For me, as I was growing up in estern Germany in the 1980's, the engine sounds more like the 3 Cylinder-2-stroke engine (992qcm, 50PS, 91Nm torque, 0-60 miles/hours in 27sec.) in a Wartburg 353, a Companion of the Trabant 😊. But you reached now a better fuel economy than 10.3L gasoline/100km. Great project. Thank you.
@@chevyinlinesix robot cantina has been getting consistent watches from me for quite some time. It's been a wonderful thing to watch things progress over time. It's a coffee and cantina habit for sure. 🤣
Good morning! I thought about this the other day. It won’t be an exact science, but it should give some ball park figures. There is a method for calculating the approximate power at the wheels, and it is surprisingly accurate, and for the kabuta Saturn, it will be more than adequate. The method requires the vehicle’s weight with driver, a known 1/4 mile distance, and the vehicle’s trap speed at the 1/4 mile. These numbers, when plugged into the formula, will generate the approximate horsepower required, and will give us an idea of how much power the little engine is now making ;) The formula can be found online, and there are free phone apps available as well.
The diesel Saturn has been alot of fun. Youve effectively made the perfect vehicle for mixed city and backroad use where the speed limits dont exceed 45 mph. Since the belly pan mod did such a wonderful job helping the insight it would be interesting to see the kubota go into that baby
The most important part of a turbo exhaust system is the the dump pipe coming off the turbine housing. That flat flange against the wastegate flap is robbing you of power and response. The best are individual pipes, 1 that exits out of the turbine side that immediately steps up drastically in diameter and sharply. No nice merge from 1.5 to 2 inches a sharp abrupt step is required. The wastegate side should have its own pipe that then merges into the main exhaust down stream. A divider in the turbine housing attached to the exhaust flange should be included for this to truely work. After doing this it will spool earlier and more than likely add a psi or 2 to the boost seen by the engine. Try it and thank me later 👍
I write this under a previous video, but here it is again. If you could come up with a contraption that automatically adjusts fuel based on boost, you could eliminate the temperature issue. Old turbo diesels with mechanical injector pumps used a spring loaded diaphragm actuating a small piston to achieve this.
They have them on P-pumps and other similar inline injection pumps too. Of course the other way around it is to tune for full boost and use your right foot to control the fuelling as boost builds when accellorating.
Yeah, I reckon removing the wastegate or pulling the hose off so it can free float more fuel will make more boost. Also I would fit a smaller turbo a VQ38 off a 3 cylinder Daihatsu diesel.
A slight injection pump timing tweek and there's another second could be shaved! Would absolutely love to see that car on a dyno! There's gotta be a close shop that would do it for a shout-out and science, strictly for educational purposes that is. I'd guess 24 wheel hp as it sits
pro tip===A good rule of thumb to follow when shopping for a wheelbarrow: Find one whose handles are about as wide as your shoulders. If the handles are farther apart than that, you’ll have a hard time steering.
The turbo acting as a muffler is a cool demonstration of part of how it works. When the exhaust valve opens, there is usually still a lot of pressure in the cylinder. That initial pressure blasting out of the exhaust makes the majority of the noise. The turbo functions by expanding pressurised exhaust through the turbine to extract its energy- net result, a weaker pressure pulse going out the tailpipe and less noise. If you put a super sensitive tach on the turbo you'd probably see a jump in the turbine RPM in time with each exhaust valve opening.
Yeah, nice video! IMHO boost is rising very slowly, whole idea of wastegated turbo is that you can use smaller turbine case(A/R) so you boost up the quick on low rpm and not over boost it on high rpm. Ideal would be that you have a full boost at less than 2000rpm so low end torque and power would be much better. 😎👌
The turbo is frequently seen on kei cars with similar displacement, 660cc, but gas engines that spin 3x as fast. All that is to say the turbine would like more gas flow, but turbo selection for small engines is very limited.
I think in a future incarnation you might want to consider a stupidcharger powered by a separate small engine. You could probably hook a pressure diaphragm up to a carburetor's throttle to get a nice regulated 15psi of boost under all conditions. Bonus points for making a setup requiring two different types of fuels.
One thing with the air cooled v twin, There are going to be issues with hot air recirculating. Air cooled VW engine compartments are sealed top to bottom to prevent this from occurring.
The reason that the open exhaust slightly slowed down the car is because it was making more boost with the same amount of fuel and lost efficiency aka power. The egt’s your running are super safe. A stock turbo diesel will run 1100 to 1150 max egt’s. With that said you can run hotter and get away with it but there’s really no need for that unless your racing. The biggest gain you could achieve from this setup would come from an injection pump design for boost. Right now your fueling is based on rpm. If you had a boost reference pump you would be making full boost at probably 2000 rpm or lower. There’s a lot of potential left here. Maybe your turbo is about maxed out but if you get the fuel and boost to come in at a much lower rpm this thing will feel like a completely different machine. Keep the content coming and don’t be afraid to pull the fuel screw completely out. Your foot can do all the fuel control that is needed.
Interesting findings. Lower EGTs and full boost at 3200 rpm, about 200-300 rpm earlier. The monitoring data suggests, you have been shifting later with connected exhaust, especially first to second gear: Rpm 3093 vs 3580. Maybe set an rpm-alarm for more consistent shifting? I think the rev limiter is asking for a raise so it can stay a bit longer in its 'happy zone'. The embedding of monitoring data has added great value 👍
Keep in mind the engine is still running on the governor so I have to both watch the tach and "feel" the engine output. The EMS 3 has an alarm that I could use, but if I trigger the RPM MAX alarm it will switch the display from all channels to just RPM and that would spoil the data video.... no mater what, its still the fastest 3 cylinder 719cc Saturn in the world... lol
You should do a compound turbo set up, so add another turbo that feeds into this turbo that’s even bigger to get more airflow. Also try hooking up water methanol injection.
Here's an idea...pre-heat the fuel by tapping into the coolant, or better yet, from the really hot oil return line from the turbo. Heat will lower the fuel's viscosity ratio and cause it to atomize more finely during the injection cycle, making cleaner exhaust at high power.
I´d like to buy something small (light) off the trusty old Saturn when You scrap it, it´s been a quite reliable test bed but I think the Kubota would fit the Renault way better because the Renault is lighter. That would be fun to see and You´d have the only one there is. Have a beautiful day, Greets from Germany
Jim, Usually on those turbos with a wastegate next to the outlet, yiu get whats called a 'Bell mouth' housing, which lets exhaust gas ecit smoothly rather than running up against the flange...
Seems like the Kubota is asking for more fuel with the exhaust opened up. Turbo wrap and more boost wouldn’t hurt either. Having an exhaust outlet in a lower pressure, less turbulent area would also help too (and keep the EGT low, so more fuel and more boost). Excited to see the Predator twin going into the Renault. It’s not far off of the factory engine’s power numbers out of the box, and there’s plenty of room for turbos and intercoolers in that engine bay.
more fuel and exhaust wrap will raise egt. combustion temps will rise with more fuel, and the wrap will hold more of the heat in. The wrap could help turbo response as a result.
@@dukeofnyd1 Needs more fuel AND air. Can't just add fuel and more fuel or itll get too hot. He didn't double the boost in this video vs last. Added a few pounds vs last time, but also added fuel. What is "high" for egt depends on the engine. He is already near the limit he set. The power output of this engine so low to start with that boost doesn't do as much as you would think.
Another good episode! Part of my Sunday schedule is to watch Robot Cantina before I go to bed. You have become an enjoyable habit. Who could imagine I would be captivated by a Toyota running on a lawn mower engine and a diesel Saturn. I can't wait for the Renault with the V-twin. Phil
While maybe not conducive to a top mount intercooler, I did an experiment with a windshield washer pump that spray water directly onto the intercooler when activated. The results to the intake air temps were pretty interesting if you're looking for an interesting yet cheap experiment.
On the 12 valve Cummins engines, Cummins literature says they built the head with no water passages near the exhaust runners/ports for less heat exchange to the radiator and for better turbo performance. That the higher the EGT'S the more boost the turbo generates due to the heat causing closer tolerances on the turbine side.
Love your episodes. It's a lot of fun watching how methodical you are. My engineering mind loves that. Exhaust systems are just that - systems. I suspect there was some kind of pulse scavenging effect going on that was ruined when you disconnected the rest of the system. It looks like the turbo made a little more boost and that could be why the EGTs were down. I suspect the right next more is a bigger downpipe and if there's time I would love to see that going to the remainder of the old system. Can you get the slightly better efficiency of the turbine and cooler EGTs with the extra scavenging? It saves you from building a whole system and if it's something that can carry over to the new project it's not a waste of time or money... For the predator - you have to do twin pipes... At some point you need twin pipes on it. But, you can also experiment with different systems, but straight duals have a unique sound somewhat like an older Harley. Not exactly the same, but somewhat. And lastly, I hope nobody says "you need backpressure..." or similar... If you think you need backpressure and it's as simple as that - shove a cork in your tailpipe... Exhaust systems are complex, fluid dynamic systems that have a variable heat and pressure relationship with acoustic tuning - i.e. the pulses can help or hurt things, reversion, etc. If you have a V8 drag car with headers and you run open headers at the flange - you will always go faster if you add a 15-18" collector extension. It's the same diameter pipe and there's no change in pressure, but the waves have more time to balance out. You can start with a longer pipe and paint it and where the paint burns off - cut it there. It will give you the best HP and TQ boost you can get. Change the cam, heads, intake, etc and that point changes too. Just remember - it's a system. It all has to work together. Oh, and BTW, I think the wheel bearing is going bad... ;-p
Thunderstorms happen more in summer because of the warm humid air. Along coastal regions, hurricanes are common during the summer months. Summer is the warmest season because the Earth is tilted toward the sun.
Meteorologists see the summer starting in the north on June 1st and in the south on December 1st. This is based off temperature rather than astronomy.
Рік тому+13
Now I understand why it's called MADMAN... I was monitoring the figures (mainly EGT and boost) like mad while you were flooring it :) good stuff, just keep it going, you really make our Sundays!
I think your timers for acceleration will be more accurate if instead, you do a rolling start. Maybe start the timers at 5 or 10 mph and go to 55 and 60 mph. Reason being, your launches aren’t consistent. (Not to your fault). But it can easily cost a second or 2 in your data. Keep the videos coming! I don’t miss any!
Wheel bearings in those Saturns were basically half junk when new. I had one that I ran up to 335,000 miles and I couldn’t even tell u how many wheel bearings I put in over the 12 years I drove that thing. I wanna say 3 sets in the front and 2 sets in the back.
Suggestion: when you alter the exhaust, also make sure it vents directly toward the rear and put a slightly flared diffuser on it so that the back pressure is a little bit reduced. It would be interesting to compare just a straight opening exit to one which is slightly flared to see if the same thing happens as in a rocket nozzle or not. [no not the thrust, just the pressure drop]
Another entertaining video, you make my Sundays, I was late today but usually it would be a bowl of oatmeal with maple syrup and Robot Catena. Never mind the detractors and nit pickers, most of the regulars come here for entertainment and we really appreciate it. Keep it coming, we really appreciate your sense of humour and ingenuity.
I’m blown away by this series of the Saturn with the 3 cylinder diesel engine. You are very scientific and that’s okay. I can’t wait to see what you can do with the “new car”!
Hotter exhaust gases flow better than colder exhaust gases. It's commonly known in the tuner world that heat wrapping your exhaust to contain heat in the exhaust improves flow. The result you have observed with lower exhaust temperature leading to slower acceleration is not only logical but also expected
Turbochargers are driven by adiabatic expansion, so what you need to look at is the pre and post turbine temperature to see the real impact of the full/no exhaust. Most likely you were losing expansion because of the free flowing exhaust, so there was less energy driving the turbine.
I know the guy who bought a used Trailblazer 5.3 for me to install paid the core charge up front, and never came back for the core, so that one was _kinda_ given away...... Great little series, looking forward to the Renault. Nice gear box to CVT setup.
@@robotcantina8957 Just had a stuck lifter, it's otherwise good, 243 heads, Gen 4 rods, but a 24X crank reluctor, so a 411 pcm can run it, it really is a pretty good score, well, if you want one.....
There has to be another reason for the slow down, a turbo diesel will never punish you for removing back pressure. I bet it’s because the exhaust being disconnected causes turbulence. Or the tailpipe being at the back pulls a vacuum on the pipe.
2:40 A more accurate way to measure is to put the screw on the back of the caliper ( at the end of the black strip ) Flip the caliper over and this will show what to do
I think the difference was that the full exhaust got shifted into 2nd at a higher rpm, hitting a peak psi of 12 vs no exhaust peak of 6psi while in first gear. This caused it to build boost faster through 2nd giving it a slight edge. Although this is just me overanalyzing one run :) The shift rpms i saw (peak from frame by frame) started rolling at 3086rpm full ex vs 2937rpm free flow. shifted into 2nd at 3580rpm full ex vs 3140rpm free flow, then into 3rd at 3584rpm full ex 3476rpm free flow, both shifted into 4th at 3531rpm
counterintuitively, a turbocharger isn't really driven by directly by exhaust pressure or flow, but rather by exhaust gas expansion, i.e. how a steam engine works. this means you actually _want_ higher EGTs, with a high temperature delta across the exhaust side of the turbo, and a larger exhaust outlet than you would have on a naturally aspirated exhaust manifold. edit: thinking about the size of the exhaust side inlet and outlet of an average mitsubishi TD04, you probably want a ~1:1.5 ratio of exhaust manifold to downpipe size, though that's for a gas engine, so ymmv.
I love the methodical testing on bizarre stuff. I think disconnecting the exhaust you upset the delicate balance of the system, clearly you need to give it MORE fuel and MOAR BOOST after you do that. ;)
“Anyone can be a father. It takes someone special to be a dad, and that's why I call you dad because you are so special to me. You taught me the game, and you taught me how to play it right.”
It liked the open exhaust if you notice in addition to lower EGT, you showed lower ECT and a little higher boost pressure. Adding the extra fuel would probably produce the performance increase expected🎉
Oh baby the big block predator V has found its home! That's going to be fun to watch. Keep up the excellent work. It might be usefull to check back pressure on the exhaust before the turbo.
I will be sad to see the Saturn go. It’s a neat little car that would get awesome fuel mileage and most likely be rock solid reliable. Looking forward to the next adventure. I really appreciate the diesel flavored variety. Thanks.
Instead of a manifold you could do long tube headers; that would reduce exhaust temperature significantly. The manifold is the main choke point where heat is at its worst. Manifolds are also highly restrictive in terms of air flow, where good headers flow way better.
I still stand by increasing your injector POP to get the fuel saturation better with that extra air. If someone can get me a PN I might be able to get you a set and could set the POP....
Simple explanation from the old farmer's tale: Diesel engines make more power the hotter they get. Right up until they blow up, or melt, or both. Which is why you don't want to let your diesel-engine tractor roll over on its side. Apart from the resulting high level of personal excitement and danger, the engine will start consuming its own engine oil, and will speed up and up and up until it goes boom. By disconnecting your exhaust, you decreased back pressure, allowing the air-fuel charge to move more efficiently through the engine. This slightly decreased the exhaust temperature, reflecting a lower combustion temperature and yielding just a little bit less power for the amount of fuel you were giving it. Anyway, that's my two cents. Much of what works for gasoline engines works opposite for diesels, which is makes them so weird and wonderful.
CANTINA, we love the short short videos, you have been putting out recently.. I watch them while I am waiting for my plane at the airport. thanks, ROBOT 👾👾👾👾
you might want to a supercharger to the engine right before the turbo and use the same type used in the Honda Insight 420 EFI supercharger project and run a very small V-belt pulley and go with a AMR500 supercharger.
pro tip===When building or purchasing a birdhouse, remember that the size of the house’s hole determines which species can use the house. Most bird species will fit through a 1.25-inch hole-and most predators will not.
Dump old seed from your bird feeder periodically so rancid seed doesn’t attract raccoons or possums. Cleaning the feeder prevents the spread of disease among birds. (Pro tip: Cayenne powder mixed in with the seed is a good squirrel deterrent.)
Would still love to see a cheap water/meth kit slapped on the saturn. Some -20* washer fluid and a boost referenced spray nozzle should work. Tho fine tuning it all might be tricky, but the madman might help
Makes sense. The turbo doesn't really run on pressure - it relies on thermal expansion. If you keep more of the heat in the turbo housing there is less loss to cooling therefore it takes slightly less power to spin the turbo for the same pressure. The flip side to this is you could potentially run more fuel with the exhaust off since the temps are lower. Which one is a better option will depend more on what you want it to do than anything else.
I was thinking the same exact thing. Not exactly what I expected, but once I thought about it for a second, that was the only thing that made sense to me.
removing the exhaust reduced the post turbo exhaust pressure which in turn reduced the EGT as the engine is doing less work because the exhaust is less restrictive. that loss of heat energy in the turbine housing is what cost you spool. a way you can remedy this is a fiberglass insulated turbo blanket that encases the turbine housing as well as wrapping the exhaust manifold in header wrap, doing this will keep EGT higher and help the turbo to spool up and start making boost much quicker, since heat energy is ultimately what spools it.
Somebody said that it couldn’t be done, But, he with a chuckle replied That “maybe it couldn’t,” but he would be one Who wouldn’t say so till he had tried. So he buckled right in with the trace of a grin On his face. If he worried he hid it. He started to sing as he tackled the thing That couldn’t be done, and he did it.
Thanks for another great video on the Saturn. Compared to the Renault, I guess it has a better aerodynamic value, but the Renault has more lightness to it, so the race will continue! 👍💪✌
AFRs with diesels are not the same as a gasser. Diesels can run really rich or incredibly lean and still make power. As long as he keeps the EGTs from melting a piston and the head from lifting he's good.
Ya!! It seems like all of my favorite UA-camrs knew I was gonna be layed up for a while. So they all put good videos out! So I know the saturn is only a temporary car but, would a propane injection cool the EGT’s at all? Just a suggestion, not a diesel expert by any means. Just always seemed like propane was nitrous for diesel guys. Thought the 670 was going in the insight? Either way us viewers have been chomping at the bit for a 670 swap! Thanks Jimbo, you rock😎
You have fun making the videos, I have fun watching! Great instruction professor Jimbo! French Predator?! YAY!! Can’t wait to see!! 😃 Plenty of room in there for engine work!
I was watching the boost and it appeared it was quicker to pressure with the full exhaust and there may be some weird magic thermodynamic thing going on. The hotter it is around the turbine let’s it spin up faster? Finding back pressure or restrictive exhaust improving power a hard concept. I believe on a single petrol/gas for you imperial crowed cylinder on dyno the best is a slight widerning cone “megaphone”. Wobbels the mad Aussie
Those kubota engines are used in mini diesel tractor pulls just like the full-size ones. 60psi and 100+hp at 6,000rpm I would just throw out the fuel stop screw 😂
I like to do some reading in the garage. Sometimes it makes me wonder, why the real education is left on the individuals to study and learn, while the things that we may never be required to use are taught in tons in schools.
I have started to believe over the number of years is that each individual should take upon himself to hunt down the right books, buy it with his own money, and educate himself on the content, instead of being totally dependent on educational institutes. "How to Read a Book" is one of the books that one can start with. When I started reading this book I realised that I have been reading my books using trial and error method as I tried to understand the contents of that book.
Really like it! It’s helped me find out what I've been doing wrong. For a non reader, the size of the book is shocking but I’ve been getting through it quite fast which is also shocking. Great tips and I wish I had read this as a teen!! It will change how I read going forwards
"Perhaps we know more about the world than we used to. and insofar as knowledge is prerequisite to understanding, that is all to the good. But knowledge is not as much a prerequisite to understanding as is commonly supposed. We do not have to know everything about something in order to understand it; too many facts are often as much of an obstacle to understanding as too few. There is a sense in which we moderns are inundated with facts to the detriment of understanding."
On turbocharged engines you don't want your exhaust stream exit dumping at just any random angle into the passing slip stream. I know that v-band is tucked up behind the fender/coraplast, but just saying you may want to check whether there's enough turbulence happening there to make flow less than ideal - even the fact that there's a slipstream 4" away from and perpendicular to the exit can be problematic. The exhaust should dump same direction as airflow to be correct. Remember, N/A engines are less effected by this - but any back pressure on a turbo engine kills boost because it acts as a brake on the turbo.
@@WhateverpoopiepantsOh my bad. I forgot to ask you about it and instead relied on my decades of experience building forced induction engines and racing them.
@@Whateverpoopiepants ??? I did. Stop acting like you own the internet. I'll say things exactly the way I want to. I don't answer to you. There are a lot of people saying things about back pressure here that only apply to naturally aspirated engines. Even a small amount of resistance limits boost on a turbo setup. The exhaust setup he had was preferred to dumping the exhaust into you slipstream at any other angle than parallel with it.
backpressure pre turbo is what spools/powers it.. you have to have it. post turbo you want it as low as you can get it. the slip stream wont affect the exhaust flow. There's plenty of force pushing it out.
So with diesels, from my experience, the more free flowing exhausts loose some low end grunt but allow for better egts allowing you to tune up the power to compensate.
There are many colors of corn. The most common color of corn is yellow. However, there many other varieties of colors of corn such as white, green, purple, red, blackish, orange, brown, pink, cream, and bluish-gray.
It provides a lot of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the primary component of corn. The starch content of the corn is its main carb, comprising 28-80% of its dry weight. Furthermore, corn also provides little amounts of sugar which are around 1-3%. Read on for more corn nutrition facts!
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Corn is a good source of protein. Generally, the protein content corns range from 10-15%. The most abundant proteins in corn are known as zeins (a class of prolamine protein found in maize), accounting for 44-79% of the total protein content.
For me, as I was growing up in estern Germany in the 1980's, the engine sounds more like the 3 Cylinder-2-stroke engine (992qcm, 50PS, 91Nm torque, 0-60 miles/hours in 27sec.) in a Wartburg 353, a Companion of the Trabant 😊. But you reached now a better fuel economy than 10.3L gasoline/100km. Great project. Thank you.
I love how this is slowly escalating into MOAR POWAAAAAARRRRRRRR!!!!!!
I wish there was some way we could predict what you're going to do with that white car😂
Sunday morning. No work, just grab a cup of Joe and enjoy a robot cantina video .😎
Literally waiting for my coffee when I realize this was up 😂
Also I have a lot of shite to deal with today and tomorrow, what a great start to the day 😎
Right there with ya indeed!
I'm at work drinking my morning coffee and watching this. It's such an interesting series, I watch every episode 🙂
@@chevyinlinesix robot cantina has been getting consistent watches from me for quite some time. It's been a wonderful thing to watch things progress over time. It's a coffee and cantina habit for sure. 🤣
Good morning! I thought about this the other day. It won’t be an exact science, but it should give some ball park figures.
There is a method for calculating the approximate power at the wheels, and it is surprisingly accurate, and for the kabuta Saturn, it will be more than adequate.
The method requires the vehicle’s weight with driver, a known 1/4 mile distance, and the vehicle’s trap speed at the 1/4 mile.
These numbers, when plugged into the formula, will generate the approximate horsepower required, and will give us an idea of how much power the little engine is now making ;)
The formula can be found online, and there are free phone apps available as well.
The diesel Saturn has been alot of fun. Youve effectively made the perfect vehicle for mixed city and backroad use where the speed limits dont exceed 45 mph. Since the belly pan mod did such a wonderful job helping the insight it would be interesting to see the kubota go into that baby
The most important part of a turbo exhaust system is the the dump pipe coming off the turbine housing. That flat flange against the wastegate flap is robbing you of power and response. The best are individual pipes, 1 that exits out of the turbine side that immediately steps up drastically in diameter and sharply. No nice merge from 1.5 to 2 inches a sharp abrupt step is required. The wastegate side should have its own pipe that then merges into the main exhaust down stream. A divider in the turbine housing attached to the exhaust flange should be included for this to truely work. After doing this it will spool earlier and more than likely add a psi or 2 to the boost seen by the engine. Try it and thank me later 👍
I write this under a previous video, but here it is again. If you could come up with a contraption that automatically adjusts fuel based on boost, you could eliminate the temperature issue. Old turbo diesels with mechanical injector pumps used a spring loaded diaphragm actuating a small piston to achieve this.
yeah, some kinda servo instead of bolting the fuel adjustment down. fashion a gear system and there you go.
They have them on P-pumps and other similar inline injection pumps too. Of course the other way around it is to tune for full boost and use your right foot to control the fuelling as boost builds when accellorating.
It’s called a Aneroid Fuel Control or AFC for short.
Yeah, I reckon removing the wastegate or pulling the hose off so it can free float more fuel will make more boost. Also I would fit a smaller turbo a VQ38 off a 3 cylinder Daihatsu diesel.
Using vacuum
I like how Jimbo keeps saying "acculator" like it's a real word.
And I'm going to keep telling myself that until it doesn't bother me 😂😂
Was that the thing next to the flux capacitor?
@@MonoBrawI Yup, between that and the blinker fluid reservoir.
That's correct terminology for an engine that doesn't have sparkolators. At least that's what Derek from Vicegrip Garage would have you believe.
@Samsung Tvset Figures those Diesel guys would have diff'rent writins than stuff for digical engines.
Well if it's vacuum actuated via an accumulator maybe it's a portmanteau of accumulator and actuator?
A slight injection pump timing tweek and there's another second could be shaved! Would absolutely love to see that car on a dyno! There's gotta be a close shop that would do it for a shout-out and science, strictly for educational purposes that is. I'd guess 24 wheel hp as it sits
pro tip===A good rule of thumb to follow when shopping for a wheelbarrow: Find one whose handles are about as wide as your shoulders. If the handles are farther apart than that, you’ll have a hard time steering.
The turbo acting as a muffler is a cool demonstration of part of how it works.
When the exhaust valve opens, there is usually still a lot of pressure in the cylinder. That initial pressure blasting out of the exhaust makes the majority of the noise. The turbo functions by expanding pressurised exhaust through the turbine to extract its energy- net result, a weaker pressure pulse going out the tailpipe and less noise. If you put a super sensitive tach on the turbo you'd probably see a jump in the turbine RPM in time with each exhaust valve opening.
I sent the first madman video link to the guy who invented madman…
He loved it !
I just sent this one too
(I used to live in South Africa)
Yeah, nice video! IMHO boost is rising very slowly, whole idea of wastegated turbo is that you can use smaller turbine case(A/R) so you boost up the quick on low rpm and not over boost it on high rpm. Ideal would be that you have a full boost at less than 2000rpm so low end torque and power would be much better. 😎👌
It's also not great with boost recovery after shift.
The turbo is frequently seen on kei cars with similar displacement, 660cc, but gas engines that spin 3x as fast. All that is to say the turbine would like more gas flow, but turbo selection for small engines is very limited.
Could probably use a turbo from a diesel Smart car, if I recall they're roughly around the same CC as the Kubota.
I think in a future incarnation you might want to consider a stupidcharger powered by a separate small engine. You could probably hook a pressure diaphragm up to a carburetor's throttle to get a nice regulated 15psi of boost under all conditions. Bonus points for making a setup requiring two different types of fuels.
One thing with the air cooled v twin, There are going to be issues with hot air recirculating. Air cooled VW engine compartments are sealed top to bottom to prevent this from occurring.
This comment is way under rated, I assume they have this in mind. Hopefully.
@@Failure_Is_An_Option it deserves far more thumbs up, sorry if I got misunderstood.
The reason that the open exhaust slightly slowed down the car is because it was making more boost with the same amount of fuel and lost efficiency aka power. The egt’s your running are super safe. A stock turbo diesel will run 1100 to 1150 max egt’s. With that said you can run hotter and get away with it but there’s really no need for that unless your racing. The biggest gain you could achieve from this setup would come from an injection pump design for boost. Right now your fueling is based on rpm. If you had a boost reference pump you would be making full boost at probably 2000 rpm or lower. There’s a lot of potential left here. Maybe your turbo is about maxed out but if you get the fuel and boost to come in at a much lower rpm this thing will feel like a completely different machine. Keep the content coming and don’t be afraid to pull the fuel screw completely out. Your foot can do all the fuel control that is needed.
Interesting findings. Lower EGTs and full boost at 3200 rpm, about 200-300 rpm earlier.
The monitoring data suggests, you have been shifting later with connected exhaust, especially first to second gear: Rpm 3093 vs 3580. Maybe set an rpm-alarm for more consistent shifting? I think the rev limiter is asking for a raise so it can stay a bit longer in its 'happy zone'.
The embedding of monitoring data has added great value 👍
Definitely needs a bit more rpm, question is can the engine manage that
Keep in mind the engine is still running on the governor so I have to both watch the tach and "feel" the engine output. The EMS 3 has an alarm that I could use, but if I trigger the RPM MAX alarm it will switch the display from all channels to just RPM and that would spoil the data video.... no mater what, its still the fastest 3 cylinder 719cc Saturn in the world... lol
The speed was less because of less density of the exhaust gasses. That allowed less force against the turbine wheel.
Can't wait to see that v twin in action!
takes me back when i put on of those on my riding mower and swapped the pulleys. damn thing smoked belts for breakfast
You should do a compound turbo set up, so add another turbo that feeds into this turbo that’s even bigger to get more airflow. Also try hooking up water methanol injection.
Here's an idea...pre-heat the fuel by tapping into the coolant, or better yet, from the really hot oil return line from the turbo.
Heat will lower the fuel's viscosity ratio and cause it to atomize more finely during the injection cycle, making cleaner exhaust at high power.
The perfect Sunday morning, church, run and then Robot Cantina. Thanks for the video. 👍
I´d like to buy something small (light) off the trusty old Saturn when You scrap it, it´s been a quite reliable test bed but I think the Kubota would fit the Renault way better because the Renault is lighter. That would be fun to see and You´d have the only one there is.
Have a beautiful day, Greets from Germany
Do you want the Saturn badge from the front of the car? My email can be found on the channel home page in the "about" section.
Jim, Usually on those turbos with a wastegate next to the outlet, yiu get whats called a 'Bell mouth' housing, which lets exhaust gas ecit smoothly rather than running up against the flange...
Seems like the Kubota is asking for more fuel with the exhaust opened up. Turbo wrap and more boost wouldn’t hurt either. Having an exhaust outlet in a lower pressure, less turbulent area would also help too (and keep the EGT low, so more fuel and more boost).
Excited to see the Predator twin going into the Renault. It’s not far off of the factory engine’s power numbers out of the box, and there’s plenty of room for turbos and intercoolers in that engine bay.
Came here to say the same thing. Needs more fuel with the better volumetric efficiency from the exhaust delete
more fuel and exhaust wrap will raise egt. combustion temps will rise with more fuel, and the wrap will hold more of the heat in. The wrap could help turbo response as a result.
Egts are pretty low. Doubling boost shouldve cut the 0-55 by a significant amount. Needs fuel
@@dukeofnyd1 Needs more fuel AND air. Can't just add fuel and more fuel or itll get too hot. He didn't double the boost in this video vs last. Added a few pounds vs last time, but also added fuel. What is "high" for egt depends on the engine. He is already near the limit he set. The power output of this engine so low to start with that boost doesn't do as much as you would think.
I think the turbo he has is maxed now at 15psi. Would he be safe to run 20 or 30 psi?
Another good episode! Part of my Sunday schedule is to watch Robot Cantina before I go to bed. You have become an enjoyable habit. Who could imagine I would be captivated by a Toyota running on a lawn mower engine and a diesel Saturn. I can't wait for the Renault with the V-twin. Phil
Great Sunday for an upload! I also came to hear him say acculator instead of actuator. Gets me every time.
Just remove the waitse gate so you get maximum boost and the sweet turbo sounds
While maybe not conducive to a top mount intercooler, I did an experiment with a windshield washer pump that spray water directly onto the intercooler when activated. The results to the intake air temps were pretty interesting if you're looking for an interesting yet cheap experiment.
Nice a little mist assisted air to air intercooler action would be cheap and easy.
That’s what I said on the last video kinda was a let down when they didn’t try my idea
LoL seriously?
On the 12 valve Cummins engines, Cummins literature says they built the head with no water passages near the exhaust runners/ports for less heat exchange to the radiator and for better turbo performance. That the higher the EGT'S the more boost the turbo generates due to the heat causing closer tolerances on the turbine side.
Love your episodes. It's a lot of fun watching how methodical you are. My engineering mind loves that.
Exhaust systems are just that - systems. I suspect there was some kind of pulse scavenging effect going on that was ruined when you disconnected the rest of the system. It looks like the turbo made a little more boost and that could be why the EGTs were down. I suspect the right next more is a bigger downpipe and if there's time I would love to see that going to the remainder of the old system. Can you get the slightly better efficiency of the turbine and cooler EGTs with the extra scavenging? It saves you from building a whole system and if it's something that can carry over to the new project it's not a waste of time or money...
For the predator - you have to do twin pipes... At some point you need twin pipes on it. But, you can also experiment with different systems, but straight duals have a unique sound somewhat like an older Harley. Not exactly the same, but somewhat.
And lastly, I hope nobody says "you need backpressure..." or similar... If you think you need backpressure and it's as simple as that - shove a cork in your tailpipe... Exhaust systems are complex, fluid dynamic systems that have a variable heat and pressure relationship with acoustic tuning - i.e. the pulses can help or hurt things, reversion, etc. If you have a V8 drag car with headers and you run open headers at the flange - you will always go faster if you add a 15-18" collector extension. It's the same diameter pipe and there's no change in pressure, but the waves have more time to balance out. You can start with a longer pipe and paint it and where the paint burns off - cut it there. It will give you the best HP and TQ boost you can get. Change the cam, heads, intake, etc and that point changes too. Just remember - it's a system. It all has to work together.
Oh, and BTW, I think the wheel bearing is going bad... ;-p
Robot Cantina: Best show on UA-cam !
Summer is all about the heat. Some areas might have dry heat, while others will be hot and humid. Summer weather has its own unique flavor.
Thunderstorms happen more in summer because of the warm humid air.
Along coastal regions, hurricanes are common during the summer months.
Summer is the warmest season because the Earth is tilted toward the sun.
Meteorologists see the summer starting in the north on June 1st and in the south on December 1st. This is based off temperature rather than astronomy.
Now I understand why it's called MADMAN... I was monitoring the figures (mainly EGT and boost) like mad while you were flooring it :) good stuff, just keep it going, you really make our Sundays!
I think your timers for acceleration will be more accurate if instead, you do a rolling start. Maybe start the timers at 5 or 10 mph and go to 55 and 60 mph. Reason being, your launches aren’t consistent. (Not to your fault). But it can easily cost a second or 2 in your data.
Keep the videos coming! I don’t miss any!
Wheel bearings in those Saturns were basically half junk when new. I had one that I ran up to 335,000 miles and I couldn’t even tell u how many wheel bearings I put in over the 12 years I drove that thing. I wanna say 3 sets in the front and 2 sets in the back.
Suggestion: when you alter the exhaust, also make sure it vents directly toward the rear and put a slightly flared diffuser on it so that the back pressure is a little bit reduced.
It would be interesting to compare just a straight opening exit to one which is slightly flared to see if the same thing happens as in a rocket nozzle or not. [no not the thrust, just the pressure drop]
Jimbo, just know that I believe in the Magic you bring to this Channel.
Another entertaining video, you make my Sundays, I was late today but usually it would be a bowl of oatmeal with maple syrup and Robot Catena. Never mind the detractors and nit pickers, most of the regulars come here for entertainment and we really appreciate it. Keep it coming, we really appreciate your sense of humour and ingenuity.
I’m blown away by this series of the Saturn with the 3 cylinder diesel engine. You are very scientific and that’s okay. I can’t wait to see what you can do with the “new car”!
Hotter exhaust gases flow better than colder exhaust gases. It's commonly known in the tuner world that heat wrapping your exhaust to contain heat in the exhaust improves flow. The result you have observed with lower exhaust temperature leading to slower acceleration is not only logical but also expected
Turbochargers are driven by adiabatic expansion, so what you need to look at is the pre and post turbine temperature to see the real impact of the full/no exhaust. Most likely you were losing expansion because of the free flowing exhaust, so there was less energy driving the turbine.
I know the guy who bought a used Trailblazer 5.3 for me to install paid the core charge up front, and never came back for the core, so that one was _kinda_ given away......
Great little series, looking forward to the Renault. Nice gear box to CVT setup.
Wooot ! free engine! I reckon if nothing else it would make a great boat anchor.
@@robotcantina8957 Just had a stuck lifter, it's otherwise good, 243 heads, Gen 4 rods, but a 24X crank reluctor, so a 411 pcm can run it, it really is a pretty good score, well, if you want one.....
There has to be another reason for the slow down, a turbo diesel will never punish you for removing back pressure. I bet it’s because the exhaust being disconnected causes turbulence. Or the tailpipe being at the back pulls a vacuum on the pipe.
2:40 A more accurate way to measure is to put the screw on the back of the caliper ( at the end of the black strip ) Flip the caliper over and this will show what to do
Yes! I shouting at the screen “use the step measuring thing”, but I don’t think Jimbo heard me.
I think the difference was that the full exhaust got shifted into 2nd at a higher rpm, hitting a peak psi of 12 vs no exhaust peak of 6psi while in first gear. This caused it to build boost faster through 2nd giving it a slight edge. Although this is just me overanalyzing one run :)
The shift rpms i saw (peak from frame by frame)
started rolling at 3086rpm full ex vs 2937rpm free flow. shifted into 2nd at 3580rpm full ex vs 3140rpm free flow, then into 3rd at 3584rpm full ex 3476rpm free flow, both shifted into 4th at 3531rpm
You’re welcome Jimbo, enjoying the series so far.
counterintuitively, a turbocharger isn't really driven by directly by exhaust pressure or flow, but rather by exhaust gas expansion, i.e. how a steam engine works. this means you actually _want_ higher EGTs, with a high temperature delta across the exhaust side of the turbo, and a larger exhaust outlet than you would have on a naturally aspirated exhaust manifold.
edit: thinking about the size of the exhaust side inlet and outlet of an average mitsubishi TD04, you probably want a ~1:1.5 ratio of exhaust manifold to downpipe size, though that's for a gas engine, so ymmv.
I love the methodical testing on bizarre stuff. I think disconnecting the exhaust you upset the delicate balance of the system, clearly you need to give it MORE fuel and MOAR BOOST after you do that. ;)
5:12 didn't expect you looking a bit like Hulk Hoogan. Cool
Invited the whole family today for MOTHER'S DAY. Lot's of fun watching ROBOT CANTINA💖💖
We know Father's Day is coming around soon, too.
@@ocdman202 “Becoming a dad means you have to be a role model for your son and be someone he can look up to.”
“Anyone can be a father. It takes someone special to be a dad, and that's why I call you dad because you are so special to me. You taught me the game, and you taught me how to play it right.”
“The quality of a father can be seen in the goals, dreams and aspirations he sets not only for himself, but for his family.”
“Good fathers make good sons.”
Nice tease at the end putting the Predator into the old Renault, looking forward to that video.
Gotta be one of the coolest projects I've seen. I Hope to see more from the little diesel engine
I didn’t realize how heavy that engine is! Dayum!
It liked the open exhaust if you notice in addition to lower EGT, you showed lower ECT and a little higher boost pressure. Adding the extra fuel would probably produce the performance increase expected🎉
I love the content but God it irks me how he says actuator lol. Love the content keep it up. 😂😂
Great episode. Soon this Saturn will be faster than my car.
No wonder Saturns are kinda quick, 100hp and 2,000lbs? Nice.
Oh baby the big block predator V has found its home! That's going to be fun to watch. Keep up the excellent work. It might be usefull to check back pressure on the exhaust before the turbo.
I will be sad to see the Saturn go. It’s a neat little car that would get awesome fuel mileage and most likely be rock solid reliable. Looking forward to the next adventure. I really appreciate the diesel flavored variety. Thanks.
Awesome. More boost turned out just as good as I thought it would, excited to see what's next.
Instead of a manifold you could do long tube headers; that would reduce exhaust temperature significantly. The manifold is the main choke point where heat is at its worst. Manifolds are also highly restrictive in terms of air flow, where good headers flow way better.
You still need a duct around the intercooler to control the airflow through the center.
I’m waiting to see 40psi boost and toss and chunks flying everywhere 🤘
I still stand by increasing your injector POP to get the fuel saturation better with that extra air. If someone can get me a PN I might be able to get you a set and could set the POP....
I have an 800 wheel hp or Civic Type R however I enjoy this little engine just as much
Great to see the Hemi BIG block go into the Renault!
I would just run a straight pipe exhaust. Even when you change the motor out to another car.. Great project thanks for sharing.
Simple explanation from the old farmer's tale: Diesel engines make more power the hotter they get. Right up until they blow up, or melt, or both. Which is why you don't want to let your diesel-engine tractor roll over on its side. Apart from the resulting high level of personal excitement and danger, the engine will start consuming its own engine oil, and will speed up and up and up until it goes boom. By disconnecting your exhaust, you decreased back pressure, allowing the air-fuel charge to move more efficiently through the engine. This slightly decreased the exhaust temperature, reflecting a lower combustion temperature and yielding just a little bit less power for the amount of fuel you were giving it. Anyway, that's my two cents. Much of what works for gasoline engines works opposite for diesels, which is makes them so weird and wonderful.
The higher temperature before the turbos is more efficient and can add more air in to the the intake
CANTINA, we love the short short videos, you have been putting out recently.. I watch them while I am waiting for my
plane at the airport. thanks, ROBOT 👾👾👾👾
you might want to a supercharger to the engine right before the turbo and use the same type used in the Honda Insight 420 EFI supercharger project and run a very small V-belt pulley and go with a AMR500 supercharger.
pro tip===When building or purchasing a birdhouse, remember that the size of the house’s hole determines which species can use the house. Most bird species will fit through a 1.25-inch hole-and most predators will not.
Dump old seed from your bird feeder periodically so rancid seed doesn’t attract raccoons or possums. Cleaning the feeder prevents the spread of disease among birds. (Pro tip: Cayenne powder mixed in with the seed is a good squirrel deterrent.)
I Am watching since the start of SE02 and I absolutely love this series! Please keep us posted 🎉
14:00 that thing has factory disc breaks on the rear? damn thats amazing
Glad you got rid of the gnome infestation. Great video as always.
Would still love to see a cheap water/meth kit slapped on the saturn. Some -20* washer fluid and a boost referenced spray nozzle should work. Tho fine tuning it all might be tricky, but the madman might help
Love the no wind that you are aware of and then the video rolls and the trees and bushes are making a wild wind dance :D
Makes sense. The turbo doesn't really run on pressure - it relies on thermal expansion. If you keep more of the heat in the turbo housing there is less loss to cooling therefore it takes slightly less power to spin the turbo for the same pressure.
The flip side to this is you could potentially run more fuel with the exhaust off since the temps are lower.
Which one is a better option will depend more on what you want it to do than anything else.
Yep, exactly what I was thinking. I noticed boost threshold was moved to a lower RPM with more heat in the manifold.
I was thinking the same exact thing. Not exactly what I expected, but once I thought about it for a second, that was the only thing that made sense to me.
Theres alot to it but yeah. Turbo blankets and exhaust wrap makes a huge difference
Actually it's a bit of both the faster the motor turns the faster the pulses are and thermal expansion and is part of the equation
Less exhaust restriction = less drive pressure. Less drive pressure = slower turbo spool. Slower turbo spool = slower acceleration.
removing the exhaust reduced the post turbo exhaust pressure which in turn reduced the EGT as the engine is doing less work because the exhaust is less restrictive. that loss of heat energy in the turbine housing is what cost you spool. a way you can remedy this is a fiberglass insulated turbo blanket that encases the turbine housing as well as wrapping the exhaust manifold in header wrap, doing this will keep EGT higher and help the turbo to spool up and start making boost much quicker, since heat energy is ultimately what spools it.
Have heard turbos like higher exhaust pressure to help them ram more air in. The overall temp diff could be the difference in power produced.
Somebody said that it couldn’t be done,
But, he with a chuckle replied
That “maybe it couldn’t,” but he would be one
Who wouldn’t say so till he had tried.
So he buckled right in with the trace of a grin
On his face. If he worried he hid it.
He started to sing as he tackled the thing
That couldn’t be done, and he did it.
Thanks for another great video on the Saturn. Compared to the Renault, I guess it has a better aerodynamic value, but the Renault has more lightness to it, so the race will continue!
👍💪✌
The exhaust on makes boost quicker as to be expected with higher EGT. Adding a AFR gauge may help working out if the engine wants more fuel or boost.
AFRs with diesels are not the same as a gasser. Diesels can run really rich or incredibly lean and still make power. As long as he keeps the EGTs from melting a piston and the head from lifting he's good.
Speedometer updates so slowly like every 0.5seconds, so you can't really get a good judge of time from it when +/-0.5sec is your margin of error.
Yes, the speedo is a bit slow sometimes.
Always looking forward to the robot cantina video when i get home from church
Ya!! It seems like all of my favorite UA-camrs knew I was gonna be layed up for a while. So they all put good videos out! So I know the saturn is only a temporary car but, would a propane injection cool the EGT’s at all? Just a suggestion, not a diesel expert by any means. Just always seemed like propane was nitrous for diesel guys. Thought the 670 was going in the insight? Either way us viewers have been chomping at the bit for a 670 swap!
Thanks Jimbo, you rock😎
You should add the supercharger along with the turbocharger to keep egt down till turbo spools
You have fun making the videos, I have fun watching! Great instruction professor Jimbo!
French Predator?! YAY!! Can’t wait to see!! 😃
Plenty of room in there for engine work!
I was watching the boost and it appeared it was quicker to pressure with the full exhaust and there may be some weird magic thermodynamic thing going on. The hotter it is around the turbine let’s it spin up faster? Finding back pressure or restrictive exhaust improving power a hard concept. I believe on a single petrol/gas for you imperial crowed cylinder on dyno the best is a slight widerning cone “megaphone”. Wobbels the mad Aussie
I believe because of the diameter of the pipe u didn’t see any power improvements but it did allow for better heat dissipation
Those kubota engines are used in mini diesel tractor pulls just like the full-size ones. 60psi and 100+hp at 6,000rpm I would just throw out the fuel stop screw 😂
Definitely needs a hood exit tear drop screamer pipe. That's good for like 20% more power.
Now you need to route the exhaust through a stack straight out the hood like all the cool high performance diesel truck do!😄
You should do a compound turbo setup on it, it would be able to make so much more power and do it more efficiently.
Looking forward to the week ahead. I have these videos on repeat in
my garage, keeps me going.
I like to do some reading in the garage. Sometimes it makes me wonder, why the real education is left on the individuals to study and learn, while the things that we may never be required to use are taught in tons in schools.
I have started to believe over the number of years is that each individual should take upon himself to hunt down the right books, buy it with his own money, and educate himself on the content, instead of being totally dependent on educational institutes.
"How to Read a Book" is one of the books that one can start with. When I started reading this book I realised that I have been reading my books using trial and error method as I tried to understand the contents of that book.
Really like it! It’s helped me find out what I've been doing wrong. For a non reader, the size of the book is shocking but I’ve been getting through it quite fast which is also shocking. Great tips and I wish I had read this as a teen!! It will change how I read going forwards
"Perhaps we know more about the world than we used to. and insofar as knowledge is prerequisite to understanding, that is all to the good. But knowledge is not as much a prerequisite to understanding as is commonly supposed. We do not have to know everything about something in order to understand it; too many facts are often as much of an obstacle to understanding as too few. There is a sense in which we moderns are inundated with facts to the detriment of understanding."
"Thinking is only one part of the activity of learning.
On turbocharged engines you don't want your exhaust stream exit dumping at just any random angle into the passing slip stream. I know that v-band is tucked up behind the fender/coraplast, but just saying you may want to check whether there's enough turbulence happening there to make flow less than ideal - even the fact that there's a slipstream 4" away from and perpendicular to the exit can be problematic. The exhaust should dump same direction as airflow to be correct. Remember, N/A engines are less effected by this - but any back pressure on a turbo engine kills boost because it acts as a brake on the turbo.
I take it you are joking ?
Where did you get that from ?
@@WhateverpoopiepantsOh my bad. I forgot to ask you about it and instead relied on my decades of experience building forced induction engines and racing them.
@@QuantumLeap83
Then why didn’t you say back pressure ?
@@Whateverpoopiepants ??? I did. Stop acting like you own the internet. I'll say things exactly the way I want to. I don't answer to you.
There are a lot of people saying things about back pressure here that only apply to naturally aspirated engines. Even a small amount of resistance limits boost on a turbo setup. The exhaust setup he had was preferred to dumping the exhaust into you slipstream at any other angle than parallel with it.
backpressure pre turbo is what spools/powers it.. you have to have it. post turbo you want it as low as you can get it. the slip stream wont affect the exhaust flow. There's plenty of force pushing it out.
So with diesels, from my experience, the more free flowing exhausts loose some low end grunt but allow for better egts allowing you to tune up the power to compensate.
@13:17 no exhaust makes 1 more psi of boost and it ramps up faster, but still slower. maybe from the exhaust increasing engine bay temps
"Knee high" by the fourth of July, corn is a summer favorite.
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The most common color of corn is yellow. However, there many other varieties of colors of corn such as white, green, purple, red, blackish, orange, brown, pink, cream, and bluish-gray.
It provides a lot of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are the primary component of corn. The starch content of the corn is its main carb, comprising 28-80% of its dry weight. Furthermore, corn also provides little amounts of sugar which are around 1-3%. Read on for more corn nutrition facts!
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Corn is a good source of protein.
Generally, the protein content corns range from 10-15%. The most abundant proteins in corn are known as zeins (a class of prolamine protein found in maize), accounting for 44-79% of the total protein content.