The Stunning link between Entropy, time & information | Science behind Tenet
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- Опубліковано 13 тра 2024
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The common interpretation of entropy is that it is a measure of disorder in the universe. The universe is on path to more and more disorder. And this is the reason time is thought to flow forward.Is entropy a fundamental property of nature? Or is there something deeper? Tenet entropy science.
Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell came up with a thought experiment, called Maxwell’s demon, that showed a mechanism where entropy could be reversed. It would violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics. No one could resolve it for over 100 years. But when researchers at IBM solved this paradox, they showed that entropy was related to something even more fundamental - information.
All physical laws appear to be time reversible. The only law of physics which appears to be time irreversible is the law of increasing entropy - the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Let’s take a container with gas isolated on one side with a barrier. If we remove the barrier, the gas will expand into the full volume of the container. We have just increased the entropy of the gas. The reason there is more disorder is that in a greater volume there are more places that individual gas molecules could be. This greater possible number of arrangements is a better description of entropy.
What if we pushed the gas back to half the volume of the container. Wouldn’t this reduce the entropy back to what it was? No, because compressing the gas requires putting work into the system. It would raise the temperature of the gas. It would heat up and the entropy would increase making up for any decrease in entropy due to the smaller volume.
Could the gas spontaneously arrange itself so that it fills only half the volume? Yes, and that would violate the 2nd law, but there is nothing in the laws of physics that prevents this from happening, except that it is very unlikely. The possibility that all the multiple trillions of molecules in the gas could arrange themselves in one side of the container is about one in 10^150,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. This number is so big, that it is statistically impossible.
Maxwell's demon: a chamber with a divider in the center. we start out with a gas in one chamber, this gas will distribute itself evenly between the two chambers. We put a door between the two chambers controlled by a little demon. The door is frictionless so adds no energy in the enclosed system. The demon controls the door such that he only lets the molecules travel in one direction. This demon makes it so all the gas is collected on the left chamber so that no molecules remain in the right chamber. The entropy decreased. This seems to violate the 2nd law.
Rolf Landaur and Charles Bennett showed that In order for the demon to reduce the entropy, he has to gather information about the movement of various molecules. He is building a memory record. The demon is increasing the amount of information in the system. This increase in information is an increase in entropy. The decrease in entropy due to the volume decrease is exactly counterbalanced by an increase in information in the demon’s brain. The 2nd law is not violated. They also showed that erasing information is not free. It produces heat to increase entropy.
So entropy is really a measure of the information required to express the state of a system. A system with Higher entropy requires more information to describe its microstates.
How is time related to entropy and information? All the laws of physics we know appear to be symmetrical with respect to time, except Entropy is asymmetrical. It flows only in one direction - higher. This inspired British Scientist Arthur Eddington to postulate that it is the increase in entropy that is responsible for the flow of time. It is not a good theory because the prediction it would make is that time should go backward when entropy decreases. The inside of your refrigerator is a place where entropy is decreasing. Your food is getting colder, but time doesn’t flow backward inside your refrigerator.
The low entropy start of the universe is thought to be the primary reason why time flows forward. But why was entropy so low at the beginning? Given all the different configurations it could have been in, why the lowest one? No one really knows.
#entropy
Maybe It is just a fact. Another idea is from physicists like as Alan Guth and Sean Carroll. if there is no upper limit to entropy, then no matter where the universe started, it would have been in the lowest entropy state. It has nowhere else to go except a higher entropy state.
If Time flows forward as entropy becomes higher, then we are a consequence of the increasing entropy of the universe. If the universe was in thermal equilibrium, we would not exist. The reason we have causality, evolution, biological processes, thoughts, memories and even consciousness is entropy. - Наука та технологія
Ash is reaching new levels. This is the best explanation of Maxwell's Demon on the internet. Maxwell would be impressed. Keep it coming.
I’m so impressed by this guy. Not many great scientists (statistically speaking) appreciate that teaching is an art form and a science unto itself. Arvin Ash does, clearly. And I’m eternally grateful to him.
I agree. The ones I have seen usually mess it up by saying it takes energy to operate the door, and so no net work can be extracted. But Maxwell foresaw that too easy escape. That's why he made the door massless and frictionless. So the more fundamental reason the Demon can't violate the second law is that he needs some scratch paper to store information on (which may be his brain, if he has one), and when he runs out of space, he must erase! If he had an infinite tape of blank scratch paper, then he could generate unlimited work with no erasures. But in that case the requirement of "no other changes in the surroundings" in the Kelvin statement of the 2nd law wouldn't be satisfied. So technically the law isn't being broken. At best, Maxwell's demon operates as a kind of weird heat engine.
I agree with Alex. It's the best definition for the lay person I've heard yet.
The idea of time going backwards being a probability that doesn’t occur just completely blew my mind. Please, continue doing these videos!
Thanks. Just to clarify, that was speculation on my part. There is no theory showing time could reverse linked to entropy.
My professor before said that time travel (past) will be only possible if all micro state of a system reverts back to its previous state exactly as it was then, which is again has to do with entropy which is statistically impossible to happen.
For me the consciousness depending on time blew my mind. I used to always wonder why we need a consciousness in a separate dimension that's moving forward to be able to observe time moving backward in this dimension, but now I've got the answer. What makes it crazier is that even my idea of time going backward is actually time going forward because it was dependent on my consciousness.
@@maoomph statistically improbable possibilities is a paradox. If it is statistically probable, then it is 100% possible, even if it doesnt occur at the same place of measurement in space time where data is gathered to determine probabilities.
Just because it didnt happen in an observer's space-time observation region, doesnt mean it didnt or will not happen in another region of space time seperated by non euclidean dimensions.
@@Constellation3232 I never denounced it can’t happen I’m just saying it’s unlikely in the universe we live in because probabilities in our universe is controlled by the propagation or increasing entropy and returning from less entropy is highly improbable unless it somehow creates greater entropy somewhere else, just like with maxwells demon.
This is the channel you go to after watching 5 minutes of PBS Space Time.
I love PBS Space Time but these guys explain it way better for normal people without being too basic lol
Hell yes
They compliment each other, part of a noticeable flocculation of about 30 outstanding UA-camrs. Old uk duffer here :)
This is far easier to understand. With graphics and language that isn't verbose
@@weizhongxianfumariobeans7788 It's not so much that PBS is verbose as it is technical.
Never forget kids. The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers, he or she is the one who asks the right questions.
Well, asks questions, anyway, and that's worth a great deal of credit.
The problem is when the scientist cannot get a factual answer, so they present "theory" as fact... witch is very dangerous.
@@JohnnyAnderson1
I think you're trying, Burning.
For how science works, you might enjoy googling up "Karl Popper." His big important notion is that of "falsifiability." To be considered science, in Popper's view, an idea must be falsifiable.
"The world is flat" and the "world is round" are falsifiable. You can check, so they're both scientific ideas. (The first one is wrong! The second is approximately correct. You can consider it right or wrong, depending on your purposes. If you think it's an exact sphere, your boat isn't going to find the Panama Canal...)
Go for it. Get informed. You're on the edge of a bunch of interesting and useful ideas.
@@TheDavidlloydjones So, we don't get our "facts" by proving them right. We only dismiss them when there proven wrong?
@@JohnnyAnderson1
Exactly.
If they're never proved wrong you can be more and more sure as the years go by -- but then somebody may discover Australia. And Austalia is a ver-ree big place... but somebody may discover a black swan, and your "All swans are white" rule is out the window.
The light way of putting this is simply "You want certainty? Religion is what you're looking for."
Well, sir, you've just proven that entropy of a closed system can decrease, because after watching this brilliant video of yours, the disorder of my general understanding of this topic has decreased. Thank you! :)
I googled entropy. 10 mins later I gave up XD
While taking in the video your brain was not a closed system. Your brain may contain added information.
If you understand more means there's more combination that you can think of, means the entropy increased instead!
Well put Peter!
You wil never put your pices back again😆.... But you did gain a bigger brain 🧐🤩
That was mind blowing! Especially the last part about the universe forming out of pure probability.
I know, right?
Yeah, gas rearranging itself is statistically impossible and won’t violate entropy but the universe assembling itself isn’t? So many contradictions
The question is whether space-time really produces quantum fluctuations forever.
@@fritospie7982 you missed the part about time , if extremely small probabilities exist you probably won't see any of those within the first 13 billion years of universe. 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 120 years is an extremely HUGE amount of years. I invite you to think of a probability that can happen with a 0.00001 chance per year. How many of those would you statistically see in that extremely big number that is still extremely big when you compactify it...
The problem with the idea that a universe can form by pure chance is that the the probability that our solar system (including Earth with 7 billion sentient humans) can spontaneously come into existence is many many orders of magnitude higher. So it is statistically much much much more likely to have a universe that only contains our solar system. Yet we see a huge huge universe. If we only consider the probabilities then why did our solar system not just spontaneously come into existence? Why was a while universe required?
Between this channel and Eugene Khutoryansky, I feel absolutely spoiled in the quality of physics education afforded to me on the internet. You really nail every topic so well. Much gratitude.
The funny thing is when you "delete" something from a hard disk, it doesn't actually delete the stored data. Rather it tells the system that the information currently stored there may be overwritten when needed. This is why you can still recover deleted data with specialized software. It's like ripping out the table of contents from a book, but not the chapters themselves.
LOL
I knew it.
Funniest bit?
He stated "Format". To do that, the computer overwrites all bits to either 1 or 0.
@@bluephoenixguy1094 orange man...: DELETE.
This is really funny as I think delete sounds more powerful than format if I don't know what both terms technically mean.
If delete would erase data at once there would be no simple way to restore the deleted (undo).
If you're common with the correct meanings a computer is a far more effective instrument.
Most of normal users as I'm need a lot of time before they invest time in such knowledge.
Huh that’s interesting 🤔maybe when we die we are deleted but ware we go in death will just be like as if we did not exist in the first place 😐
When I was studying physics in university I hated entropy. Or thermodynamics in general. Recently though as I'm understanding entropy better due to its relation with information and time and due to the fact that entropy seems to be a fundamental part of nature, it now is the part of physics that fascinates me the most!
@activelink activdisc hahaha! You actually don't know how correct you are. My thermodynamics teacher was notorious for not being loved by his students. It was a shame honestly because if there ever was a teacher in my university that knew his physics it was this guy. He just had this way of teaching that just didn't go down well.
That's unfortunately a common occurrence. I studied engineering for three years, and thermodynamics was a dreaded subject. With good reason, because none of the teachers could give a reasoned answer to fundamental questions. Not all of us are Boltzmann, after all.
Syntropy is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy is the converging of ideas or reasoning to form optimized predictions, expectations.
"The association of ideas" -- David Hume on syntropy.
Syntropy means the 'tendency to converge' -- integrate.
Entropy means the 'tendency to diverge' -- differentiate.
Convergence is dual to divergence, integration is dual to differentiation.
I didn't study thermodynamics in physics. We studied statistical mechanics. It was one of my favorite courses, because the ideas were simple and beautiful. The math was the hard part.
Even back then, I realized that entropy is universally obeyed.
If they made you study thermodynamics, they made a mistake.
I fought back with my teacher in high school regarding probability - I designed a problem which takes into account every possible interaction between a die using the various formulas for motion and physics basically suggesting that if you can measure every aspect then the probability of your answer being correct increases. He passed me for that. I consider finding numbers for probability a waste of time because it was only ever just that, probable - there was never a definitive answer. Probability and entropy are both phenomena entirely based around common sense. Our human intellect is innately capable of understanding the idea that things can be random or serendipitous. As you analyse entropy more deeply the probability always stays the same relative to the boundaries of your observation. This is the same concept as fractals. Maybe at some point we find the natural pixel yet, even then, it is possible that pixel would be a portal to continuously increasing complexity.
This was one of the best explanations I have seen about Entropy. I wish my Thermodynamics teachers had your ability to explain Entropy in such a pleasant and intelligible way. Very well done Sir !
Glad it was helpful! I wish the same for my thermo teachers.
Syntropy is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy is the converging of ideas or reasoning to form optimized predictions, expectations.
"The association of ideas" -- David Hume on syntropy.
Syntropy means the 'tendency to converge' -- integrate.
Entropy means the 'tendency to diverge' -- differentiate.
Convergence is dual to divergence, integration is dual to differentiation.
Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
@@ArvinAshhonestly our thermo teacher teaches the topic just to get the questions in the books solved easily... But you give us the feel of that topic which makes us love it....
"Entropy inside your refrigerator is constantly decreasing..."
Not my refrigerator!
*on the phone
"Well, Generic Appliance Repair person, think my fridge can be fixed or will I have to get a new one?"
"Well it's entropy is off the charts which is why all your perishables spoil within seconds. If we can reverse the polarity of the neutron for it could be corrected."
Stonks
Refrigerators use power which creates heat so is it really decreasing entropy?
@@vincenzoambrogio9412 That is exactly what I was thinking. It is the same with the analogy of the gas that is compressed back in a smaller volume. The compressing generates heat and therefore increases entropy. So I don't understand why cooling a refrigerator is a form of decreasing entropy.
@@reusjen right, he should've elaborated on that a bit more. Maybe I'll look into it more
@@vincenzoambrogio9412 I think you are right if you are looking at the whole system of the refrigerator and its environment. I think Arvin was pointing to a very local instance of decreasing entropy - just the inside of the fridge, not the system itself.
This is the very first video of this channel I've watched. I've been watching all the videos starting from the bottom for the past two weeks, and I'm here again.
Well done.
This channel quickly became my favourite when it comes to science!
I regret it took me a while to find it!
Be careful. Ash is pretty good but he is not perfect at resisting the temptation to go all goo-goo when he enters the wonderworld of quantum anything.
You never fail to amaze me ! You should have at least 1 million subscribers. The most alluring combination of channels possible would be a channel featuring your eloquence and ability to wield such topics so adroitly so that they are intelligible to even the most clueless, with pbs spacetime productivity and huge amount of topics he has covered.
Thanks. Yes, we don't produce a lot of videos because each one takes a long time to create and produce. I chose quality over quantity, and hope people appreciate that.
@@ArvinAsh yeah it's much better. From you I am able to get a more profound understanding. I have seen gazzilions of videos on UA-cam who even combined aren't as prolific qa as one of yours. And you should know that the concept of genius can be properly interpreted through the lens of a noticeable ability to connect reason and result . That's what genius is I think . So even the most clever human alive can't come up with groundbreaking ideaa if he hasn't aqcuired a deep insight in the concept and that's why your videos are invaluable. The next physics genius is likely to be one of your viewers I am pretty sure .
Anyway, I had already asked you but since you didn't reply I will attempt another time . I have recently been contemplating on dimensions and I thought something which I don't know if it's groundless or not . And I have know one to say it to . May I tell it to you ?
Edit: You have produced 2 videos within a single week and the last about general relativity is without exaggeration arguably the best UA-cam video covering physics. That's quality and quantity simultaneously!
@@ArvinAsh please
@@jimjim3979 YOu can post your question as a comment.
@@ArvinAsh so happy you replied ! Well it has to do with maths a bit as well but anyway.
Galois group theory indicates that there is no general formula for equations 5th degree or greater.
Now Imagine Ancient Greeks ,who solved algebraic problems through geometry, trying to solve equations.
They solved quadratic equations with geometry, you can search fir for the method. I also think an ancient Greek mathematician Apollodoros , in his book conic sections did so , but I am not sure . Theoretically, if we had intuition for the 4th Dimension , we would be able to solve 4 degree equations too. But , what happens when we arrive in 5th degree. Some equations can't be solved because of lack of formula in algebra. In geometry? Does that insinuate that via an inextricable connection of geometry and algebra we had never conceived before, we can demonstrate that 5th dimension-wise and and after , the thing gets very elaborate and maybe non-existent. Because that would altogether subvert String theory. I am just 16 and therefore I don't have the mathematical knowledge to get a more profound insight. What do you think?
Came back the third time to this video, cause you explain such complex subjects so well. Slow paced, calculated, precise and steady flow of information. Brilliant! 💚
Amazing. I have thought of the entropy and time relation before on my own and was puzzled why it wasn't considered so. It was it's just that everybody else who teaches entropy never mentions. You did so great job to you.
Another excellent short form video that tackles important key concepts in physics. Clear, concise, and correct. No easy feat!
Thanks. That's precisely what I was aiming for.
Well that explains my shop and my desk. No matter how many times I clean and organize them, entropy turns them back into a spread-out disheveled mess.
I don't know of any highly creative people who have clean desks.
@@ArvinAsh Perhaps because when organizing you are doing work to lower the entropy of the state instead of doing work to develop new ideas/insights etc.
Otherwise known as the volcano theory of desk management. Important documents in the middle, unimportant documents work their way to the edges, eventually falling on the floor to be swept up by the cleaners and destroyed.
Colonel K Ha Ha, too true, but ive just realised, may God bless entropy because it keeps me in work. I renovate very old houses.
@@denzilpenbirthy5028 Your slogan should be "What's old is new again".
Thank you so much for making physics readily available to the layman. Your content is astonishing.
I can't believe I've never found this channel before! I'm writing an essay on complexity and it's relationship to entropy, gravity, and time, and this is a really good lesson in clear explanation. Thank you for the video!
Speaking of time and information, timing this video to be released when my morning "coffee" kicks in is a smart move.
Sir, your video on the debunking of Mandela effect was mind-blowing.... it's really been an eye opener, and a lot of thought processes in me changed as soon as i understood your point of view. Thank you, sir
Are you an Indian?
@@jannethart Yes 😊
🙂
I just LOVE Arvin Ash's science videos!
Prof. Ash is the best science communicator on YT.
This channel's video not only just answers the question on the table, but also hits the core of it. Im glad that I know this channel.
That cheeky "coming up right now" never gets old. I love this channel.
ARVIN you're a master at captivating my attention
So glad YT recommended this. Really great digestible information. Love to see more videos on information entropy.
Absolutely fantastic! I thought i had at least an elementary understanding of entropy but boy howdy was i wrong! You did an amazing job laying this concept out in a completely digestible format and I thank you for helping me better understand myself and my place in the universe.
I’m so SO glad I found your channel. These videos are extremely thought provoking and informational. Makes me want to go back to school for a physics degree.
Welcome aboard!
Arvin, always coming through with the good stuff. My man!
I wonder how they will measure Kelvin• next time around, eh?
Great explanation! I struggled with entropy for a long time and this video definitely breaks the concept down into a more digestible form. Wish I had found it earlier!!!
This presentation really helped me to understand entropy quite a bit more. I suggest rather than fill your vid with so many lengthy commercials that you ask Brilliant to supply the ad space with puzzles and problems for us to solve until we wait upon your delightful presentation to return. Thanks for teaching~!
This Chanel is my favorite, the best on UA-cam. 😊
Glad you enjoy it!
Id love to see your explanation of Roger Penroses’ CCC model.
I agree, a close look at his ideas on Ions/cyclical nature of past and future universes would be amazing.
Carlos 22 Arvin briefly touched on CCC in another video, but he didn’t get too in depth. If im not mistaken,CCC also solves why the universe has such low entropy at the big bang.
That last section of the video certainly points to Penrose’s CCC.
I was thinking about this. Watched PBS Spacetime's video on CCC a few days ago.
@@Boogieplex In CCC model at last moment space doesn't exist as the mass vanishes, but here (in the video);
'when entropy reaches its max level, space will not go away, neither the laws of physics (i.e Big Rip)'.
So two theories are different, aren't they?
I love when he tells me that the answers are coming up.. right now! Great videos Mr Ash
This video was just beautiful! I'm so grateful for your explanation! There is so so much I just don't know. I can't help but keep learning and tending toward entropy....this is the ouroboros...entropy.
That last point was brilliant. It explained how the Universe might have started!
Awesome explanation as always ! So it maybe like in our simulation, due to continuous processing and rendering of real elements lead to ever increasing entropy, Also just as an idea, dark energy is connecting strings (Like in string theory) making universe conscious !
To know that entropy had a reformation into a future of mathematics is priceless. A excellent teacher even more so. So thank you and thank you once more.
Arvin Ash :- Am always been physics enthusiast and prefer learning by myself ! I started watching ur videos like 6 months ago and No doubt .. You are my Hero & best teacher I ever seen .Please keep doing good work ! Thanks
Watching this caused my brain to have a seizure, then exploded, due to entropy.
But... that explosion caused heat, which increased the entropy.
@@williamcozart9166 too much information
HOW DID YOU SURVIVE - YOU SEIZED THE URE AND LODED THE BELL ?
@@tuttifruity1130 I was figuratively speaking
In order for time to flow backward, we'd still have to experience it forwardly, so if it did, we'd only know by way of things like shuffling a deck of cards into order.
How does the universe, (all of everything), gain more information, (which appears to be needed to affect change), without a creator?
I just love getting my mind blown in the morning.
Thank you Arvin.
Your topics and presentation style is exceptional. Thank you.
Nice explanation..Anyone after watching the Tenet trailer ?
Wait till you see the movie, it's really interesting.
I actually had something to do with it...
@@Skynet_the_AI i am curiuos? what did you do with it?
Low entropy at the beginning of the universe is quite interesting because not only was it an extremely rare condition, but also contained 'all' information.
The low entropy implies that ' all' was confined to one position having all energy, one microstate.
Galileosays Which is another way of saying maximum entropy.
@@andrewcampbell8938 exactly what I was thinking, it would mean maximum entropy
Fascinating stuff, I'm so glad I found your channel!
your videos are just perfectly presented and elucidated. Excellent work.
Glad you like them! Thanks for watching.
After years studying chem eng, only right now I could fully understand termodynamics 🌚
Hypothetically if the speed of light were to change would the strength of gravity also change in step with it?
Could a hypothetical slowing of the speed of light overtime cause what we perceive to be an expanding of the universe?
Yes, Do constants of physics change over time? & the laws of physics too? Well, looks like its still an idea & no one has proven/made observations on it (yet).
Binge watching these amazing videos at 2AM. Best content I found on yt.💯🔥
Very mind-expanding towards the end. The last theory seems extremely reasonable, since it is based (from what I can tell) on statistics, which is a sort of numerical fact, and entropy, which is as far as we know a physical fact. This theory would seem to explain much about the fate and origin of the universe. I've watched many videos on entropy now but this is the first one to take it to this topic, thank you!
Arvin Ash - Great comments on the time reversibility being unlikely rather than impossible. In a multi-particle system, it is far more likely that a single particle's energy is distributed to multiple particles, than for all of the energy of the multiple particles to be transferred to a single particle. Most physicists talk about time being irreversible in terms of entropy.
5:12 - That demon was gunning for ya~👹
😆
Arvin, congratulations for the content. Amazing videos!
Glad you enjoy it!
This is the best channel to learn physics.Keep going man👊👊👏
Well, now I'm convinced that the Universe formed because of statistics, if we have an eternity to wait, anything is possible
That hypothesis does not match observation however.
@@jamestheotherone742 it's hard for us to wait a trillion years before a new big bang happens...
@@Quell__ No, because if this hypothesis were correct than other equally im-probabilistic and inexplicable events would occur all the time not just once. Our Universe would be extremely unstable or at least profoundly weirder than we see it.
@@jamestheotherone742 Perhaps they do. Even so, the likelihood that an a statistically near-impossible event would happen with at the exact time and place necessary for someone to observe it and with a magnitude and duration of sufficient scale and with the appropriate physical structure that the observer in question even could observe it would be even nearer-to-impossible than the event itself. You could easily live the entire lifespan of the universe and conceivably not actually witness the improbable events that are happening in all that time
@@FigureOnAStick The effects of such improbably events would be manifest thru spacetime though. For this thesis to be correct, the improbability actually has to be possible instead of just an artifact of probability mathematics. "Vacuum energy" would be a very real, tangible thing instead of the fanciful imagining of mathemagicians.
And what is the connection with quantum physics? When a system's wave function collapses, it will never come back. Can the growth of the entropy be built of collapsing wave functions?
Actually, it looks like a wave function contains more information than a particle in one well-defined point.
That's a very interesting question. I don't know the answer.
But a system's wave function only collapses when you observe it so that information about the system may lead to net increase in entropy. Although idk for sure.
Fantastic video, as yours always are. A lucid explanation of what entropy really is.
Dear Arvin + your esteemed audience,
First of all, many sincere thanks for your collective efforts!
Sure, bringing the universe down to Earth is definitely entertaining, but deforms the verity.
As the arrow of time pushes us forward, each day the universe inches closer to maximum entropy. And when that does happen, the lights just might turn back on, and for all we know, we might just end up back at square one.
This is but not for an average mind... Even scientific research workers' brains had to stumble...
Hence, a clarification is urgently necessary!
So, captain, AHOY!
A. There is ONLY ONE BASIC, fundamental Energy Conservation and Transformation Law. It is definitely unique and conceptually indivisible delivering two logically joint concepts - these are Energy Conservation - and Energy Transformation. Still, a more-then-100-years-old conceptual failure has brought us to two separate thermodynamic laws - but this has nothing in common with the actual physics. To come back, they have coined two more fake thermodynamic laws, employed the Probability Theory + Mathematical Statistics, and this has helped formulate the Quantum Mechanics, which is thus a basically metaphysical conceptual construction and thus ought to be only restrictedly fruitful.
B. By dividing the basically indivisible law, you are telling about Combinatorics, you are touching Probability Theory, you are even stepping back to Thermodynamics for a while, but...
You are NOT answering the poser: WHAT IS ENTROPY, sorry!
1. In the formula S = kB * ln(Ω) you imply, Ω means not a "Huge Number of Microstates", not "Probability", which numerically ranges between [0,1], not even "Wavefunction", which ought to be a purely metaphysical notion, as it is... In effect, Ω ought to be a simplistic algebraic function of Lord Kelvin's Absolute Temperature. This result has been published 100 years ago in JACS.
2. WHAT-ENTROPY-IS-poser has been answered not by Clausius, not by Boltzmann, etc., but by Goethe, who has introduced Mephistopheles, the philosophical embodiment of ENTROPY.
3. Newton did basically know WHAT ENTROPY IS - A Counteraction.
4. That Counteractions do not grow to infinity with the growing Actions, but MUST reach their MAXIMUM values, is the result by Nicky Carnot formalized by Clausius...
5. In effect, Gibbs Energy formula renders implicit the interplay among ALL the relevant Actions (the Enthalpic term) and ALL the Counteractions (the Entropic term).
6. The standard approach you are reporting about is OK for the implicit Enthalpy-Entropy picture, employing it for studying reaction mechanism details is likewise eating soup with fork.🧐
You had me until you mentioned the fabled "Dark Matter".
Well maybe dark matter doesn't exist after all BUTT I presume wtv he was pointing out to when mentionning Dark Matters still applies, meaning wtv actually explains 'dark matter' would still apply.. but dark matter or not, probabilities 'seems' to point out that eventually, with enough time, the universe can kick start again. And perhaps that even if Time finds a way to turn back, well eventually it might just be that it will find a way to turn back again.. Universe doesn't repeat itself but the same shit keeps going on and on XD
It's not fabled.
We have visual proof of it's existence.
We have seen light being bent in areas where all possible forms of observable matter didn't exist.
We also saw in the collusion of two galaxies, where there was more gravitational forces then what the matter between the two galaxies should create.
Either dark matter is real, or gravity exists independently of matter/energy.
Rubbish, Dark Matter is just a theory and does not affect the path of light.
Well its gotta be something
“All laws of physics are time reversible” - what about the collapse of the wave function? Does that not imply a vector (direction) of time?
There are some interpretations of QM that don't include Born Postulate (wavefunction collapse).
@@ferdinandkraft857 Most interpretations of QM are mystical nonsense.
@@RagingGeekazoid ...as is your comment.
great question, there are various issues here: 1) the Schrodinger equation would actually be the 'law of physics' here and the collapse something added to that. 2) while the Schrodinger equation is time-reversible, the diffusion of a localised wave function is already a time-irreversible process similarly to thermodynamics 3) considering collapse as a physical processes it would indeed seem to be irreversible, even decrease entropy (increase information) 4) depending on the measuring device collapse could also take place in momentum-space instead of real-space.
Not really a full answer, just some food for thought...
PS about 'Quantum Interpretations' only John von Neumann got that one right ;)
A wonderful experience and a true pleasure to watch. Thank you VERY much!
I always look for new wonders to tickle my 10th grade students brains with. This is a wonderful way to explain 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Truly inspiring!
Glad you enjoyed it! Thank you for taking on the important task of creating the next generation of scientists.
Sir this is one the best lecture I seen in my life.
Boltzmann showed entropy is a statistical law. It ALMOST always increases.
Why almost. When doesn't it?
@@weizhongxianfumariobeans7788 the fewer possible microstates of the system, the greater the chance of violation
6:12 yes the "demon" is working. Burning calories.
The demon contains no information..and the fallacy continues from there on...
teipkep Ues, the frictionless door and no-calorie, mind-only demon rendered that M’s Demon pointless to me. If we can consider the info in his mind, why not his physical input?
That's why he's trying to show off his abs! lol
Its sad how many people these theoretical pseudoscientists can fool so many people with there video game and demon character.
@@tomashull9805 If the demon contains no information how can it make any decision about when to open the door? I've never understood why Maxwell's Demon confused anyone, it's obvious it must be accumulating information.
Wow! He made that simple!. Truly Enjoyed!
Thank you!! I will never forget!!
That thumbnail looks like a deep fried meme. I approve 👍
*I came to conclude that entropy is the ability of the system to move towards it's stable state.*
*its ("it's" is "it is")
Wow, thanks, Arvin, so fascinating
Astonishing videos -- well made and with high scientific integrity -- congratulations to Arvin !!!
Glad you enjoyed it!
@@ArvinAsh Entropy -- Penrose great question at "Big Bang" -- if I understand his "solution" was absence of gravity.
Penrose found ludicrous the hypothesis of Inflation and of "inflation field" at the very early start of Big Bang... Instead he formulate CCC "Conformal Cyclic Cosmology" hypothesis in his latest book "The Cycles of Time".
Penrose believes that when black hole evaporates - all its information is lost. He was a collaborator and mentor of Hawkins who also believed the same but than changed his mind -- "under pressure" from IT scientists.
Lastly -- what is "negative entropy" ??
Once again -- my congratulations !!
I was just going to say that the demon is doing work by controlling the door and thinking when to open and close. The door will still heat up as the friction between door latches will create heat. And demon himself is using energy to move and think.
Entropy can never decrease.
Door is frictionless
I don't get the whole demon thing. I mean, doesn't he expend energy to simply move the door? Why was this demon thought experiment not immediately shot down from the get-go?
@@kenbob1071 Yeah I don’t get it. It’s like saying “I’ve thought of this demon that can go faster than the speed of light”. Boom, paradox!
Laws of Physics: damn loopholes.
You sir have blown my mind!
I want to congratulate you on the succinctness of this presentation.
Hlo sir is the information conserved of the whole universe if yes then the entropy of universe should not increase then why is it so
Good question! Conservation of quantum information is different than information in classical physics. In classical physics we are constantly creating information, for example on hard drives and erasing them all the time. But on a quantum scale, information never gets destroyed. What this means is that in principle, you can recreate any phenomenon by going back in time, or knowing the states of any quantum system at any point in time. So even thought you destroy information on a hard drive in classical terms, the quantum information actually never gets destroyed. It could be recreated if you go back in time and look at all the states that were changed.
@@ArvinAsh if more information implies more entropy then suppose, if we choose not to look at the system and gain info about it, just leave it there, then nobody has information about the system's state . Then entropy should not exist because we have no information. ??
@@ArvinAsh Conservation of quantum information is encoded in the unitarity of the evolution operator. When the evolution is unitary it means distinguishable states remain distinguishable (so we can track back which state evolved into which one). This is the quantum analog of Liouville's theorem about phase space volume conservation. However this only covers the unitary evolution described by Shroedinger equation and its QFT counterpart. Measurement and wave function collapse are not unitary, not described by that equation, they change the state with a loss of information.
In many worlds interpretation however this collapse never happens and everything remains unitary, so in MWI quantum information is indeed conserved.
@@ArvinAsh thanks that you replied me but does it mean that at quantum level every process is reversible??
@@AdarshRaj-fj4fw yes, but the distinction is not quantum/classical but macroscopic/microscopic
The end of the video is interesting. You run into something so improbable that a Boltzmann brain is much more likely. If the universe started the way that is described at the end of this video, you are much more likely a Boltzmann brain that only perfectly believes the universe exists the way it does. The Boltzmann brain coming out of vacuum energy is much more likely than a galaxy or especially a new universe.
Yes, you are absolutely correct! I didn't get into this more deeply - but you see the implication, right? We are much more likely to be in a Boltzmann brain than a spontaneous universe. However, one thing I do want to point out is that the odds i quoted are for a ready-made universe like today, the odds of a big bang would be much much lower than that. I have not run the numbers but a big bang may be statistically more likely than a Boltzmann brain. If you have any insight on this, please share it.
@@ArvinAsh I found this article: www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15brain.html
Deep in the article there is a debate on whether a Big Bang or Boltzmann brain is more likely. It is very possible a big bang followed by cosmic inflation is more likely than a Boltzmann brain. Unfortunately the article does not show the calculations.
@spaghettarius a
No, a Boltsmann brain is just an entity that spawned due to probability of a complex pattern capable of consciousness spontaneously appearing(from some form of matter) .
Remember, consciousness is just a complex pattern or series of code that is able to take in and process information. Consciousness has no influence over the law of physics.
It's a mistake to think thoughts as something separate from physics when it's just your mind processing information or more accurately a series of chemical reactions in a particular pattern.
So if a Boltsman brain were to be able to manipulate physics If not make its own laws, then that would imply that the biology (if we were to use that term very loosely) of the Boltsmann brain is just exploiting the mechanisms in the laws of physics to give itself those capabilities, so no, thoughts can't bring anything into existence ,nor universes for that matter ,so its just physics being used to manipulate physics, not thoughts, feelings or magic.
(Again this is "IF" the Boltsmann brain in question was born with the biology to support the ability to create universes,while thoughts or the ability to think is just a complex pattern, series of codes,and chemical reactions. Anything that is complex is made of simple things and consciousness by its very nature is complex and must be made of simpler stuff.
The level of consciousness or the intelligence of other entities compared to ourselves can clearly vary entity to entity like a squirrel being more conscious than a bacteria while an AI may be more,equally or less intelligent than the squirrel, bacteria or even us humans, depending on how we program it.
@@ArvinAsh the entropy of a big bang is MUCH MUCH lower than for today's universe so also MUCH MUCH less likely statistically...
Syntropy is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy is the converging of ideas or reasoning to form optimized predictions, expectations.
"The association of ideas" -- David Hume on syntropy.
Syntropy means the 'tendency to converge' -- integrate.
Entropy means the 'tendency to diverge' -- differentiate.
Convergence is dual to divergence, integration is dual to differentiation.
Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
This and Science Clic are my favorite science channels!
Absolutely fascinating, thanks for this.
NOOO I'VE MISSED THE WHOLE VIDEO
Lol. good thing there is a reverse button.
Okay i have a HUGE nagging doubt thats eating away at my skull every second.
Entropy only increases with time, but equilibrium or a state of lesser energy is what every particle and sub-particle strives to attain in its lifetime- whAt!?
#Evil Genius this is also due to probabilistic statistics. A particle at a given energy can go up or down in energy due to thermal fluctuations, but it’s less likely to go up. This is seen from the exponentially decreasing likelihood of higher energy given by the maxwell equation. Thus, the observed behavior of a particle seeking to go down in energy is just probability of gaining or losing energy. Also note that when a system is at thermal equilibrium with the environment, it does not continue to go down in energy. instead it fluctuates around the thermal energy.
Entropy is a simple concept IF you can comprehend that is all about fractioning the reality (= density atributed mass) to SOME degree of fractioning; Under some degree of dimensions (greater than Planck volume, & MAYBE -> Planck density) it MIGHT be impossible to fraction it more, no matter how big energy is spent for this - BUT problem is, that all SMART observations suggest that Big G, believed to be a constant, is actually - a variable ...
Arvin Ash, this video was very good, really made me re-think my favorite law, the second law.
Phinomanal! Love listening to subjects like this. Thank you!
The second law of thermodynamics should be rephrased: "Information can only be created, not destroyed." This is the fundamental nature of time. If you follow time in one direction, information (entropy) increases. If you follow it the other direction, information (entropy) decreases. In fact, a better phrasing might be "The future contains more information than the past." Time does not necessarily "move" in one direction. Rather, there is a time/information dependence which results in our perception of time "flowing."
Imagine time in reverse. Every particle has information built in: It knows where it is going. All the particles in the universe would be on a mission heading towards the center where they will overlap into a singularity (the moment of the big bang). This information about the past is encoded into the current state of the universe.
The existence of information is controlled by quantum mechanical interactions. From the perspective of forward motion through time, those interactions make random choices about which quantum states will emerge as reality from a probability function. Interactions of quantum states actually can be said to have free-will while moving forward through time. This is the mechanism through which information is created. Going backwards through time, quantum mechanical interactions would consume information, with every particle retracing its steps, and then the information could be said to be destroyed (introducing superpositions) at the moment of interaction.
As sentient beings, this information manifests as memory. The fact that we have more information in the future is what gives us the the perception that the past happened "before" now. We couldn't possibly experience time backwards precisely because we don't know what happens in the future. We could never say the future already happened because the information of the future doesn't exist in this moment, but you can say the past has happened because the information of the past exists now. This is why we think that time is flowing in one direction. But this is perhaps only a trick of the mind. Perhaps the entire duration of all time exists at once, just as all space can be said to exist at once. It is the unique quality of consciousness (recursive processing of past information to model the future) combined with the time-dependence of information that forces us to experience it as a "flow."
You might be wondering: Why does time have this fundamental quality? Why does it have this intimate relationship with information? I wish I knew the answer, but I'm afraid that even if I did, you would not be satisfied.
For example, we know how the proton behaves, and how its mass partially determines that behavior, but can we ever explain why its rest mass happens to be 938 MeV? Actually, Yes! We have decomposed the proton into its constituent parts. We know that a small part of the mass comes from massive particles (quarks) and the remaining mass arises from the binding energy that holds those quarks together. So we often answer questions that seem fundamental, but they just bring up even more mind-boggling questions: Why do quarks have mass? Why is there mass-energy equivalence? Is all matter actually energy? Where does the Higg's field come from?
Ultimately, it all boils down to one question: Why does anything exist?
I am glad to say that time itself does not exist indeed as some religions state about it in truth as well. Where everything is made of energy itself in a state of continuation of up or down.
Where cancer and all dis-ease and sickness can be cured with the proper photosynthesis ranges of frequency, and things like fasting, and certain foods for their energy from their substance that lay in some of them.
( 16X increase of speed at absolute dry fasting, and 4X at normal for fasting oblation, the sacrifice is the tithes storehouse for chastity. See Malachi 3 )
But frequency determines the quality of vital intake of all things, including chastity omni-energies.
Where all nourishment is energy intake and its quality alike.
When oneself is at the heart range of moods frequency of the rainbow green color.
They begin to go beyond break even ranges of self sustaining as entropy clearly does continue for this to happen as well.
( Look at photosynthesis, and ponder revelations no longer needing the sun verses )
So with some people like the unkind/wicked. Their time is always short for reason of things like entropy leading them deeper to the endless pit.
But the awakened saved have endless time for this same reason, where entropy is no longer their killer, but their everlasting increase.
( Study long enough about the seven subtle frequencies of the Sr resonance.
Then ponder about the seven thunders as well of the revelation. Now Here is a very good post below for this thing directly )
emmind.net/openpapers_repos/Applied_Fields-Experimental/Various_Effects/Magnetoreception/2013_The_Sedona_Effect_Correlations_between_Geomagnetic_Anomalies,_EEG_Brainwaves__Schumann_Resonance.pdf
See you both indefinably after this day, for all of our delight and freedom long waited upon has begun in these days today.
@alvinpetrovitch13Your use of the word "information" seems peculiar to me. Your statement that "The guy in this video seems to think that information can randomly just form recognizable objects or conditions, given enough time for the "probability" of that object to occur." is an odd and mistaken observation. Arvin never says anything like that and neither does any scientist worth his/her salt. Your assumption is one that I often hear people make in regard to things like evolution.
Information does not have to serve any purpose. Information that is useful to someone for some purpose, such as building a can of Coke, is a tiny, almost negligible subset of all information.
A random system is simply the background upon which the fundamental forces of the universe play. Once two particles randomly come in close proximity, the other forces take over the show and randomness falls back into the background. A proton captures an electron and emits a photon. A hydrogen atom now exists against the background of randomness. They will remain bound until another particle interacts with them.
Once fundamental forces enter the show, it is no longer exclusively random. But even without any interactions information increases because every movement of every particle requires more information to describe the location and trajectory of each particle. And even more information is needed to describe the charge, spin, color, charm, etc. of each particle. Every minuscule tick of Planck time requires a new timestamp and a complete set of attribute values to be added to the information.
Everything that happens adds to information, whether it is deemed useful or useless. Intent is an external and irrelevant thing when we are speaking about information. And anyone who expects random chance to produce a Coke can or a complex organism is missing the point that randomness is only the background against which other factors, such as the fundamental forces, play.
A truly random system will never produce a living organism without some other driver. But other drivers in the system favor particular outcomes from a seemingly random system. And these outcomes are cumulative. They build on each other. That is what makes the difference. Intent is not needed.
Information includes everything needed to describe the state of a system, not just the subset of the information that is deemed useful to some purpose that an external entity intends.
@Number1 I really like your way of thinking. Some ideas in here are quite insightful in my opinion. The nature of "past", "future" and "causality" as a consequence of increasing information... very interesting. It would be great to have some mathematical foundation to this.
The obvious concern I have is that the second law of thermodynamics seems to suggest a DECREASE in information over time? I need to revisit these concepts from my college physics class.
I think that this kind of "fanciful thinking" is probably what Einstein meant when he said that imagination is more important than knowledge in physics. This is what I love about physics - you get to ask questions about the fundamental nature of the reality around us, which in turn changes the very way you think about things that you have seen a million times but never thought about.
Good luck - I hope you get to flesh these ideas out and develop it into something wonderful!
alvinpetrovitch13
the highest intent is no intent~ matthew burrill
ty 💚
ua-cam.com/video/2IKB3GwaywM/v-deo.html
Now I feel Like Dustin from Stranger Things
Nice Work! Very insightful material.
Another great video. Thanks, Professor!
If you had a permeable membrane that allowed gas to flow one way, in the same way osmosis works, then you wouldn't need the demon and entropy would decrease.
With osmosis something goes from a high concentration to a low concentration to reach equillibrium. So that membrane isnt a one way membrane. So one would still need a demon or something in the membrane to let entropy decrease.
The reason there's a demon is because the demon is beyond being 'material', so the thought experiment forgoes any experimental means since by virtue of being physical, such a membrane's mere existence will increase entropy proportional to the amount of entropy it decreases by ordering gas. The membrane would need to be made of something magical to be excluded. Osmosis actually favors the laws of thermodynamics; osmosis wants an equilibrium, rather than being a 'one-way'. If the permeable membrane can be controlled, it would still require energy or information to control it, and still favor the laws of thermodynamics.
Osmosis is an irreversible process- so osmosis will not occur unless the resulting change in equilibrium is either '0' or 'negative', if the equilibrium becomes positive in nature on the opposite side, then osmosis will not happen and it will wait until it can actually act into an equilibrium. Osmosis is actually a really good analogy for this so neat.
The thought experiment is considering that not only is it allowing particles through one way, but it's also denying particles from exiting the other way without expending energy, which is the usual issue, and resolved by questioning the information the demon has to be able to do that, which should be proportional.
Lol 🤡
Very nice explanation! Thank you!!
Wow, your videos are so addictive and informative. Instant like, subscribe and share.
Interesting and easy to follow, great video.
I so want to understand this subject but ive always struggled with it. This video definitely helped but I'm going to have to watch it again.
Your explanation was highly entropic.The impossible is infinitely inevitable.
Thanks sir for such a convincing explanation.
Very Profound Mr. ASH.
Thanks for presenting this to a mind all too familiar with entropy. It occurred to me if all energy, or types of energy can figure into this system, perhaps changing a part of this system.
I would like a video like this for quantum entropy and information, because this video is so good.
I'm here after watching Tenet...love your videos btw.
Great video. Fun and easy to digest.