How a small city in Poland gained global significance | Focus on Europe
Вставка
- Опубліковано 3 жов 2024
- The Polish city of Rzeszow, located in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin, is gaining global prominence. Due to its proximity to the Ukrainian frontline, American soldiers have now been stationed there.
Subscribe: www.youtube.co...
For more news go to: www.dw.com/en/
Follow DW on social media:
►Facebook: / deutschewellenews
►Twitter: / dwnews
►Instagram: / dwnews
►Twitch: / dwnews_hangout
Für Videos in deutscher Sprache besuchen Sie: / dwdeutsch
#Poland #UkraineWar #NATO
Correction: This report mistakenly states that wounded patients from Ukraine are brought to Rzeszow by plane. Due to the military conflict, there are currently no planes arriving in Rzeszow from Ukraine, and wounded patients are being transported by ambulance.
Is there no hospitals in cities like Lvov or Kiev to treat wounded?War is only on far East of Ukr
@@marcinciurko8149pewien szmaciarz stwierdził że Polska jest sługą ukrów. Na zachodzie ukr mają dużo ale jeszcze więcej mają w takim Rzeszowie.
@@marcinciurko8149co się głupio czepiasz , napewno mają lepszą pomoc medyczną w Polsce niż w kraju gdzie jest wojna😩
@@banjromen8848 Z Polski na ukrainę jeżdżą wycieczki turystyczne.Ukraińcy jeżdżą do siebie na urlopy.Jaka wojna?Ta daleko przy rosyjskiej granicy?Przejedź komentarze pod tym filmem.Dziekuja nam wszyscy tylko nie ukry.
@@marcinciurko8149 dziękują , dziękują i to bardzo widziałam inne filmiki, a poza tym jak już się komuś pomaga to nie trzeba czekać na wieczne dziękowanie.
200k that's not small even by USA standards. It's actually very nice looking and I understand historical place. Polish people and Poland finely recognized as great nation with incredible history.
In Germany it's also a big city
200K is small for US standards. Bakersfield is 2x that.
@@HKim0072 American here. 200K is not small on American standards
@@WorldaffairsloverPerfection, Nevada has a population of 14, for instance
@@HKim0072 well yea, but that’s in California, compared to a state in the central, like Colorado, it’s a good size city
Poland has stepped up for Ukraine in an unprecedented way. Poland shows no end to its commitment to Ukraine. Poland is worth our admiration and gratitude. Rzeszow will forever be remembered as the safe haven and hub it has become. I think that Rzeszow will be a very important City in helping Ukraine to rebuild. ❤ you Poland from Sweden ❤🤍
Yes, IT will be.
Rzeszów is the biggest Polish City near Ukrainian border with quite big Airport.
But I think after war Lviv become important too
@@gorniklecznaman3414 oh Lwów/Lviv is beautiful 😍 I would love to visit
Greetings from Poland. This time we need to finish Russia by helping Ukraine.
As Polish I would say that Poland is a stooge under american yoke and meekly do what ."the most important ally" orders!They decide to fight Russia to the last Ukrainian and actually prepare Poland to push polish cannon fodder into their mincer!
@@plrc4593 It's really interesting that there are so many Poles helping neonazi state of Ukraine. History doesn't mean anything for them, I guess.
Thank you Poland for your continued support!
It is the SAME ENEMY for the centuries....
no worries, bolanda has always been a buffer for european conflicts, so still keep doing its job :)
Lwów, miasto polskie od wieków, ukradzione przez 3 mocarstwa w II wojnie światowej. Podejrzewam , że właściciel tego kanału, nie wie tego
Now it is Ukropol, not Bolanda 🤣
@@Borg746 🇷🇺💩🤡
Love Poland greetings from london 💪
THANK YOU! Love UK from Poland.
As Polish I would say that Poland is a stooge under american yoke and meekly do what ."the most important ally" orders!They decide to fight Russia to the last Ukrainian and actually prepare Poland to push polish cannon fodder into their mincer!
This soldier that is so happy he will get a prosthetic hand makes me cry!
The poor man has sacrificed most of his life for the likes of Lindsey Graham
I know! 🥹
@@gdiwolverinemale3rd well it could have be worse, he could be like you, sacrificing his soul to putler
@@AS-010o0 I am not sacrificing anything and not asking anyone for any help. Perhaps you have a soul, but your brain is giving it hard times
@Woden you just don’t know
God bless the poles ❤💪🏻🇵🇱. their mercy and kindness reveals their true character and strength❣
The entire operation is paid with US and EU tax money. Poles are benefiting from this war.
They should treat them here the same way there would be less Pedophiles and sickness@@falkj.beinker6561
If you know any history of Poland it's not kindness, it's stupidity and putting noose around our necks.
God bless Poland and all its generous citizens. 🇵🇱🤝🇺🇲
God blessed Poland 🇵🇱
Just stop stealing my car
@@larzkruber822Obviously you don't know what they doin to your woman
@@WackadoodleMalarkey Who cares about the woman?
My car is important!
Mxxm. For continuing the war? Nonsense
*F¥€K for‼️* Thank you USA though❕
I'm from Rzeszow and my wife is from Lviv. I hope our cities would not be forget after war is over. Please come to visit after sky is safe. Greetings from Galicia.
a ja mam nadzieje że jednak tak... marnujemy tylko środki na ten ruski mordor jakim jest także Ukraina...
@@wielblad1344tzn na co masz nadzieje?
@kamilb2237 ja do Lwowa przyjadę może jeszcze w tym roku. Zachód Ukrainy jest w miarę bezpieczny
@@ShinzouNoNaiOtoko "tzn na co masz nadzieje?"
że wyżej wymienione miasta zostaną zapomniane... tak Lwów gdzie Ukraińcy udają dawnych mieszkańców miasta jak i Rzeszów przez który szła pomoc na która marnowaliśmy własne środki...
@@wielblad1344 zmarnowaliśmy środki na edukację jeżeli taki ciemny lud jak ty został przez nią wypuszczony.
Such a tidy town. Very impressive.
Result of Homogenic society and similar w/ Ukrainians in civilization values....
@@nupagadii5834 and a lot of old Viennese style architecture painted in Schönbrunner Yellow.
Whole Poland id pristine... thats coz ppl are tought not to litter and ut brings a personal shame upon u
@@ekesandras1481 what does it have to do with not littering? xD Austria had more cultural influence than Poland, not gonna argue that, but we're talking about keeping city clean and it's a polish thing. Been to Austria and it's not clean there compared to Central Europe.
@@iii7702 I'm polish and I think it's completely the other way. At least that's an impression I got from visiting Wiedeń(Austria's capital) once, where people seem to try to throw all trash in the trash bin even if it's already full, which shows the commitment of people to throw trash to where they belong and not litter anywhere else.
Basically most of the trash in Vienna is laying around the bins(which is their respective place) even if they're full but in typical medium and big polish cities you can find at least some trash laying everywhere. *Not around the bins.*
Joe went from sleepy to spicy and i am here for it.
Me to.
Ha ha ha, from sleepy to spicy and then to clumsy. 😂
LOL. He is not physically fit anymore, but regarding Ukraine he is right, pointy bla😊NK.
Good to hear and see. Good job, Poland!
Poland does next to nothing. The US taxpayers do the lifting, and Washington does the grifting
Poland did good job in last 1and half years doing the war.🇵🇱
🇵🇱 Polska pięknieje! 🇵🇱 Poland is getting more beautiful 🇵🇱
As Polish I would say that Poland is a stooge under american yoke and meekly do what ."the most important ally" orders!They decide to fight Russia to the last Ukrainian and actually prepare Poland to push polish cannon fodder into their mincer!
Tylko populacja się kurczy.Kiedy łobuzy solidarnościowe zniszczyli przemysł ludzie wyemigrowali,bardzo dużo popełniło samobójstwa.Tak się wychodzi na przyjażni z zachodem.Obecnie jest mniej ludzi niż w 1989 r.Gdyby nie te zdradzieckie mordy Polska liczyłaby dzisiaj 50 milionów mieszkańców i mielibyśmy swój przemysł.
...and poorer😅
@@zdemolowanyrabin 👍👍👍👍👍
@@tnickknight 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣Nie ośmieszaj się.
They do not put much pressure on labour market IMHO. Poland has unemployment rate at 2,5%. They add to the economy, many of them pay for their own keep, working here (spending their own money anyway).
Yea especialy couse Poland is a rapidly aging country. In my town ukranians helped us fill the jobs that were previously left vacant.
Exactly, that dude was not informed. Ukrainians are hard working people and pay their bills.
@@tissohann8457 that too, of course.
Poles need to have more kids, other wise Poland will disappear.
People who have absolutely NO understanding of how markets work will say that. That’s why they’re afraid of immigrants, they think it’s a zero sum game and an inflation of labor in an already growing economy is bad when it’s actually quite the opposite.
Thank you Polish Friends for your ongoing help!
Rzeszów jest pięknym miastem. Bardzo się zmienił. Na korzyść.
I nie jest tak konserwatywne jak Pisowskie wioski na Podkarpaciu XD
@@jacob.272 dobrze że nie jest tak progresywny jak POwski obskurny Poznań gdzie roboty drogowe kilka lat trwają czy Wrocław gdzie prezydent to pajac obrażający ludzi w necie xd
@@jacob.272 wioski na Podkarpaciu też są zadbane
Since when is Rzeszów small?
It's a provincial capital, and an regional economic hub
200,000 inhabitants....that's small!
@@malahammer not for polish standarts.
and not for standards of most countries for that matter, it's a medium sized city lol
Since Deutsche Welle say so :)
It's not small by German standard either. Aachen, the former capital of Charlemagne's Frankish empire, now doesn't even have 200k people and it's still considered a city
Now I know how to pronounce the city name! Thanks! Edit: The people of the town seem so nice! Smaller towns everywhere tend to be that way.
Yes! I love small towans!
200k is small?
@@mebovsky That's bigger than I thought it was.
I am so proud of my Polish ancestry.
As Polish I would say that Poland is a stooge under american yoke and meekly do what ."the most important ally" orders!They decide to fight Russia to the last Ukrainian and actually prepare Poland to push polish cannon fodder into their mincer!
I’m guessing you’re American?
People of Poland thank you for stepping up and helping Ukrainians that are getting out of harms way.
ja jako mieszkaniec Polski mam już tego dość! Ukraina to ten sam mordor co Rosja! niech się wzajemnie biją! pomagajmy słabszemu! ale to obcy cywilizacyjnie nam ludzie!
Nah, it's just corrupt gov
I, a Pole, am waiting for the moment when Westerners will finally understand what a threat Moscow is - not only for Central and Eastern Europe.
Rzeszów is not a small city (according to Polish criteria), because it has 200,000 inhabitants. It is a beautiful, dynamic organism, with wonderful people, very good schools and universities, with great infrastructure.
Here in Poland, we do not build huge, multi-million cities, because such cities cannot be a good home for people.
Poland is the only country in Europe where the number of people living in the countryside is increasing (currently 40%).
To sum up: the Poles were not crazy, unlike the Germans or the French.
Please note that it is Ukraine showing polish territory up to the river of San as belonging to Ukraine, not Moscow.
The monument visible at 1:53 is called by the locals 'the great cu*t'.
A very nice and clean city. Not so small (by European standards), wikipedia gives a population of 197,000.
UM Rzeszów - 210 tys
Thank you Poland for everything!
niech Ukraina przestanie łamać prawa człowieka! międzynarodowego prawa!!! niech zniesie zakaz pochówku pomordowanym bezbronnym Polakom! niech rozliczy ludobójstwo dokonane na bezbronnej polskiej ludności!
No more Ukropol.
Say no to Polish-Ukrainian federation!
Greetings from Rzeszów
That awkward moment when the journalist meant to inform you both states that an European city has more than 200K inhabitant, and also calls it a "small city".
It's for Chinese audience 😂
❤🇵🇱 for supporting Ukraine. We must win! Definitely want to try that spicy Joe 🍕 myself. And if I see amputees while I'm there a free beer for them. 🇺🇲🇨🇦
If i see him im gonna shake his hand
Hah, I see what you did there.
@@mmaedits2002 Definitely!
Thank you, Poland, for playing such a prominent role in aiding your Eastern brothers. Thank you for paving the way for Western countries like France and Germany, who, due to historical reasons, cannot comprehend what it's like to live next to a bloodthirsty and cruel neighbor like Russia. I am glad Germany has now stepped up their aid, thanks to the pressure exerted by Poland and the Baltic States. Long live free Ukraine, Poland, and all of Europe.
It's not that small by the polish standards. In fact, it's the capital of subcarpatian voivodeoship
200 000 and 129 km2
🤩 *J-Town💙💛❗*
Rzeszów is *AWESOME* city BTW❕ City that feels like lovely cozy town🥰
Rzeszów ❤
Dude, Rzeszow is bigger than Salt Lake City. Small city, duh.
Rzeszów is is the largest city in southeastern Poland. Rzeszów is the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.
@@michaskowron9482 That's what I meant!
thank you Rzeszow ❤
Rzeszów ❤
This is not „small city”. This is CAPITAL of voivodeship. 🤦🏽♀
No jasne k... wszyscy na świecie wiedzą co to jest województwo !
@@andrzejandrzejewski2050 to podstawowa wiedza geograficzna - tak samo jak stan, kanton, oblast, region, obwód, parafia, wilajet, prowincja, land, dystrykt, prefektura itp.
Poza tym serio, jak robisz reportaż, to możesz się chociaż minimalnie przygotować.
@@alexx_9955 Oblast to to samo, co obwód.
@@andrzejandrzejewski2050 Słowo Voivodeship istnieje w języku angielskim
@@alexx_9955 nie w przypadku wciąż tak mało znaczącego na świecie kraju.
im from rzeszow 🙂 until today didnt know that 200k city is a small 😃
In fact Rzeszow is not in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin but on northern edge of Carpathian mountains. It is developing very fast now thanks to a lot of investment from USA and EU aircraft industries ( especially jet engines, gears and other equipment ). City is well managed by mayor Konrad Fijolek.
Rzeszow WAS well managed by its previous mayor Tadeusz Ferenc. Fiolek can't hold a candle to Ferenc
@@paulsieratzkyexactly. Ferenc was president of Rzeszów for almost 20 years. He was a leftist in the traditional right area, but he was very good manager and people liked him. He died last year. Rip mr. Ferenc.
I follow aircraft radar,mostly in Eastern Europe due to interesting military activity in the skies. I watched VIP aircraft land in this city and it will happen many more times. The US aircraft for VIPs starts with the letters SAM standing for Special Air Mission. Interestingly, 'Uncle Sam' is an older but still used nickname for the US government.
Call Poles "Eastern Europeans" and see what happens. You'll be lucky if you still have all the limbs. There's a thing called "Central Europe". Not vodka and Orthodox Church, but beer and Catholicism. One of many reasons Central Europeans hate Russia so much is that Russia, with their invasions and political influence, managed to persuade the world we're "Eastern Europeans". I'm Czech and I'm very proudly Central European.
Rzeszow will become a famous city, admired & remembered by millions. You can begin building a monument to it's contributions to world peace NOW.😉
Do not be surprised if it is on the Russian border a few years from now.
1:52Rzeszów has so far been associated in Poland with this monument.
The monument of soviet occupation. Wondering why it is still there...😢
@@LubomirPotocki So as not to forget to remember. 😉
Props for correct pronunciation of city's name: Rzeszów (Zheshoof).
bro called a 200k inhabitants city small
In china midsize citi has 6 million people
@@donbabilio8298 Noone considers China as a standard of anything.
Spicy Joe, no other place on this planet would imagine calling him that.
Uncle Joe sure likes his Pizza, that creepy P🍕edo
Respect for Poland from Argentina
Ultimately, Poland will have such a larger labour force that their GDP should grow significantly once everyone is working
It kinda does, but it's a bit more complicated. Before the war there already had been some Ukrainians in Poland. Quite a lot of men working on construction sites etc. They've left to protect their country and instead Poland is flooded by woman, mostly with children. It's not that easy for them to take care of their children and work at the same time, so they end up receiving social aid. So the proportions on the work market are upset. It seems at the end of the day that the economy of the country sees some benefits, but not as huge as one might think.
Well - Poland has been the vice champion of growth and development for the last 20 years…
WWhy would they work if they hae privileged status and everything for free?
I love this news article about my hometown ♥ I hope Americans,, British, Indians and more except from Russians visit my town.
Thank you Poland from the US, I have faith in humanity!
@@cjmatulka8321 GOD BLESS AMERICA
Im from Rzeszów ;) Nice to watch this
Poland will pay a fine of 22k euros for each unaccepted emigrant who comes to Europe only for social benefits. Poland also receives a subsidy for each emigrant fleeing the war in Ukraine - 45 euros...
Thank you to the Polish people for their generosity. They make the expression "good neighbor" take on a profound meaning.
well it is in best interest of Poland to keep Moscovits away from Europe somewhere between Turkey and Kazakhstan.
Poles are good neighbors, I've always felt affinity even if I'm not Slavic
Really ? - think about it Poland had not choise being next door and guess what it promptly asked money from the EU
If only 🤕ill-crane had been a good neighbour to Russia.
@@rob5197 i mean regarding money from EU its just our current goverment which is filled with right wing populism. Hopefully this years election will change that.
How's Rzeszow a SMALL TOWN? It's a major city, and the capital of Subcarpathian region. And no we're not talking about Indian or Chinese standards here..
Grateful for Poland
What Poland done to you ? - -
Rzeszów isn't a small city. Small city may have 2k residents, no 200k
Actually this 200k town is not small by Polish standards. In Poland a small town is considered everything below 50k
Funny how even Poland is not even scare of Russia. Lol. Putin is a joke.
U must be so scared, it's funny! 😅
Only because of USA and Nato they are not scared
@@himhim3344 So?
@@himhim3344 Thats literally why we convinced USA to get us into NATO
@@himhim3344 Basically most countries in Europe are not scared only because of USA and NATO (maybe except France and UK, they have nuclear weapon though). USA is the leading military power, so I don't know what's the point of this rudeness
Rzeszów is not a small city. 200.000 people live there, this is enough for a German term "Großstadt" ;)
With Ukrainians this is 300 000 people!!!This city is one of fastest developed cities in Poland because is located in 2th the poorest region of Poland lol
Darn, now I want a Spicy Joe too 😊
Rzeszów is not a small city though.
1:53 depicts very much soviet-era monument but because it resembles hoo-ha it's simply too hilarious to get rid of
Rzeszów is a city with over 200k inhabitants and is a capital of Subcarpathian Voivodeship, how on Earth it could be considered a small city?
Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport has the best runway in Poland build way before the conflict. Now only benefits the local area and helps Ukraine to defend itself.
This is a beautiful city-it really took me aback when arriving from Ukraine.
All in all it's getting much better in Poland than it used to be in terms of infrastructure, however, the net savings I have now and 5yrs ago on the same postion I occupy are almost the same despite I managed to double my income. Young graduates dont get a contact for 2ys now and we became an outsorcing hub for western Europe or US, who does not allow us to develop the technologies on our own. Maintaining a company starting from zero initial funds is almost impossible and majority of people do not save anything.
So yeah, for anyone coming from abraod it may look like a great place to live, run buissneess having a branch outside, food and nautre are good, and social issues are pretty stable. But for a native pole born here
This town is very ancient. A long time ago in Kyivan Rus it was a border town on the western most extent of East Slavs and was known as Riashiv, later with Polish expansion to the east it became west-slavicized and polonized. And now Rzeszow is crucial in assisting the heir of its ancient country - Ukraine, to repel the eastern invader. If that is not an irony of history, I do not know what is...
The small town title says about is not 200k Rzeszów but 2k pop airport hub Jasionka called J-town on the West due to incapability to say it's name correctly 🙂
Historically, there was great trouble between Poles and Ukrainians.
Poland was very careful, as was Ukraine, to reset the relationship, both before and after the collapse of the USSR.
Today we're seeing the payoff. The Polish people have stepped up in a big way and are in close solidarity with Ukrainians.
Slava Ukraini!, Za wolność Naszą i Waszą!
God bless Poland!
just flew out of it on saturday. cool thing was seeing the patriots set up as well as the antonov take off. good day to fly out.
Rzeszów is a beautiful city. I've been there a few years ago and I was shocked how clean it is comparing to other bigger polish cities.
Rzeszów ❤
Rzeszów is 200 000 inhabitants city .
Is it small?
One of the most beautiful cities on the planet.
Rzeszów ❤
TBH as a polish citizen i always viewed Rzeszów as meh city. Nothing interesting but boy its so important now. This city bloomed and gain so much importance in our country its ubelievable.
Rzeszów is not a small city. Rzeszów has a population of 200,000 and an area of 129 square kilometers
> small city
> 200k residents
XDDDDDD
I hope German people convince their Government not to be so critical and condescending of the Polish Government as we are in all this together. 🕊️
I love the west has untied for Ukraine & against russia❤ Slava Ukraini 🇺🇦💙💛💙💛🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻
Mankind has never woken up from the lessons of history. Instead of ending the Russo-Ukraine war, it expanded the scale of the war to the whole of Europe. NATO is preparing to end, which will trigger the outbreak of World War III. This heralds a good day for Europe In the end, Europe may once again suffer a more serious baptism than the previous two wars. Pray for Europe🙏!
1:52 Rzeszów is also the gynaecology capital of Central Europe.
How about a video for non-Polish-speakers to explain how and why to pronounce ‘Rzeszow’?
Rz is pronounced as a zh sound, or as the sound in the English word “pleasure” - like sh, but voiced. Sz is like sh in Shrek. Ó is like oo in too. W is like v in viking.
Zheshoov
Their pronunciation btw was more or less correct, they just pronounced the RZ and SZ a little too soft
Polish has pretty simple and logical rules of pronunciation and there are practically no exceptions. If you get the rules you'll be able to read any word. There are plenty of videos of it on youtube on this topic. If you're interested you can easily find them. Now - try with Szczecin, Szczawnica and Częstochowa:)
@@marcdenoire5462 I have heard two of those names pronounced, but I didn’t recall ever seeing an ‘Rz’ before.
Zheshuf.
That's where I live! Everybody's welcome :)
Small city? Over 200k citizens?
At last somebody says a little "thank you Poland". So far its been only throwing mud on Poles and calling us names.
First time hearing foreigner saying Rzeszów correctly.
I'm Polish and Rzeszów is not that small 😄
Polska Gurom!
Ahh yes, Polish spelling of "Rz" and "sz" strikes again...
200.000 people is not that small for Poland.
Poland = new European superpower
LOL
I love to hear English journalists talking about Przemyśl and Rzeszów mainly because how they butcher their pronunciation :)
Haha I wanna order a spicy Joe pizza it looks delicious 🤤 🍕
Stop war.
Aqua is a Danish Europop band, best known for their 1997 single "Barbie Girl". The group formed in 1995 as Joyspeed, Hollywood stole this bands material and made a movie 'Barbie' starring Margot Robbie that's about to be released. The problem is this song was meant as satire about how plastic and shallow Americans are. Denmark should declare war against America this is an act of war. This is so disrespectful of the Queen of Denmark- Queen Margrethe II. Shame on you America!
Rzeszow is the third largest city in Eastern Poland after Lublin and Bialystok. IT’s location and infrastructure makes it a major hub for military and humanitarian activities related to war in Ukraine. Nonetheless, do believe inhabitants would be relieved to see the end of this conflict
Rzeszów is not so small you think, 200 000 dwellers and plus is small for you? 3 Universities and capital of Podkarpackie province and it is still small for you?
300 000 with Ukrainians :)
Thanks, people, for helping fight the evil.
small city 🤣🤣. Rzeszów has a population of 200,000 and an area of 129 square kilometers
🇵🇱 👍
I remember masses of memes expressing uselessness of that airport. Good to see that at the end it was used for something. Amazing to see it being used for those important actions.
Rzeszów is actually not that small, it's Podkarpacie province capital
Business is booming, grown people arriving from Ukraine, filling up EU troubling working spaces and Putin is about to sign nice mortgage for next 100 years 😂 So all good and life is good 😂
Nice to hear something positive about my city
Why it's called small city? Because it always was small regional city, with little historical value, unlike cities like Przemyśl or Jarosław. But in last 5 years there was a significant increase in residential buildings and at the same time infrastructure. There are a lot of investments.
Lots of young people from the provinces move to Rzeszów, which is why the city still has a provincial mentality to a large extent. Beautiful new city, you can see it everywhere, there is very few classical early 1900 buildings. The city is very clean and aesthetically pleasing, well-kept green plantings and parks. In minds of many it's still small city, offten isn't even mentioned in statistics or in various comparisons of the largest Polish cities. Maybe if this trend will go on, in 10-15 years it will be big city.
Dont show military equipment espacialy air defence.