I want to ask a question to a science communicator. If I want to make videos on archaeological sites and history like Ancient Egypt, and Ancient Polynesia, and I do as much reasearch into archaeology as possible, and do my best to tell every fact as possible, will I be labeled as a Pseudo-archaeologist or a science communicator?
You have evidence of their artwork but it's dismissed downplayed or completely misunderstood. The Venus of hohle fels is way more sophisticated than is realized. Start by turning it upside down
Holy crap I watched the Nebula special about ancient people's fascination with medicinal plants and totally didn't expect a whole different hour episode to drop too! I appreciate you going hard for us man.
Laurits was absolutely fantastic! I didn't realize this was over an hour long when I started, but I enjoyed every minute of it. I particularly love the geneticist question (not specifically stated, but inferred) of "how different does DNA have to get before we draw a line and say 'new species?'" I think we like things arranged neatly into boxes, and I also think nature just doesn't care.
Thank you Milo for introducing us to such diverse and obscure subjects but that still follow our archaeological thread. This topic had me feeling puzzled as you often looked …. But it became clearer by the end. And yes the tangent over Chinese data compared to European data ( no doubt we have USA to thank for that data) was particularly interesting tome - I had my dna and that of my daughter compared on two different dna research sites. One was more “accurate” than the other and it was because one was more USA based and the other relied more on family trees from paper/historic records… an illegitimate grandmother put a spanner in the works records wise but dna showed that her father was from the Indian continent. The site relying on predominantly paper records missed that connection (even though they claimed to use dna) so perhaps it was also down to their company not having enough diverse dna data
Good lord, the tree analogy and counting the differences alone seriously made a hard, hard concept much more solid. You guys should work together more often: with you standing in for us and his guidance with this difficult topic. Great material.
It's funny seeing these tools being used and explained to one of my favourite anthropology creators. And really cool that deamination was so easily visualised. As a molecular biologist it's one of the reasons we use slightly alkaline buffers to store DNA because acidic environments leads to deamination.
That looked more like an iced late than a beer, but either way, it must have been good, and was well deserved. My thanks probably aren't worth much, but I'll offer it anyway. This video was very interesting. I'm glad that I'm not in any classes in which Laurits Skov is teaching, because I'm afraid I'd be asking endless questions which would drive him nuts, and would either get a muzzle put on me, or get me removed from class entirely. This is just fascinating science that simply wasn't around when I was in college. We thought we were too hot to touch because we'd figured out how to date things using nuclear decay. The big news of the day was remains of an ancient up-right walking, gracile ape who the discoverer had whimsically named "Lucy". Neanderthals were oafish hunchbacks which we might or might not be related to, and there was a first year professor who was stirring the departmental pot by making the wild claim that not only were they related to us, but that if you put a suit coat and tie on one, gave him a good shave, and made him wear a hat, he probably wouldn't stand out much from all the other people running around the city at the time. I had a hard time deciding if that was a serious dis- of the people who lived there at the time, or if they actually were that similar to us. As we learn more, things change, and that is the beauty of scientific thought. I only wish the battle over new ideas didn't have to be so contentious. I don't know... Maybe it needs to be that way. I went on to be a very successful concert musician and professor of music, where the wars aren't so much like blood sport, though they can get quite serious if and when someone's bull gets gored. Oh Academia, I am so glad I'm divorced from you by retirement... but at the same time I'm not. Strange, this love hate relationship.
I really enjoyed that introduction to ancient genetics. I feel like I understand it so much better now. I'm so thrilled by all the information ancient DNA is providing about the past, but details and the science behind it can seem daunting. Thanks for tackling this topic!
I could immediately tell that was Berkeley, the trees and garden layout are distinctive. Used to hang out there all the time… err, 35 years ago. But still immediately identifiable.
Thank you Stefan for an awesome video on a topic I've been wanting to understand. It's fair to say I still don't really understand (this video is going to get a lot of repeat views), but it is such a an amazing subject that really enriches who we are and where we have come from. Laurits did a fantastic job at trying to explain such a complex topic. I think at the end of the day I'm going to trust the science and all the people like Laurits doing this work. I can't wait to see more of this story unfold.
I wish the 7 other human species were still around. In a way, knowing that there used to be 7 other sibling species to us makes me feel like we’re alone.
But we aren’t. Multiple times we have had a branch of humanity have a population growth explosion and spread across multiple continents and mix with sister species to create new branches. In the world today we have hundreds of separate branches of humanity that are somewhat homogeneous. Then in highly populated metropolis and regiopolis we have a melting pot of those groups mixing.
When species lack diversity they are more susceptible to extinction. COVID was a great example of a potential species ending event. So it is very concerning
Hey, could you please create a video exploring the enigma surrounding the scarcity of Homo sapiens and hominin fossils in Western and Central Africa? This region represents one of the most intriguing and least understood chapters in human evolution. I'm particularly fascinated by the concept of the mysterious African "Homo X," believed to have contributed up to 7% of our genetic makeup, and the Iwo Eleru skull from Nigeria. This skull, blending modern and archaic features, yet only 13,000 years old, challenges our understanding of human history. Africa, our species' birthplace, is a treasure trove of secrets waiting to be uncovered. It's possible that archaic human populations were isolated in the Congo rainforests, surviving from 35,000 to 10,000 years ago. Such discoveries could radically alter our perception of human evolution and our origins. Greetings from Germany-your videos are truly mind-blowing!
It's not much of an enigma. We know humans or human ancestors were there, like S. tchadensis. But the landscapes are very bad for preservation, they're very humid. We struggle to find fossils there at all.
@@omgmo1962 It's also simply that Western and Central Africa really haven't been looked into thoroughly by palaeoanthropologists looking for human remains. You can't find what you haven't looked for. It's a similar story in India, where massive numbers of hominins must have migrated through the area, but I think something like only two fossil hominins have been found, purely because nobody has looked particularly hard there.
The question of how far back is very complicated. For neutral differences, you can't really go back farther than 100 generations or so - that's definitely not anywhere near archaic genome territory. However, for lucky or favorable differences, there is no time limit. In fact, if there was a moonshot program for human ancestry, we could catalogue every fragment of human DNA ever observed - say sequences of 64 bases. With that, we would be able to identify which of these sequences came out of Africa, then which of the sequences were introduced outside of Africa. It would then be possible to make a complete tree of all the differences. From that tree, we could then infer which new sequences are characteristic of a new mutation, and which one is characteristic of breeding between different populations. It might seem far fetched because there are 2^128 different possible sequences of 64 bases, but in practice, it's a lot easier to track because each individual contributes only a small number of new mutations (a few dozens), and a lot of mutations are not viable. With about 100 billion humans that have ever existed, assuming that every individual introduces 100 new mutations (compared to their parents), we would have less than 10 trillion mutations for all of humanity (there would be some overlap).
The more you learn about DNA and the associated cellular machinery needed to interpret it, the more you think the existence of a god is a viable explanation. I mean, the interpreter machine is described in the DNA too, so how did that kick off originally before there was a machine. :)
In forensic anthropology, it's firmly established that different modern human groups have very different skeletal features. Humans have gotten taller just in the last 200 years. How different do skeletal remains have to be to not be a type of modern human? If we interbred with these other archaic humans, why would anyone consider them a different species and not a different human line? DNA differences imply how closely related the groups are, but having specific gene differences..... how different does it have to be if interbreeding is possible for them to not just be a different ethnic group?
A "gene" means different things to different scientists. To a molecular biologist, it's a sequence that encodes a protein. To an evolutionary biologist, it can mean "whatever it is in the DNA that causes a particular result, like hair colour".
I thought the text read, "Neanderthal Alert". It also should be known that a single gene can code for multiple things, or nothing or be turned off or on at later dates (as far as I know). The book Control by Adam Rutherford argues that this is why we can't breed traits into humans. Breeding animals shows that every time you select for one trait you are messing with genes that touch multiple traits. Hence, congenital diseases.
Is H.Erectus a “human” or a seperate species ? Did erectus exist the same time as sapiens in Africa or did all African erectus populations convergently transition to sapien due transcontinental biospherical selective pressures?
Because it's Homo, it is considered human. But it's not the same species as us. there's a big debate about whether there was overlap between H. erectus and H. sapiens. If there was, it would have been very small. But it seems more likely that there was a gradual change between them and the earliest archaic H. sapiens, with H. erectus dying out before we came onto the scene. There's also debate about the African vs European vs Asian H. erectus dates so it's all just a lot of back and forth 😅
great meeting!! so facinating!! so what created neanderthals then? was it antessesor and heidelbergensis? it? And what created the ainu? was that a late mutated version of erectus and neanderthals? Man Stefan.. i Love your videos much Love from Denmark
If there was all this ad-mixture between the different flavours of human how can we be so sure that the tool types or intelligence/ingenuity were strictly silo'd? If they can breed and co-habit surely they can swap ideas around tools and technology? 🤔
Don't know if I'm expressing this correctly but when we compare genome with chimps, how do we know that we're comparing the right chimp? Like, wouldn't a chimp that lived 1 million ago have a different genome than one that lives now? We're counting the difference in mutations but wouldn't the "measuring stick" also mutate? I might just have missed the answer in the video but my brain is a bit cooked RN 😅 Anyhow, this is a fascinating topic, great video again, Stefan and Laurits
Because we're only talking about modern humans and modern chimps. We KNOW chimps have evolved since we broke off from our last ancestor with them. Chimps have actually evolved more than we have, they have more new gene mutations in their DNA than we do when compared to each other. We also know that the chimps we see now aren't the ones our ancestors would have been either. We're both modern species that have evolved over that time and exist now, we just have a common ancestor so we compare ourselves to each other
I'm being too literal here: Is DNA *all* we need to make an animal/plant/microbe? Specifically, for humans, we need more than that. We need all of the other stuff that sperm and egg bring. I'm being too literal because the rest of the stuff needs considering IMO. Q: Is this "stuff" ever considered when determining the discovery of a new human species?
Big thanks to KiwiCo for sponsoring this video! Check out www.kiwico.com/stefan and use code STEFAN for 50% off your first crate of a monthly club.
I want to ask a question to a science communicator.
If I want to make videos on archaeological sites and history like Ancient Egypt, and Ancient Polynesia, and I do as much reasearch into archaeology as possible, and do my best to tell every fact as possible, will I be labeled as a Pseudo-archaeologist or a science communicator?
Wholesome sponsor, nice job
You have evidence of their artwork but it's dismissed downplayed or completely misunderstood. The Venus of hohle fels is way more sophisticated than is realized. Start by turning it upside down
my neice and nephew are about to love this lol
50% is a great discount!!
The joy on this mans face when he discusses DNA is amazing, love seeing someone so passionate about there field
Yeh, I don’t know who Stefan is & where he comes from (NZ?), but I love his videos too.
You know it's a good week when you get Stefan Milo and Dan Davis in the same time frame. Awesome stuff Stefan.
Dan Davis is the boss!!!💪💪💪
good video yet again, but a good week? nah, this has been a shitty week
Holy crap I watched the Nebula special about ancient people's fascination with medicinal plants and totally didn't expect a whole different hour episode to drop too! I appreciate you going hard for us man.
Hey what’s that nebula special please? Sounds interesting
Im so glad i have a bell for Milo. Always good contest for years now, with the plastic spoon and during covid you kept me from going bonkers
Uploading an hour long video at midnight is diabolical Stephan
It was only around 4pm where he lives 😂
Laurits was absolutely fantastic! I didn't realize this was over an hour long when I started, but I enjoyed every minute of it. I particularly love the geneticist question (not specifically stated, but inferred) of "how different does DNA have to get before we draw a line and say 'new species?'" I think we like things arranged neatly into boxes, and I also think nature just doesn't care.
Thank you Milo for introducing us to such diverse and obscure subjects but that still follow our archaeological thread. This topic had me feeling puzzled as you often looked …. But it became clearer by the end. And yes the tangent over Chinese data compared to European data ( no doubt we have USA to thank for that data) was particularly interesting tome - I had my dna and that of my daughter compared on two different dna research sites. One was more “accurate” than the other and it was because one was more USA based and the other relied more on family trees from paper/historic records… an illegitimate grandmother put a spanner in the works records wise but dna showed that her father was from the Indian continent. The site relying on predominantly paper records missed that connection (even though they claimed to use dna) so perhaps it was also down to their company not having enough diverse dna data
The visual of Stefan’s wheels turning in his mind while listening is 🤌🤌 Amazing as always!
Before even watching this, I just want to say thank you for finally getting out another video. I can hardly wait.
@19:05 "Little powerhouses"... "The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" echos in my mind
Good lord, the tree analogy and counting the differences alone seriously made a hard, hard concept much more solid. You guys should work together more often: with you standing in for us and his guidance with this difficult topic. Great material.
It's funny seeing these tools being used and explained to one of my favourite anthropology creators.
And really cool that deamination was so easily visualised. As a molecular biologist it's one of the reasons we use slightly alkaline buffers to store DNA because acidic environments leads to deamination.
Also mol bio, I love seeing our field being explained and people realizing the scope of it all! DNA is AMAZING
That looked more like an iced late than a beer, but either way, it must have been good, and was well deserved. My thanks probably aren't worth much, but I'll offer it anyway. This video was very interesting. I'm glad that I'm not in any classes in which Laurits Skov is teaching, because I'm afraid I'd be asking endless questions which would drive him nuts, and would either get a muzzle put on me, or get me removed from class entirely. This is just fascinating science that simply wasn't around when I was in college. We thought we were too hot to touch because we'd figured out how to date things using nuclear decay. The big news of the day was remains of an ancient up-right walking, gracile ape who the discoverer had whimsically named "Lucy". Neanderthals were oafish hunchbacks which we might or might not be related to, and there was a first year professor who was stirring the departmental pot by making the wild claim that not only were they related to us, but that if you put a suit coat and tie on one, gave him a good shave, and made him wear a hat, he probably wouldn't stand out much from all the other people running around the city at the time. I had a hard time deciding if that was a serious dis- of the people who lived there at the time, or if they actually were that similar to us. As we learn more, things change, and that is the beauty of scientific thought. I only wish the battle over new ideas didn't have to be so contentious. I don't know... Maybe it needs to be that way. I went on to be a very successful concert musician and professor of music, where the wars aren't so much like blood sport, though they can get quite serious if and when someone's bull gets gored. Oh Academia, I am so glad I'm divorced from you by retirement... but at the same time I'm not. Strange, this love hate relationship.
Always good vibes... love learning about human origins with Stefan 👍
I really enjoyed that introduction to ancient genetics. I feel like I understand it so much better now. I'm so thrilled by all the information ancient DNA is providing about the past, but details and the science behind it can seem daunting. Thanks for tackling this topic!
One hour video from mr Milo? Yes please! ❤
I could immediately tell that was Berkeley, the trees and garden layout are distinctive. Used to hang out there all the time… err, 35 years ago. But still immediately identifiable.
Really enjoyed this and actually understood when you both broke it down. Thanks so much, look for to collab four in the future.
Really wish after that I had a beer in the fridge!
Very enlightening. Laurits Skov is a great communicator and filled in some blanks for me too.
Loarie Scott
@@fridocalifornia6276 thanks for that. Just pasted the name from the introduction: "Geneticist Laurits Skov sits down to discuss all things..."
Never been this early to a video about human history.
Me either 😅
how tf
Same
I'm not the same.
When I see it, I jump on it like a cat chasing a sock on a string.
What an excellent video. I really enjoyed this. Thanks lads!
Thank you Stefan for an awesome video on a topic I've been wanting to understand. It's fair to say I still don't really understand (this video is going to get a lot of repeat views), but it is such a an amazing subject that really enriches who we are and where we have come from. Laurits did a fantastic job at trying to explain such a complex topic. I think at the end of the day I'm going to trust the science and all the people like Laurits doing this work. I can't wait to see more of this story unfold.
What a great conversation!
I wish the 7 other human species were still around. In a way, knowing that there used to be 7 other sibling species to us makes me feel like we’re alone.
But in a way they are, they’re in our genes - “absorbed” by us
But we aren’t. Multiple times we have had a branch of humanity have a population growth explosion and spread across multiple continents and mix with sister species to create new branches. In the world today we have hundreds of separate branches of humanity that are somewhat homogeneous. Then in highly populated metropolis and regiopolis we have a melting pot of those groups mixing.
When species lack diversity they are more susceptible to extinction. COVID was a great example of a potential species ending event. So it is very concerning
Always so grateful for a Stefan Milo archaeological video. Just fun learning.
Hey Stefan your content is amazing I look forward to your videos all the time! Thanks for all your hard work! Keep em coming x
Stefan! Thank you for existing king
This is so amazing on happy smoke.
So incredibly wholesome and fascinating!
Hell yeah !! Never been this early!
You’re currently carrying me (motivationally) through my archaeology degree
Brother Milo your head doesn't seem to do anything but grow! Lol such a good video man thanks again like always
I want this 5 hours
awesome video! what an incredibly fascinating topic
thank you for sharing.😊
This was great. Really interesting. Thanks for this one
Thanks, Stefan, and thanks, Dr. Skov! This is fascinating!
You guys are changing the world.
Dang, my head hurts. Not as bad as yours trying to edit this. Thanks for another great video.
Thank you both so much! This was fascinating. I'll have to watch it again to try to absorb it all, but I'm learning so much. What a treat! 💝
Why are all the skulls in the background facing away from the camera? Will accept any reason, just curious.
My daughter was trying to take a nap and got scared
@@StefanMiloahhh, that's adorable 🐹
It's actually so they can't see us, Safety First by Stephan.
New Smilo! And Skov reappearance?
Today was a good day!
Yeah, he said the line: "mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells"! 😅😉😇
I really enjoyed the genetics talk!
Me too that’s why I voted for trump
Great video. Lots to think about. Thanks for that! :)
A fun thing to try...pineapple juice mix quickly with siliva take out quickly...result a strand that resembles the dna structure we see illustrated
Yes, new video🎉
New Milo vid!! On It!!
Keep inviting Scott Loarie please, he is extremely good at explaining genetics.
Thank you!
Finally, I get it all!! I think!! Just don't ask me to explain it !! Thanks so much you guys even if I only got a little tiny bit of it all .
Good show!
4:05 You are obviously not in an office reserved for a Nobel Laureate 🤭
Ah jeez now i can't wait for genetics to identify the first generation neanderthal/sapiens. that would tell us so much!
Hey, could you please create a video exploring the enigma surrounding the scarcity of Homo sapiens and hominin fossils in Western and Central Africa? This region represents one of the most intriguing and least understood chapters in human evolution. I'm particularly fascinated by the concept of the mysterious African "Homo X," believed to have contributed up to 7% of our genetic makeup, and the Iwo Eleru skull from Nigeria. This skull, blending modern and archaic features, yet only 13,000 years old, challenges our understanding of human history.
Africa, our species' birthplace, is a treasure trove of secrets waiting to be uncovered. It's possible that archaic human populations were isolated in the Congo rainforests, surviving from 35,000 to 10,000 years ago. Such discoveries could radically alter our perception of human evolution and our origins.
Greetings from Germany-your videos are truly mind-blowing!
It's not much of an enigma. We know humans or human ancestors were there, like S. tchadensis. But the landscapes are very bad for preservation, they're very humid. We struggle to find fossils there at all.
@@omgmo1962 It's also simply that Western and Central Africa really haven't been looked into thoroughly by palaeoanthropologists looking for human remains. You can't find what you haven't looked for. It's a similar story in India, where massive numbers of hominins must have migrated through the area, but I think something like only two fossil hominins have been found, purely because nobody has looked particularly hard there.
The question of how far back is very complicated. For neutral differences, you can't really go back farther than 100 generations or so - that's definitely not anywhere near archaic genome territory. However, for lucky or favorable differences, there is no time limit. In fact, if there was a moonshot program for human ancestry, we could catalogue every fragment of human DNA ever observed - say sequences of 64 bases. With that, we would be able to identify which of these sequences came out of Africa, then which of the sequences were introduced outside of Africa. It would then be possible to make a complete tree of all the differences. From that tree, we could then infer which new sequences are characteristic of a new mutation, and which one is characteristic of breeding between different populations. It might seem far fetched because there are 2^128 different possible sequences of 64 bases, but in practice, it's a lot easier to track because each individual contributes only a small number of new mutations (a few dozens), and a lot of mutations are not viable. With about 100 billion humans that have ever existed, assuming that every individual introduces 100 new mutations (compared to their parents), we would have less than 10 trillion mutations for all of humanity (there would be some overlap).
Ooh I'm early, glad I get to watch this as I'm eating
BABE WAKE UP, NEW MILO JUST DROPPED
Yesss thank you 😊
Really stefan, I was about to go to sleep but now I have to watch an hour long video lol
For the algorithm. Great vid
Going to bed now, it's past midnight - will watch your video tomorrow!
very interesting 👍🦘
Excellent. It must be fun to be that smart!!!!😊
The more you learn about DNA and the associated cellular machinery needed to interpret it, the more you think the existence of a god is a viable explanation. I mean, the interpreter machine is described in the DNA too, so how did that kick off originally before there was a machine. :)
Mind blown.
Woo! Stefan! My favorite friend who doesn't know I am his friend >.>
Stefan is ready for Biologi på højt niveau
In forensic anthropology, it's firmly established that different modern human groups have very different skeletal features. Humans have gotten taller just in the last 200 years. How different do skeletal remains have to be to not be a type of modern human? If we interbred with these other archaic humans, why would anyone consider them a different species and not a different human line? DNA differences imply how closely related the groups are, but having specific gene differences..... how different does it have to be if interbreeding is possible for them to not just be a different ethnic group?
Just got off of work and there’s a new Stephan Milo video? H-E double hockey sticks duck yeah
A "gene" means different things to different scientists. To a molecular biologist, it's a sequence that encodes a protein. To an evolutionary biologist, it can mean "whatever it is in the DNA that causes a particular result, like hair colour".
I thought the text read, "Neanderthal Alert". It also should be known that a single gene can code for multiple things, or nothing or be turned off or on at later dates (as far as I know). The book Control by Adam Rutherford argues that this is why we can't breed traits into humans. Breeding animals shows that every time you select for one trait you are messing with genes that touch multiple traits. Hence, congenital diseases.
We want more
Is H.Erectus a “human” or a seperate species ?
Did erectus exist the same time as sapiens in Africa or did all African erectus populations convergently transition to sapien due transcontinental biospherical selective pressures?
Because it's Homo, it is considered human. But it's not the same species as us. there's a big debate about whether there was overlap between H. erectus and H. sapiens. If there was, it would have been very small. But it seems more likely that there was a gradual change between them and the earliest archaic H. sapiens, with H. erectus dying out before we came onto the scene. There's also debate about the African vs European vs Asian H. erectus dates so it's all just a lot of back and forth 😅
thinkpad, linux... this is a true man of culture
great meeting!! so facinating!! so what created neanderthals then? was it antessesor and heidelbergensis? it? And what created the ainu? was that a late mutated version of erectus and neanderthals? Man Stefan.. i Love your videos much Love from Denmark
The Ainu are definitely H. sapien, not another hybrid. They are still a living population
Always look forward...to getting out of PDX, lol.
YESSS 🗣🗣
Wow an hour of goodness as I wind down with a couple stiff drinks.
Hancock is way out in front of this discussion. I'm glad these chaps are finally taking notice!
Way cool, only 30 seconds in and your inner mega-dad shines through! Unfortunately U-toob, is acting up, can't reopen the vid.
Can we use dna to recreate what a thing looked like the same way we use skulls to recreate ancient faces?
Fascinante
If there was all this ad-mixture between the different flavours of human how can we be so sure that the tool types or intelligence/ingenuity were strictly silo'd? If they can breed and co-habit surely they can swap ideas around tools and technology? 🤔
Don't know if I'm expressing this correctly but when we compare genome with chimps, how do we know that we're comparing the right chimp? Like, wouldn't a chimp that lived 1 million ago have a different genome than one that lives now? We're counting the difference in mutations but wouldn't the "measuring stick" also mutate? I might just have missed the answer in the video but my brain is a bit cooked RN 😅 Anyhow, this is a fascinating topic, great video again, Stefan and Laurits
Because we're only talking about modern humans and modern chimps. We KNOW chimps have evolved since we broke off from our last ancestor with them. Chimps have actually evolved more than we have, they have more new gene mutations in their DNA than we do when compared to each other.
We also know that the chimps we see now aren't the ones our ancestors would have been either. We're both modern species that have evolved over that time and exist now, we just have a common ancestor so we compare ourselves to each other
He's not too unlike a Neanderthal himself 🙃
"Neanderthal"?
Oh, you mean the Jotnar!
Us I haplogroup can claim descent from them, so it is a bit premature to write us off.
Yay! New video! Haven’t watched yet but ….Yay!
I'm being too literal here: Is DNA *all* we need to make an animal/plant/microbe? Specifically, for humans, we need more than that. We need all of the other stuff that sperm and egg bring.
I'm being too literal because the rest of the stuff needs considering IMO. Q: Is this "stuff" ever considered when determining the discovery of a new human species?
I bet you’d find more variation between extant human populations. The idea that Neanderthals were a different species is largely political.
Ohhh it's just inscrutable magic.
Wait. Wait. Lick bones? WHAT?! HAHAHAHA I have never! It feels like an April 1st thing but I'm watching on November 1st. Wow.
Gob Ears!
DNA has 1 based indexing?
in the beginning there was division...
And on the 6th day, God made man and said that it waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-- *600,000 years later* --was good.
@@iivin4233
evolution is still a reality...
Milo-waiting for your mind-blown “explode”!
The short answer is "boinking".
Can we talk about bottlenecks?
🤯