How Science Predicts Emergence in Humans & Animals!
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- Опубліковано 29 тра 2024
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CHAPTERS
0:00 Human group behavior is not complex
1:11 Magellan documentary on birds
2:13 Crowds are predictable but individuals are not
3:36 Kinetic theory of gases, statistical mechanics
4:20 Statistical physics applied to crowds
8:06 Kinetic theory applied to road traffic
9:50 Emergent behavior in animals
12:10 What this tells us about how the universe works?
CREDITS AND REFERENCES
Warner Bros., Batman Returns (1992)
Walt Disney, The Lion King (1994)
Lior Patel (Sheep drone footage)
Magellan TV
Socratic.org
Wikimedia.org
NASA.gov
University of Sydney (Leroy Henderson)
Paper: "Self-Organization Phenomena in Pedestrian Crowds, Helbing and Molnar, 1997"
Craig Reynolds
SUMMARY
Group human behavior can be largely explained by physics. In fact, crowds, traffic and pedestrian behavior can be modeled using using principle from physics.
Everyone in a crowd has their own thoughts and plans and problems - but they don’t seem to make much of a difference to what the whole crowd does together.
If we track a single particle, it seems to move around at random. We can’t really predict what it will do at some point in the future. But if we zoom out and look at trillions of particles, then we can identify simple laws, and use them to make accurate predictions.
To go from individual particles to the properties of a whole cloud of gas, we need to consider averages. It doesn’t really matter what each particle does on its own; only what they do on average.
This approach is called the kinetic theory of gases, and was developed by James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. It evolved into the science called "statistical mechanics," or "statistical physics."
In 1971, Leroy Henderson at the University of Sydney, developed a model showing how the theory of gases might be applied to human crowds. He found crowds undergo phase transitions too.
In the 1980s physicist Dirk Helbing at the University of Göttingen in Germany developed a sophisticated theory of how pedestrians and crowds move. Two people, like two particles, also avoid each other when coming in close contact, as if there is a force between them, even though no such force exists.
He found that people organized themselves spontaneously into counter-flowing streams, in which some followed behind others in a line. People acted like mindless particles. Physicists call this "collective behavior."
In other words, what looks like intelligent behavior emerges from a model in which the simulated people - called agents - have no intelligence whatsoever.
These simulations show the phenomenon called "emergence," where some behavior emerges in a complex system of many interacting components. Classic phase transitions like freezing and evaporating are also examples of emergence.
These same models can be applied to traffic. Cars slow down if necessary to avoid colliding with the car in front, as if there’s a repulsive force between them. These traffic models can produce amazingly complex behavior.
If the traffic is very light, vehicles move at will, like a kind of traffic gas. But above a certain threshold in traffic density, there’s a switch to traffic liquid, where everyone keeps moving quite smoothly even through the flow is quite dense. If the density increases, there’s another transition: to a traffic solid. This is a traffic jam.
Emergent behavior happens in groups of animals, like the flocking of birds called a murmuration, and the schooling of fish. This behavior used to be such a mystery that in the early twentieth century some zoologists thought that birds have telepathy. But agent-based models showed that's not the case.
In 1987, computer engineer Craig Reynolds mimicked the murmurations of blackbirds in a computer program in which agent-like particles move around according to simple rules. he these agents “boids”. The rules for the boids were that each would try to match its speed to the average of all those within a rang, they would move towards the centre of that local group, and that they would change direction to avoid collisions. These simulations were so realistic , that they're used in movies today.
This tells us something deep about the way the universe works. The most fundamental physics is that which deals not with fundamental particles but with objects interacting.
#groupbehavior
#emergence
And this statistical physics is renormalizable, meaning that we can keep bundling together groups of objects into bigger ones - atoms and molecules into cells, cells into people, people into crowds and societies, and all these behaviors can be predicted. - Наука та технологія
Plot twist: Particles are actual beings doing particle businesses and they will get offended if they are told they behave randomly.
Probably unbelievably confused, because as it turns out, although it may seem the exact opposite, true randomness is actually one of the most computationally intensive things to generate. A good comparison would be asking a lump of coal to permanently create a peace in the Middle East that leaves everyone satisfied.
@@sethrenville798 ? > A good comparison would be asking a lump of coal to permanently create a peace in the Middle East that leaves everyone satisfied. > i like the wording, but does it really fit here?
Great, all we need is woke particles.
☤ Not if they’re a neutrino. Swish*
as being made of particles i conform that...😄
Arvin Ash is awesome as usual! 😊
The most annoying thing is when particles in the left lane have some kind of repulsive force keeping them from passing the particles on the right even though the lane in front of them is clear. Slower particles need to keep to the right.
Lol. "I need slower particle to keep to the right"
"Reality is not matching my thoughts"
"I am experiencing the friction between my dream and reality and it burns like hell"
"Erosion is a natural process occurring on earth"
"I experience and feel what i believe i am."
"All my beliefs are clothing and garments on myself."
😅
The English and Americans not only drive on different sides of the road, they also walk on different, corresponding sides of the sidewalk.
“Slower particles need to keep to the right” - Particles don't “need” anything, we're talking physics here! The correct way to think of it is: the coupling strength between particles and the right-pulling field differs from country to country, and even from state to state in the US. Their antiparticles, confined to the UK and some of its former dominions, Japan, and a few other countries, experience the opposite, left pull from the same field. 🤓
Bro, you out nerded the nerd in the safe space. ☠
Right and Left are human inventions. View the environment upside down and Right becomes Left and Left becomes Right.
Arvin Ash is still at the top of the list of physics he puts a huge smile on my face
We can be approximated as spheres, like cows are.
Hari Seldon, the great psychohistorian in Asimov's "Foundation" novel, had a much more thorough theory that treated human society as a highly predictable collection of particles. [Edited to correct the spelling of Hari.]
You beat me to it. The first thing I thought of was Hari Seldon from Foundation. Remember the Seldon Crisis idea?
A Sheldon crisis happened in the initial period of the Foundation and were highly predictable by Seldon's psyco-historiography science.
The entire path of human history was derailed by the appearance of a mutant person, which was able to drive other persons behaviour, mentally.
At that point in time, the entire Foundation project was destroyed; Seldon had foreseen the possibility of something unforeseeable, and setup a secret Second Foundation, made not of scientists but of mentalists. Read the Foundation series, it is very well written, nothing to do with the abomination shown of AppleTV...
@@timjohnson979 You both beat me to it. This is exactly the basis for the Foundation Series books. They are now being filmed for Apple TV+. The first season was definitely okay.
Watching Arvin is a feast...loads of excitement and mind boggling topics..❤
This was so good.
Please make some more videos on statistical physics. How it can be used to explain more complex historical, social and economic phenomena. You can make an attempt to explain how the the agent based model can help solving the non deterministic nature of fair value or the apparently randome interaction between market forces that detarmine and give birth to equilibria instead of determining a single state of equilibrium of price in a free market economy. Lee Somlin once said it was possible only in a restricted market to achieve the single state of equilibrium. He said it was not possible yet for the economists to create such a formula as the physicists, that can articulate a general rule or law. Can these findings of statistical physics be applied to other fields like history, human behaviour and human psychology, economics, chemistry or biolgy?
One more video regarding this topic is the need of the hour.
Very cool! Studying "emergence" seems like a "mirror theory" of reductionism.
It's just like nature keeps replicating itself on a larger scales, makes me wonder how far it goes.
I've had this happen so often that it's expected: When I'm jogging and I come upon someone walking in the same direction I'm going, even though I'm going around them, they'll move in my path. And they don't even know I'm behind them. And sometimes I'll change my path and they again move to block my path. It's happened so many times that it's uncanny.
Rear end looking eye particle will probably solve the problem you described. lol! 🤣
Thank you Mr Ash. Your contribution is always welcome. My town Hebden Bridge, is going to be gridlocked for days due to resurfacing road works. It's a main road thruogh Calderdale. I'm going to observe group behavior in real time by walking walking to and from my job.
"the individual particles are bouncing like crazy"
theory of everything, right here!
Humans are animals too. It's no big surprise that we would behave any differently. I like the fact that we behave like particles, I guess size doesn't matter.
Your channel is my favorite on youtube, thanks for the awesome videos!
There is no escape from physics! I'm working within the realm of psychology and I wouldn't know any behaviour of humans, not being based on the laws of physics. For example, people behave exactly in accordance to Newton's laws of motion.
Thanks for another great video and its effect to spread this helpful information. There's only one force behind all the varieties of forces we detect. At least that's how I experience it.
Absolutely fantastic!! 🤩 Amazing!! Wonderful!! No words to describe it!! ❤❤❤❤❤❤ Can't put here the right number on thumb ups!!! 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 Thank you so much!!
One of the most interesting videos I’ve watched recently. Love learning. Thank you science. Thank you those responsible for science. Thank you Arvin Ash
Another beautiful video explaining a complex topic in a simpler way.
And as always, a big thank you, Mr. Ash! Thumbs up, keep going...
It think that the importance of the natural selection (tendency to survive) can not be neglected. The sudden and unespected change of direction of a birds swarm to avoid a predator can not be assimilated to any fluid.
Again, this is a wonderful, intriguing, and informative video. While my science background is limited, I comprehend the intent and subject matter presented without challenge, but research based on upon it. I should say the beauty in simplicity that seems to define the beauty in our world is refreshing. I should also add I understand the simplicity in the negative way. They both coexist, but I act on the negative and dwell on the beauty. Thanks for the video!...Again
Thanks Arvin, for the great documentary, and explanation of quantum worlds, which changes our understanding
Excellent video, Arvin. It's most interesting and entertaining.
Comparing aspects of quantum mechanics and relativity with everyday life and inventing analogies to better understand both is something I find myself doing often. I'm not sure of how useful it really is in my own case, but this was interesting and kind of fun too. Thanks.
We also base our life decision making on these same principle. Sometime there is a traffic jam in our life we think there is no way to open new path but if we slowly down there is always a new path.
Arvin Sir er video te Tongi Junction deikha valoi laglo ❤️❤️🇧🇩🇧🇩
Feeling good by watching a place from my country in Arvin Sir's video.
Beauty of Physics never scares me
IMHO, This is the most intriguing video you've made so far...and thats saying a lot!
Dear Arvin, you are an amazing educator.....thank you for leanding us your sparkling intelect that we might further our undersanding of this beautiful world: truly standing on the shoulders of giants.
Un tema muy interesante presentado con un vídeo excelente
As I was saying to my boss just the other day, I've always felt I was just part of some turbulent flow being sucked into this or that attractor state.
We are sometimes particles, sometimes waves. Entangled all the while, that's for sure.
Great work! Quite thought provoking
This is a very interesting topic with many practical real life applications.
Please do more.
Statistics and probability are mind boggling subjects sometimes.
So, awesome! Nothing in this universe is disconnected, everything is related to everything in every level and all levels are connected between one another. I love to belong to a group of people that can marvel at your videos! Thank you!
Awesome .And so everything is an abstraction over an abstraction and abstractions are emergent ! What is true for part is true for the whole.
I am just always happy when you upload! ❤
For further reading, I can recommend the book Classical Econophysics. It deals with topics such as how certain, pretty unequal, income distributions also arise from actors exchanging goods on a market - and how that inequality statistically increases rather dramatically if you allow a small group of the actors/particles to get their income from simply owning property. Quite an eye opener I’d say.
Quite fantastic, one of my best downloads
On Through the Wormhole cities can be compared to a heart.
Arteries are the highways, the blood is traffic and even the heart beat is 2 beats per day at rush hour.
Excellent..... thanks.
thank you Arvin
There is a huge difference with analyzing crowds vs how particles move: The crowd is build out of intelligent species with a conscious and with a certain goal. We humans were trained by teachers and parents, unlike particles. That's why I am very skeptical about any study that tries to connect those. It's like connecting the brain structure to the structure of the universe... Makes no sense (to me).
truly enjoyable video 👏
Quantum mechanics: the science that proves that, sometimes, even the universe doesn't quite know what it's doing.
you have to emphasize that the interaction between the agents is short range, while the order is long range. ppl, traffic, avalanches, earthquakes, forrest fires, stock markers, etc, very universal.
This is a fascinating topic 🙂
Thanks 🙏
Beautifully explained
toujours passionnant merci
Statistical Mechanics is really awesome the more that I learn about it.
Another great video. They should use your channel as an educational channel in high schools.
Wow I have always thought about this since years !!!!!!
I seriously think that the day Mr.Ash does not say "That´s coming up right now!" in his video, all there is will disintegrate to scattered particles and the universe will come to an end! So please, you must say your phrase every time!
See John Conway's Game of Life. Thru very simple rules it can create a great variety of "emergent" non immediately intuitive higher level behaviors, to the point of being able to solve any algorithmically solvable (computationally solvable) problem (Turing completeness).
Outstanding.
Arvin ash i do like your video from quite long i have learned a lot in quantum mechanics from your video but now a days level of content of your video has decreased . Please continue your video on particle physics and quantum mechanics . I would recommend you to make videos on string theory and many topics like this . Your are teacher for me and in Indian mythology and culture teacher is considered more important then the lord shiva (the destroyer of world ) vishnu (the superme god ) bramha (the creater of world ) sir you sir you are great
10:40 Boids?! Isn't that the way they pronounce birds in Brooklyn? LOL
Interestingly, I think that's what the researcher was thinking! lol.
@@ArvinAsh I need this trivia to be confirmed.
@@rhoddryice5412 I think that's confirmed. If you read the Wikipedia article on Boids, you'll see that it says, "The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object."
Excellent Video! Thank you Arvin for breaking in down and giving us a birds eye view of statistical physics and how it applies to other realms. Did you and Matt co-ordinate ? Because PBS spacetime also released a video , another great one, on statistical mechanics. I suppose it Mothers day weekend a ! little known fact": Statistical Mechanics week/
Community is also a particle, and when it's foundation is truth it's stability goes thru the roof!
This video made me think of fractals…. :-)
love your video’s Arvin!
beautiful video
This is a great segment from Arvin. I often use the birds murmuring metaphor in discussions, and this highlights what it means to be a living creature in a physical universe while having "independent" consciousness. Note the sheep following the uniform paths...until individuals decide to cut over to the feed shed (or whatever that is). In this way, we are different from dumb particles, right?
I wanted this. Most beautiful video, now I can see Application in biology.
I wonder if crowd behavior is different in different countries in different contexts, like an airport queue vs. a party vs. a crowd crush.
Hi. Very good question! I Don't think so. The video with diagonal walking paths looks like being made in Japan. Maybe there is no difference.
Sometimes, I used to think human beings and the world we are used to, can also be strings in other dimensions.
Best Line: "It's just physics, my friend ... " Pretty big 'just'.
I am a stick in the mud don't follow the crowd..
A refusnik..
Excellent channel thanks 👍
ممتاز استاذي الفاضل
منك نتعلم
11:28 A beautiful sheep vortex forms and dissipates!
So interesting. As above so below ✨️
ty
this video relates to recent vertasium video of Statistical mechanics
Funny that I just had this in a little test in my studies exactly the same day you released this topic.
I used to believe I had the superpower of predicting what's the best way to go through, in a busy train station.. but now I think I just understand gas distribution lol
for flocks of bird and schools of fish, would there be a behavioral difference between individuals on the outside ("surface boids") and individuals inside the conglomeration ("volume boids")?
the ones deep inside see a somewhat uniform number of neighbors all around while the ones on the "surface" see more neighbors in one direction
We are particles. But not just particles. Clearly all the stuff a collection of particles can do is quite fascinating and sometimes amazing.
Toronto spotted 9:42 😂
Thanks for this great video, Arvin :) One question (or suggestion for a future video): I've read around that Mass and Energy could be interpreted as macroscopic emerging properties of a set of many quantum particles. Eg when a macroscopic body absorbs some energy and varies its motion, the wave function of each of its consituent particles must also change to reflect the macroscopic translation in space. The fact that all the wave functions become constrainted in the same way, increases the content of energy of the body. The process of imposing the coherence of the wave functions in a macroscopic body to change its motion requires a force proportional to the number of elementary pieces (ie the mass). So the effort to reset all the wave functions in a body into a new status could also be an emerging property, ie the inertia of the body. Do you think this interpretation makes sense? Could help to bridge the gap between the small quantum world and the macroscopic reality where we live in and explain Newton's laws at a more fundamental level? Apologies for such a long post! :)
Great explanation. Philip Ball, Critical Mass
First thing I thought of was Moriarty talking about mosh pits in terms of fluid mechanics.
In California when there is a “traffic solid” I’m a neutrino lane splitting on my motorcycle. BOOM!
I am not just a particle. I am also a wave form depending on how you measure my movements. However, you can only know my position or my momentum, not both.
Many people think in education at each grade they have to clear higher and higher level of physics and therefore they study other supporting subjects in each grade. At the end of education they have understood the world
It was a well-argued study of wealth and Boyle's Law that lit me up. Statistics rule us. Understanding that the extremes of the Bell Curve make for a chaotic social mix is to be noted. Seeking to make this completely orderly is not possible when independent agents (us) do their private agendas or discover by accident novel means to gain those objectives.
You can only prepare so much to suppress variety otherwise you become hidebound and the innovators will either destroy their social order or go where they are more appreciated.
life and the universe are driven by the same fundamental laws of nature - it's not a surprise that physics is so powerful for understanding behaviour of humanns as it is powerful for describing elemetary particles.
for humans/vehicles acting as "particles", what kind of thing acts as external influence (heat source/pressure pump)?
Will release a conversation about this phenomena and my analysis of the thought that we ourselves are molecules including the structures we make physically & metaphysically (society, language, mental models, focus groups, anything you could really think of really etc.). It's easy to get caught up in our own lives but trying to imagine and keep track of all data sets of events from the cosmological web scale down to the quark, gluon scale and beyond vice versa, etc. proves to be too complex for our minds to comprehend as they are either such tiny or such vast numbers. We naturally run Occam's Razors on everything that doesn't involve our realm directly affecting our instinctual lives. This realm that we are in is tremendously miniscule compared to the cosmic web, but yet exceedingly large & grand to the subatomic realm. Both of which are realms we have poor understanding of since one is beyond our fundamental limits & the other veers off into ridiculous complexity towards the vast array of spacetime & inflation. No matter how much one zooms in or out of the discipline/ focus being studied, there is always complexity. Ours takes the cake for the one a majority of humanity cares for the most since it's the most tangible/ visible one that we see. But the zoom out scales on both directions (from tiny to grandiose) still affect us & yet we have the ignorance of being molecules in a petri dish not knowing how to comprehend a universe outside of ours. The way i see it is, imagine how hard it would be to explain to a 2 dimensional sentient being how 3 dimensions look, feel, and work; they were not designed to think in that realm, only 4 quadrants ( up, down, left, right) which says a lot about realms we are not familiar with but yet have an influence on us, do we turn a blind eye or try to rationally understand only what we need to know to improve our understanding and relationships on this plane of existence?
It’s just like cattle when they make paths in the soil
Think of this the next time you’re in traffic and think of how you can very slightly improve it for the people behind you.
Try to match the average speed of traffic. Stop and start more gently than the person in front of you. Eat up a little bit of that traffic wave every time it hits you.
If a small portion of drivers did this, stop-start traffic wouldn’t exist. In the worst case, you’d just be driving slowly the whole time never pressing your brakes.
0:33 টঙ্গীজাংশন love from Bangladesh
It's hard to predict human behaviour individually. On a group level, the bigger the size of the group -- the easier and more precise the prognosis becomes.
The model of the flock is the best part of the video for me. Ok I will try to program it in python
Kinetic theory began earlier.
1738 Bernoulli published Hydrodynamica
1827 Brownian motion observed
1855 Fick's law
1858 Clausius's mean free path
1859 Maxwell's velocity distribution
1860 Maxwell's viscosity of gases
1865 Loschmdt estimate Avogadro number and molecular size
1870 Clausius viral theorem
1871 Maxwell demon
1872 Boltzmann equation
1873 van der Waals equation
1876 Loschmidt reversiblity paradox
1890 Poincare recurrence theorem
1890 Rayleigh 's oil film estimate of molecular size
1896 Zemelo recurrence paradox
1905 Einstein relation
1908 Langevin theory of Brownian motion
1908 Perrin's Brownian motion experimental determination of Avogadro number
1912 Feyman-Smoluchowski Brownian ratchet-motor
1916 Smoluchowski's probability after effect
1945 BBGKY
1955 Miller and Kusch experiment to verify Maxwell velocity distribution
That's my new mantra: "It's just physics"
Fractal existence. ;O)-
Wait til they figure out our Universe is a single cell organism that reproduces via a Grand Fission process.
I know, my mind was blown when I figured it out.
Remember, size is no barrier scaled in 4 dimensional space.
This reminds me of some sci-fi I read. One obscure book titled Binary Divine especially.
Super
To be clear the field inside the electron will pull on the electromagnetic field.. because the field that is part of the electron will be pulling towards its center.... And since it can't pass through the electronics field it becomes condensed because because the energy that's in the field is just dense enough in the electron to trap the electromagnetic field and make it become condensed
Goodstein's opening paragraph to his textbook, "States of Matter" is said to be the best of any textbook:
"Ludwig Boltzmann, who spent much of his life studying statistical mechanics, died in 1906, by his own hand. Paul Ehrenfest, carrying on the work, died similarly in 1933. Now it is our turn to study statistical mechanics."
Alas, the COVID pandemic has turned a lot of us into weakly interacting massive particles.
I live in Seattle, and there's absolutely no intelligence involved in turning into traffic solid every day.