democracy is better than monarchy
Bengali -
Nein!!! We can have democracy and have a constitutional monarchy with the Kaiser of the great and glorious house of Hohenzollern as our German head of state.
Mike Anderson 2002
Sure but what's the point? It's just going to mean a lot of money wasted to feed a man not really doing anything.
Democracy is more meritocratic than monarchy.
*Subscrobble
Sergio Fenoll Funhaus reference?
Michael Milburn Yep!
Yeaaahhhhhhhhh
I just like to say a few corrections that I believe I'm correct in stating.
So the first correction is that Poland to my knowledge, wasn't given land in the Treaty of Versailles but instead what actually happened is the Polish goverment had a small war with the Germans and gotten most of their land back.
The second correction I'd like to state is a more politically oriented one and that being from my interpretation of the 'left and right' is that the left, are the collectivist part of the political spectrum such as socialism, communism or fascism (etc) as prime examples of collectivism and the right, are individualists such as Conservatives* (those who conserve small government values), Libertarians and Anarcho-capitalists.
So with my terms being defined, my correction is that my what I see of the parties at the time were only socialist parties, but then you put far right to refer to fascists which economically isn't true as a person who is economically far right would be Anarcho-capitalists as that philosophy is as economically individualistic as you can get and to state that there were a left and right parties but when instead all I can see are left wing socialists and yes, conservatives, however if they believe in conserving an authoritarian government which is a collectivist type of government then those conservatives are left wing conservatives, as 'conservativsm' isn't left or right wing -- as to conserve something literally only means to preserve something and in this case, you have people who still believe in a German monarchy who want the Kaiser or someone with near single, ultimate power to be in charge therefore, those types of people wanted a collectivist idea to be in government and thereof, want to preserve this idea and put these old type of government into power -- which makes these people conservatives who are on the left so there for the most part were only leftists from their different factions fighting amount themselves for power -- and no actual right wing or far right parties that can be observed for use in this video.
As far as I know Poland did in fact get that territory from the Treaty of Versailles, but I could be wrong.
I've just double checked what I've said and I'd say sort of - basically the Polish people were under German rule and then they rebelled against German rule on the 27th December 1918 and they were somehow, hugely successful in gaining a lot of land from the Germans and then when the Treaty of Versaille happened, I guess the Polish government managed to talk to France and got them, to recognize German's illegitimacy of the occupation Polish land and it was then it was added to the Treaty of Versaillie's entente demands against German for which then they enaitably signed and therefore, accepted the demands of the entente for which Germany then recognized the Polish claims to the Polish land.
So in short, the Poles got their lands through rebellion and the Treaty of Versailles merely recognized that claim officially on paper.
Source: ua-cam.com/video/0mCfMy5fT_Q/v-deo.html
2nd Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)
TheSaturdayTechChannel WithMusicAndGaming Oh that's interesting. Thank you!
you put guns in that are completely in the wrong time period lol
You have the wrong US flag. REEEE
Mate, i just wanna know what happened in the kapp putsch stop trying to fully go into details about something which is not about the kapp putsch. If i wanted to know about the treaty of versailles i would watcha vid on that
It’s called context. mate
Germany should have never gave up Prussia
The Patriotic Australian
Did they really have a choice?
The Patriotic Australian They didn't give it up dumbass, they lost it fair and square.
German military could occupy Poland within a week
The Patriotic Australian Yeah nice delusion, germanophile. The German army can barely keep its helicopters running much less invade anyone in its current state.
No this isn't 1939 Poland is a great power with a strong military, economy and large population they wouldn't even make it far past the border. Not only that but the rest of the world wouldn't tolerate such aggression they wouldn't last 5 minutes they no longer have a military edge. Its retarded illogical sentiment like that which is why they don't own Prussia anymore.
Doischland
10 seconds into the video and already several mistakes. Cant go any further. Thanks for another unpleasant experience because of a historical inaccurate video on German history filled with stereotypes and clichés instead of actually telling the more complicating history facts/differentiating. Germany has already have had democracy before the Weimar Republic. Only maybe not as "hardcore". But well, therefore the country was running more smooth and has been way more efficient. But Germany definetly wasn't a "Kaiser dictatorship" as the videomaker is potraying it as.
Very unprofessional video. Again dumbing people down on German history/misleading them, instead of educating them and telling them things in a more detailed way.
I wish for Prussia to rise again..
Last time it did, it became Germany. Now it's working on becoming Europe. God help us.
@@vaxrvaxr honestly. Its better than being russified. Or worst. Conquered by the French.
and Loraine
wrong map of germany again!
Your map is still wrong, parts of Poland should be from Germany and the rest that lies in modern day Germany should belong to the Netherlands!!!!
Copyright issues with the map
my name Borat I from Ukraine
(They) did this to Germany. Just stay it.
A very inferior coverage of the Kapp Putsch. You don't deserve support until you go and do your research properly.