AERIEL VIEW - Water (Drainage) are Key Factors to the Satisfactory Performance of Oil Palm & Coconut

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Of the 27,500 hectares of land in United Plantations Berhad (UPB), more than 80 percent consists of coastal alluvial soils and peat where drainage and water management are key factors to the satisfactory performance of oil palms, cocoa and coconuts. Situated in and around the Lower Perak region, the group estates are bordered by two major river systems and their tributaries - Sungei Perak to the north and Sungei Bernam to the south.
These rivers, besides having a major influence on the soils, also affect the drainage and water-table of the area. Being tidal, extensive bunding had to be carried out in the development stages to keep out the flood waters.
Basically, the drainage system consists of a network of interconnected field, collection and main drains. The intensity varies with the nature of the soil and rainfall but, on the average, provisions are made for 1 field drain for every 4 to 8 rows of oil palms, 2 to 4 rows of coconuts and 4 to 12 rows of cocoa. Collection drains, on the other hand, are usually spaced 400-800 metres apart in the case of oil palms and 180-450 metres apart for cocoa and coconuts. To ensure that the drains are maintained in good serviceable condition, degrassing and desilting is regularly carried out.
As drainage is important, care is taken not to overdrain the areas, especially in the more fragile acid sulphate and peat soils. In this respect, a series of weirs are constructed across the collection drains at strategic position
s to maintain the water level at 60-90 cm from the surface. To further regulate the water-table and to prevent the ingress of tidal river water, which in many instances is brackish, water gates are constructed at the discharge end of the main drains.
To rid the drains of accumulated acid water, regular flushing is undertaken during the rainy season. Of the three crops cultivated, cocoa is the most sensitive to flooding. Anaerobic conditions of more than 5 to 7 days caused by waterlogging, can result in death or it can seriously stress the trees, predisposing them to Phythopthora infection or vascular streak dieback.
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