Arrow-Headed Worms of Dogs and Cats - causes, transmission, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment

Arrow-headed worms of Dogs and Cats include Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina. Dogs and cats are infected by peroral, transplacental, and transmammary transmission. Clinical signs include stunted growth, diarrhea, to even verminous pneumonia. In people, they can cause conditions known as visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans. Diagnosis is based on the detection of eggs in feces. Deworming with anthelminthic medications is done to treat and control these parasites.
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References:
Aiello SE, Moses MA, Allen DG, Constable PD, Dart A, Davies PR, Quesenberry KE, Reeves PT, Sharma JM. 2016. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th ed. Kenilworth, NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc.
Bowman DD. 2014. Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians. 10th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.