These are wonderful! I am a first year vet student and I use these as quick reviews to give me a general framework for all the other details I'm learning! Very helpful - and beautiful artistic work!!!
First year undergrad med student, and this vid saved my life haha. My finals are in a month and I was too lazy to study neuroanat until last minute, only to realise I didn't know what was going on at all. Your video really helped a lot, thanks! :)
I have notes regarding this video Corticospinal pathway decends through the internal capsule not thalamus, Anterior corticospinal supplies proximal muscles bilaterally
Rubrospinal tract is an alternative voluntary spinal motor tract, not only manages large muscle movement is also involved in fine motor control of upper limbs such as grasping objects but not individual finger movement, this is the particular feauture of the corticospinal tract, also it is involved in rapid movement of muscles, it is constantly limited by the corticospinal tract, that is why if they cut the corticospinal tract, rubrospinal takes over and can manage to recover 90% of voluntary muscle movement except individual finger movement. It controls flexor muscles, it limits extensor muscle movement, and yet you only managed to say it is important instead of providing more information.
also you fail to mention in the lateral tract pathway, it has the reticulospinal lateral tract and lateral vestibulospinal tract, it is not only anterior pathway as you mentioned in your video. Reticulospinal lateral medullar tract inhibits Involuntary excitatory extensor muscle movement and decreases muscle tone, pontine/medial reticulospinal tract increases involuntary muscle tone and increases extensor muscle activity
+Ajinkya Bhasme I think this is an incredibly important point for both understanding the anatomy and for clinical relevance and should be amended or at least highlighted in the video.
Cody Lau That part is correct, what Ajinkya is correcting is in the brain itself. The internal capsule is on the side of the thalamus, through which the descending tracts pass through. Thalamus is basically a reception point for the cortex, it comes into play when we move *towards* the cortex, not away from it.
2021 anyone? Love u man, im watching u from my high school to medschool, through and through, beautiful work u have done, and thanks for making these vids, wish u the best of bests
In your video you say anterior corticospinal tract control proximal muscles such as the arms, but I have learned in various medical books that anterior corticospinal controls only muscles of the trunk (Thoracic and abdominal cavity), lateral corticospinal tracts control upper and lower limbs muscles including arms.
Professor Frink gave me a good understanding of the basis of structure and function of spinal cord. The lecture is well oganized and thank you Dr. Flint.
Motor pathways can be divided into Lateral pathways & Anteromedial pathways Corticospinal tracts most important coz they deal with voluntary control. Lateral Corticospinal tract Anterior Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Anteromedial pathways : mainly controls axial muscles for balance and posture. Tectospinal tract: originates in the midbrain in the area ka Superior Colliculus. Responsible for orientation response. Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract : responsible for maintaining head balance and turning. Anterior Corticospinal tract
i feel like its important to point out that the anterior corticospinal tract isnt decussating when it synapses on the contralateral ventral horn, thats just an example of its bilateral control. it also synapses with the ventral horn on the ipsilateral side. lateral corticospinal tract exerts unilateral control because it only synapses with one side of the ventral horn (in its case, on the contralateral side). Just pointing this out because I'm currently studying for a test which includes decussation as an important aspect of learning about these pathways.
The red nucleus & the rubrospinal tracts are involved more in coordination of upper limbs, not the entire body. That's why in decerebrate rigidity, the upper limbs are flexed because of loss of rubrospinal control.
I was under the impression that a lesion of the lateral corticospinal tract will cause a deficit on the ipsilateral side of the lesion, because the LCST begins below the decussation in the medulla. The contralateral hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the motion, but if a lesion occurred in the LCST, the deficits will show on the ipsilateral side of the lesion.
What is the role of the upper neuron in the motor pathway: 1. Transfer impulse from motor cortex to spinal cord 2. Transfer impulse from spinal cord to motor cortex 3. Transfer impulse from spinal cord to muscle 4. Transfer impulse from muscle to spinal cord
How the hell do nursing and med students learn all this, just on the nervous system then the rest of the anatomy of the body. It’s amazing just watching you draw all this out.
Thank you for this video....... I love watching this....... I will watch it again and again...... Really it helps me in my goal in life to pursue my dream course.....
I can't find the video of descending &ascending tract, any one help ? Armando could you pls put the link of the videos you talk about in bio next time!
should notice that 5% of spinocortical tract fibers do not decussate and called "non decussated lateral corticospinal tract" and 5 % representing the anterior corticospinal tract are actually decussating twice, once at the medulla oblangata and once again at the level of the specific vertebre, there for innervating eventually in an ipsilateral manner. and third the upper motor neuron does not pass through the thalamus but through the internal capsule. anyway it's a great video thanks
You forgot the olivospinal tract that some scholars put in the anterior/ventromedial system, other do not include it as part of this system. It would have been very helpful if you explain the tracts that deccusate and why tracts that deccusate cause opposite side lesions in upper motor neurons and same side lesions cause same side affections in lower motor neurons, this was not fully explained, also you must include the corticobulbar system, it travels along with the corticospinal tract but deccusates at different levels of the brainstem.
So the anterior corticospinal tract does not dessucate in the lower portion of the medulla, but does that in the anterior horn? so ipsilaterally down until the anterior corticospinal tract before it dessucates to the ventral horn contralaterally where it synapses?
*Ascending tracts of spinal cord -* *Name* - *Function* _________________________________________________________________________ a.Lat . spinothalamic tract P/T from opp half of body b.Ant .spinothalamic tract Touch(crude)&pressure from opp half of body c.Fasciculus gracilis *Conscious proprioception* ,discriminatory touch d.Fasciculus cuneatus Vibratory sence,steriognosis e.post.spinocerebellar *Unconscious proprioception* to cerebellum f.Ant spinocerebellar Cerebellum adjustments of muscle tone g.spino olivary Proprioceptive sence h.Spinotectal Afferent limb of reflex movmnts of eyes & head towards source of stimulus *Descending tracts -* a.Lat .corticospinal Main motor tract b.Ant corticospinal " " c.Rubrospinal Efferent pathway for cerebellum & corpus striatum d.Medial reticulospinal Extrapyramidal tract e.lateral " " f.Olivospinal " g.Vestibulospinal Efferent pathway for equilibratory control h.Tectospinal Efferent pathway for visual reflexes
hi there, great vid, but we've been taught all 3 medial pathways (inc the tectospinal tract) are ipsilateral..... i will look it up. I'm too grateful to be critical if you got it wrong. Good work.
Where are the descending and ascending tract videos you mentioned in the beginning of this video? requesting you to load more on maintenance of tone and posture and balance.
Great videos, thanx! But I'm a little confused. Where does the autonome motor neurons fit in? In your other video of the overview of the peripheral and central nerve system you describe motor neurons are either somatic (voluntary) or autonome (not voluntary). But I think al these tracts shown here are somatic tracts? Because autonome neurons use ganglions and have other functions. And the anteriormedial tract is not voluntary, so to equal somatic with voluntary is not really correct? Or what am I not understanding correctly?
Hello! Where can I find the previous video about the sensory pathway? I'm really struggling to put all these concepts together so it'd be a great help. Thank you so much! :)
At 1.00 you mentioned that the outer grey matter of the Cerebral Cortex consists of synapses. Shouldn't it be neurons and correct me if I'm wrong? Jackson, Mississippi.
hi, can I ask you a question?so both ANt and Lateral cortico spinal tract cross over and control the muscles on the other side ? just the location of cross-over is different?can i say if lesion in in upper motor it always affect contralateral and if in lower motor it affects the same side ?
sir one thing i hav a doubt sir !!! if there is. a thalamic lesion why patient acquire severe pain !! even though the lesion is in thalamus most probably all tha pathway moves across it there should be lose of pain bt why here severe pain in thalamic lesion
kamani Priya Maybe because of irritation of thalamic nuclei. The anterior thalamic nucleus is involved in the Papez circuit, which is a part of the limbic system, responsible for emotions & pain.
Doesn't the anterior coticospinal tract cross-over in the spinal chord as well? I've heard about some form of crossing over higher up in the medulla as well. Can someone confirm or negate?
Dhtemp Anterior corticospinal tract crosses over in spinal cord, lateral corticospinal tract crosses over in medulla, forming the pyramid (hence the name pyramidal tract)
🧠 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE FROM THIS LECTURE! ✅
youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d4641859b9c170836ef7d
Im curious how many people use this for PA, Nursing school, med school or any other advanced school. You are a life saver
I use these for Vet school. They are trying to cram neuroanatomy into our brains the 2 weeks before finals :/
Med school student here! Armando has been saving my life all the way from my A Levels, to my first BSc and now during my MBChB!
PA student lol... gotta round it out!
Physical Therapy student here! Saving my life for neuroanatomy :)
Medical school
on behalf of all students studying medicine, thank you tremendously for all of your videos. God bless you.
These are wonderful! I am a first year vet student and I use these as quick reviews to give me a general framework for all the other details I'm learning! Very helpful - and beautiful artistic work!!!
Hey I just got in veterinary I'm a first year student do yo have any tips for livestock production management
I am a biomedical engineer interested in stroke rehabilitation, this was one of the well explained videos for motor pathways
"So i hope that makes sense" seems to be your favourite sentence :D
If only the teachers and professors in medical colleges teach like this... You are doing an awesome job Sir😎👍
First year undergrad med student, and this vid saved my life haha. My finals are in a month and I was too lazy to study neuroanat until last minute, only to realise I didn't know what was going on at all. Your video really helped a lot, thanks! :)
hi, how is it going now?
I'm in the exact same situation now
Your lectures are so clear...blessing for medical students..
I have notes regarding this video
Corticospinal pathway decends through the internal capsule not thalamus,
Anterior corticospinal supplies proximal muscles bilaterally
Can you send me the notes
Can't explain enough how useful the videos are! Such a great work plus explanation is to the point 👌
Thanks much great work
Have a test tomorrow and watching this video really helped! Thanks a bunch! Keep up the amazing work!
corticospinal tract don't pass through the thalamus,it passes the posterior limb
of internal capsule
Right
Rubrospinal tract is an alternative voluntary spinal motor tract, not only manages large muscle movement is also involved in fine motor control of upper limbs such as grasping objects but not individual finger movement, this is the particular feauture of the corticospinal tract, also it is involved in rapid movement of muscles, it is constantly limited by the corticospinal tract, that is why if they cut the corticospinal tract, rubrospinal takes over and can manage to recover 90% of voluntary muscle movement except individual finger movement. It controls flexor muscles, it limits extensor muscle movement, and yet you only managed to say it is important instead of providing more information.
Agreed
also you fail to mention in the lateral tract pathway, it has the reticulospinal lateral tract and lateral vestibulospinal tract, it is not only anterior pathway as you mentioned in your video. Reticulospinal lateral medullar tract inhibits Involuntary excitatory extensor muscle movement and decreases muscle tone, pontine/medial reticulospinal tract increases involuntary muscle tone and increases extensor muscle activity
lateral corticospinal tract doesn't pass through the thalamus😑
it goes into posterior limb of internal capsule
+Ajinkya Bhasme I think this is an incredibly important point for both understanding the anatomy and for clinical relevance and should be amended or at least highlighted in the video.
Ajinkya Bhasme absolutely!! such a gross mistake he made!
So it passes through the posterior and lateral portion of the spine right?
activate the notifications on the video, he corrected himself
Cody Lau
That part is correct, what Ajinkya is correcting is in the brain itself. The internal capsule is on the side of the thalamus, through which the descending tracts pass through. Thalamus is basically a reception point for the cortex, it comes into play when we move *towards* the cortex, not away from it.
I thought the spinothalamic pathway doesn't pass through the thalamus, but passes through the internal capsule? Reference to 4:25
Jack 1
Spinothalamic = ascending pathways, they pass through the thalamus. What you mean to refer are the corticospinal/descending tracts.
2021 anyone? Love u man, im watching u from my high school to medschool, through and through, beautiful work u have done, and thanks for making these vids, wish u the best of bests
In your video you say anterior corticospinal tract control proximal muscles such as the arms, but I have learned in various medical books that anterior corticospinal controls only muscles of the trunk (Thoracic and abdominal cavity), lateral corticospinal tracts control upper and lower limbs muscles including arms.
No, he is correct, according to my textbook.
Professor Frink gave me a good understanding of the basis of structure and function of spinal cord. The lecture is well oganized and thank you Dr. Flint.
Your video saved my studying life in biology. This is awesome. Please do more.
A minor correction : corticospinal tract does not pass through thalamus. it goes directly to midbrain via cerebral peduncles.
WOW WHAT A LIFE SAVER, THIS IS SO CLEAR, PLS DO MORE
from stressed medical student
Motor pathways can be divided into
Lateral pathways
&
Anteromedial pathways
Corticospinal tracts most important coz they deal with voluntary control.
Lateral Corticospinal tract
Anterior Corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anteromedial pathways : mainly controls axial muscles for balance and posture.
Tectospinal tract: originates in the midbrain in the area ka Superior Colliculus. Responsible for orientation response.
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract : responsible for maintaining head balance and turning.
Anterior Corticospinal tract
i feel like its important to point out that the anterior corticospinal tract isnt decussating when it synapses on the contralateral ventral horn, thats just an example of its bilateral control. it also synapses with the ventral horn on the ipsilateral side. lateral corticospinal tract exerts unilateral control because it only synapses with one side of the ventral horn (in its case, on the contralateral side). Just pointing this out because I'm currently studying for a test which includes decussation as an important aspect of learning about these pathways.
The red nucleus & the rubrospinal tracts are involved more in coordination of upper limbs, not the entire body. That's why in decerebrate rigidity, the upper limbs are flexed because of loss of rubrospinal control.
I was under the impression that a lesion of the lateral corticospinal tract will cause a deficit on the ipsilateral side of the lesion, because the LCST begins below the decussation in the medulla. The contralateral hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the motion, but if a lesion occurred in the LCST, the deficits will show on the ipsilateral side of the lesion.
Yeah, this is correct. He is confusing the spinal chord with the cerebrum.
You are absolutely correct..
Thank you for your help and time! Amazing explanation.
What is the role of the upper neuron in the motor pathway:
1. Transfer impulse from motor cortex to spinal cord
2. Transfer impulse from spinal cord to motor cortex
3. Transfer impulse from spinal cord to muscle
4. Transfer impulse from muscle to spinal cord
How the hell do nursing and med students learn all this, just on the nervous system then the rest of the anatomy of the body. It’s amazing just watching you draw all this out.
Not only ur drawing but your explanation are so good
A very good video! I am studying pshychology and this helps me a lot! Thank you
Thank you for this video....... I love watching this....... I will watch it again and again...... Really it helps me in my goal in life to pursue my dream course.....
Very helpful video for my Physiotherapy studies, thank you!
Perfect timing. Neuro exam on monday
Hope you did well on exam.
+Nicholas Kirton how are you doing man? :)
I can't find the video of descending &ascending tract, any one help ?
Armando could you pls put the link of the videos you talk about in bio next time!
mesmerizing and informational at the same time.
Thank you so much 🙏🙏🙏
I wish you could upload the whole page at 12:24 as a picture. That would be awesome !
Thanks !!! u saved me ....ur videos are just superb, all of them. Big thumbs up!!! God bless u.
should notice that 5% of spinocortical tract fibers do not decussate and called "non decussated lateral corticospinal tract" and 5 % representing the anterior corticospinal tract are actually decussating twice, once at the medulla oblangata and once again at the level of the specific vertebre, there for innervating eventually in an ipsilateral manner. and third the upper motor neuron does not pass through the thalamus but through the internal capsule.
anyway it's a great video thanks
Neurophysiology made easy ,thank you.
Where are the descending and ascending tract videos you mentioned in the beginning of this video?
I have the same question... could not find them
+qianyun meng I am looking for the videos too
Loc Tong it's the "Neurology - Spinal Cord Introduction" video I believe
+Srija Reddy hii
couldnt find it either.
BLESS YOU you literally saved me HUGE props to you and THANK YOU!!
Man, you're AMAZING. Your videos are so helpful. Thank you so much!
This helped me so much! For my upcomming exam we need to draw this too!
where is the video for ascending and descing tract ?plz give me the link of ur video
ascending is somatosensory pathway, and the descending is this video which is motor pathway.
Thank you sir to teach motor pathways&tracts
You forgot the olivospinal tract that some scholars put in the anterior/ventromedial system, other do not include it as part of this system. It would have been very helpful if you explain the tracts that deccusate and why tracts that deccusate cause opposite side lesions in upper motor neurons and same side lesions cause same side affections in lower motor neurons, this was not fully explained, also you must include the corticobulbar system, it travels along with the corticospinal tract but deccusates at different levels of the brainstem.
you have been the best help! thank you!
So the anterior corticospinal tract does not dessucate in the lower portion of the medulla, but does that in the anterior horn? so ipsilaterally down until the anterior corticospinal tract before it dessucates to the ventral horn contralaterally where it synapses?
Can someone tell me where to find the Introduction of Ascending/Descending Tracts video at the beginning?
awesome and very helpful lecture. how dare those 8 people who dislike this video lol
indeed how dare those 8 people who disliked this video
@@everthingmedicalexplained4189 Haters are like roaches. they are everywhere. good video.
@@everthingmedicalexplained4189 there's some incorrect information in the video.
You made it sound so easy!!! Thank you very much! keep the good work
Love your videos dude...
Amazing video! Thank you
so nice of you
your videos are amazing. thank you so much cx
excellent drawings and explanations
Thank you sir 💟
Glad you fixed the lighting in your videos =)
Many different motor pathways that extend down through the spine.
Upper motor neurones do not send axons into/through the thalamus.
*Ascending tracts of spinal cord -*
*Name* - *Function*
_________________________________________________________________________
a.Lat . spinothalamic tract P/T from opp half of body
b.Ant .spinothalamic tract Touch(crude)&pressure from opp half of body
c.Fasciculus gracilis *Conscious proprioception* ,discriminatory touch
d.Fasciculus cuneatus Vibratory sence,steriognosis
e.post.spinocerebellar *Unconscious proprioception* to cerebellum
f.Ant spinocerebellar Cerebellum adjustments of muscle tone
g.spino olivary Proprioceptive sence
h.Spinotectal Afferent limb of reflex movmnts of eyes & head
towards source of stimulus
*Descending tracts -*
a.Lat .corticospinal Main motor tract
b.Ant corticospinal " "
c.Rubrospinal Efferent pathway for cerebellum & corpus striatum
d.Medial reticulospinal Extrapyramidal tract
e.lateral " "
f.Olivospinal "
g.Vestibulospinal Efferent pathway for equilibratory control
h.Tectospinal Efferent pathway for visual reflexes
Nice video! Great rookie learning material!
Great explanation
THANK YOU ARMANDO!
hi there, great vid, but we've been taught all 3 medial pathways (inc the tectospinal tract) are ipsilateral..... i will look it up. I'm too grateful to be critical if you got it wrong. Good work.
You are the best man!! Thank you for your videos...
Adamın dibisin dibi
Can you explain what the final common pathway does?
Motor Control Theories please !!! Great work, your always my to go to reference for info on Neurology !
What are the neuro trasmittis response for your fast and slow pain ?
its amazing . I love it.
Where are the descending and ascending tract videos you mentioned in the beginning of this video?
requesting you to load more on maintenance of tone and posture and balance.
surugoyal oooi😩😩😩👉👉👵👤👵👤👤👤👬👬👬👬👬👫👫👫🙉🙉🙉
lmao. Earlier today I searched for a video on the motor tracts on your channel. :P
thanks ,, keep taking about neurology
Great videos, thanx! But I'm a little confused. Where does the autonome motor neurons fit in? In your other video of the overview of the peripheral and central nerve system you describe motor neurons are either somatic (voluntary) or autonome (not voluntary). But I think al these tracts shown here are somatic tracts? Because autonome neurons use ganglions and have other functions. And the anteriormedial tract is not voluntary, so to equal somatic with voluntary is not really correct? Or what am I not understanding correctly?
Great video. I have a question, isn't it that the corticospinal nerve's path is in between the thalamus and the lenticular (internal capsule) ?
Martin Kavedjian
Yes, slight error on his part.
Hello! Where can I find the previous video about the sensory pathway? I'm really struggling to put all these concepts together so it'd be a great help. Thank you so much! :)
At 1.00 you mentioned that the outer grey matter of the Cerebral Cortex consists of synapses. Shouldn't it be neurons and correct me if I'm wrong?
Jackson, Mississippi.
If this was not for your class and you are doing it as a PSA...please do one on adhesive arachnoiditis. I do not understand what it is i have
you are great sir nice lecture
difficult stuff made so easy, thank you!
I don't understand if the corticospinal tract goes through white matter or grey matter?
White matter
I can't find the video on introduction to descending and ascending tracts.
Same here
I was also looking for that. :(
ua-cam.com/video/5c8maFAhqIc/v-deo.html
Thanks armando !
hi, can I ask you a question?so both ANt and Lateral cortico spinal tract cross over and control the muscles on the other side ? just the location of cross-over is different?can i say if lesion in in upper motor it always affect contralateral and if in lower motor it affects the same side ?
Elham Mahdavi
Yes, correct!
doesnt the reticulospinal tract show decussation unlike other tracts?
Very helpful video!! Thanks a lot!!
sir one thing i hav a doubt sir !!! if there is. a thalamic lesion why patient acquire severe pain !! even though the lesion is in thalamus most probably all tha pathway moves across it there should be lose of pain bt why here severe pain in thalamic lesion
kamani Priya
Maybe because of irritation of thalamic nuclei. The anterior thalamic nucleus is involved in the Papez circuit, which is a part of the limbic system, responsible for emotions & pain.
I thought rubrospinal is part of indirect pathway and the rest were grouped in the direct pathway ?
Mercy Amakobe
Direct & indirect pathways?
what level of the spinal cord does the motor pathway end?
VERY VALUABLE CONTAIN THANKS
THE BEST🙌🏼🙌🏼🙌🏼🙌🏼
What about sensory and cognitive pathway?
doesn't a damage to medullary reticulospinal tract cause extensor activation
Naz Tuzger
Yes, that's the principle of Babinski's sign.
Rnt there supposed to be three orders of neurons?
Most pathways do have 3 neuron orders, but motor pathways only have upper and lower motor neurons
Is there a place we can buy this exact image?
Doesn't the anterior coticospinal tract cross-over in the spinal chord as well? I've heard about some form of crossing over higher up in the medulla as well. Can someone confirm or negate?
Dhtemp
Anterior corticospinal tract crosses over in spinal cord, lateral corticospinal tract crosses over in medulla, forming the pyramid (hence the name pyramidal tract)
Does the Anterior Corticospinal Tract decussate or does it stay ipsilateral?
Philip A. Secondez
It decussates in the spinal cord, specifically the anteriormost part, called as anterior decussation.
Please make video with subtitles