Dynein Motor Protein
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- Опубліковано 9 лют 2025
- Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. All of these functions rely on dynein's ability to move towards the minus-end of the microtubules, known as retrograde transport; thus, they are called "minus-end directed motors". In contrast, most kinesin motor proteins move toward the microtubules' plus-end, in what is called anterograde transport.
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Amazing video! It made me understand it way more. I am incredibly fascinated by these little walkers, but never understood how they got to "walk"
Thank you!
Say we have 2 "legs" of Dynein proteins. Let's call them "Left leg" and "Right leg". When ATP binds to the left leg, this induces a change of electric potentials along the entire protein, which un turn changes its shape and "releases" it from the microtubule. This release, and the hydrolisis of ATP to ADP causes the left leg to re-bind to the microtubule and revert back to its original shape.
Why would the re-bind position be different? What's stopping the left leg from (by pure chance) re-binding back to the same spot from where it lifted? Yes, the shape of the leg changes, but the entire leg is somehwat similar to a "wobbly sculpture of magnets with ever-changing strengths and orientations".
And while the left leg is detached from the tubule, what happens if at that same time the right leg accepts a molecule of ATP? Wouldn't both legs detach?
What if the left leg receives (again, by pure chance, since these molecules are randomly floating about the protein) 2 molecules of ATP one after the other, but the right leg doesn't? What happens if one leg takes 2 steps before the other leg even moves? And if the moving leg just "stomps in place", then we get back to my first question (since the surface of the microtubules is homogenous along the lenght of the tubule).
Trying to animate real molecular movement its really hard and weird to see. But in reality, the legs do go backwards, but there is a bigger probability of the leg to step forward instead of backwards.
ua-cam.com/video/lVwKiWSu8XE/v-deo.html watch this video.
Replying to my own comment, in case somebody comes accross it:
It's explained in great detail here: ua-cam.com/video/lVwKiWSu8XE/v-deo.html
TL:DR: version: The left and right leg move in an inch-worm fashion. The legs don't move in synchronous steps. Sometimes the left leg takes multiple steps forward (or even backwards!), before the right leg moves. The length of each step is random, the direction is also random, but loosely guided by the polarisation of the microtubule itself. The order of steps is also random, depending on when and to which leg the ATP binds.
So all in all, the answer to my first question is "Nothing. It can and does stomp in place. It can even go backwards.".
The answer to my second question is "The entire thing detaches and floats away. It might randomly re-attach later, because the microtubule is polarised".
And the answer to the third question is "This happens all the time, see the linked video. The left leg simply takes 2 steps - they might be forward, backward or in place. They are on average forward steps, because of the polarisation of the microtubule"
I know dud I reply with the same link. I also saw that one.
These are literal nano machines 😲
It's amazing and weird
Yeah!
And viruses are data packets that corrupt their files. 😯😯😯
So, how did the code arise to specify this behavior? Did random stretches of RNA come together in the correct order, along with random stretches of code for two types of tubulin, ATP synthase, cell wall building machines, ribosomes with 2 subunits, all the R pol and DNA copying proteins, each of 61 types of tRNA, and the 20 acylamino t-rna synthetases, plus so much more?
And, aren't both code and machinery both needed at the same time in the same place to make whole systems work?
I just don't get it.
@@glenliesegang233 The genetic code existed before such complex structures came about.
Awesome videos, thank you!
really useful video. thank you!
Awesome animation and explanation :)
Question, why doesn't the atp protein (or rather 2 proteins) bind simultaneously on both linkers? How motion synchronization occurs instead of jumping for example.
beautiful!!
Thanks for this superb video!
thank you!!
very super animation
Consider this: microtubules self-assemble when needed, disassemble "when not needed," and there are at least 6 linking proteins each of which is unique for each type of cargo, and these nano-machines and hundreds more are necessary for eukaryotic chromosome segregation in mitosis.
When you consider both code and device built from code had to be present at the same time in evolution for systems to work together to produce a necessary effects,I cannot see a way any sighted person can not see how this is not absolute, 100% proof life was created by a nearly Infinite Intelligence capable of understanding both means and end, planning, encoding, and having the basics (which are not basic!) All present together, for life to copy itself.
Had Darwin known, he would have unequivocally stated, "Here's how evolution works, and ACreator created both life and the processes of evolution.
Then that creator must be a terribly indifferent being. Innumerable faulty codes have been discarded at the whims of this 'creator' throughout Earth's history.
@@randomplebian461IMHO, you have a very human view on evolution.
What was once called "junk DNA" but is now understood to nr regulation of switching genes on and off, or a modified or mutated protein, human genome switched off many per- hominid genes) may only come into play until much later in evolution. Multiple copies may be needed for avoiding viral genome insertion leading to failure of one copy.
I cannot conceive how S. cervisiae ribosome production can have 50 different quality control steps, each requiring some recognition system for a ribosome's normality, and destroying and recycling any which do not pass muster, on the basis of, "molecular evolution."
I cannot conceive of how 32 "quit" (not bit) length promoters each whih correspond to the necessity for a gene or group of genes to be turned on because of specific cell necessity, in humble E. coli.
Do you know what purpose CRISPR served its bacterium? Look it up. Do you know where one key retinal protein came from (recent discovery)?
"Complexification" leads me to see the bigger picture of a vastly superior Intelligence acting through choice and intervention.
To know if we are on the same page before further discussion, can you tell me what I mean by that term and how it proves (is the footprints of the Creator) such intervention?
Only a fool calls Bill Gate's Microsoft coders, "stupid" for how they have chosen to add redundancy, and shut down parts of code for later use, to the initial code for a genetic algorithm.
I guess you are wiser than God. Wow. Are you immortal too?
2j
@@glenliesegang233 Can you explain why this intelligent being allows for so much suffering in the world?
@@weltschmerzistofthaufig2440Well it’s because he’s testing us obviously! He hurts us because he loves us! Totally not an abusive relationship!
That’s crazy literally walking things in our neurons
These are like little people in my body lmaooo
not peope, machines! literary machines at nanoscale.
This is like a machine.
this is nuts
great thank you
Just amazing!! nothing to say. …
Cool
I dont believe this is possible especially in 2D illustration
wow
they kind of creep me out lol
Ja się zmienię w świerszcza🦗
Arm Boosters
Boston Dynamics cheated. Oh I'm sorry this obviously has no designer. I'm terrible with analogies. I can see the fabric, I am worthy of my station.
Nanotechnology
Motors are designed, whether for cars, smaller devices, or cells. So do motors put themselves together or is there a Maker. And if they are made, then why does this disturb atheists? Science has discovered these micro machines and belief in a creator did not hinder their discovery in any way.
We know that this is the product of evolution...
There is now way that you can think that evolution could create smth this convoluted, that after so many years that this just happened and then kept happening
@@TelepathShield You clearly don’t understand how evolution works. We have conducted many investigations into how evolution produces complex molecular machines, and we know that nothing in Biology was created by some supernatural entity.