Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. I also appreciate your continual support of these geology education videos. To do so, click on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Download button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8 Or: www.buymeacoffee.com/shawnwillsey
Great videos. I live on the Scotland/England border very near the Iapetus Suture. We are lucky enough to have all rock types within easy travelling distance.
Really covered this rather complex subject very well professor and all in less than 30 minutes. Got an ever growing rock collection with some fine examples of metamorphics not found anywhere near me here in Illinios.
Thank you! Always something to learn in your series. It's amazing to me how much more I understand about geology, and increased enjoyment and appreciation of my observations of rocks and minerals. Love thinking about the processes involved in their formation. I have watched almost all of your productions.
These classes are definitely helping...I got all but one of the questions (missed the last one). As always, your presentations are easy to follow and retain, even for us seniors!😊
I got the question correct, although it's been since 1975 till 1979 with my last geology lessons. Your videos are great refreshers and I do learn more with each one. Metomorphic rocks are my most favorites. I've sat in on lectures on extreme mantle pressures and their effect on minerals.
Excellent, love these videos. I live in the north east of Spain I assume that in my area there are lots of Igneous rocks but in them there are what I assume to be Intrusions going through the rocks. It would be great if you could talk about the types of intrusions time permitting. As always thank you for your very interesting video's
I'm watching this while I take a break from cutting rocks from Mt. Apatite in Auburn, ME. It's a historical quarry site, where the gems for the Josephine Peary Necklace were mined. Lots of gneiss! You would find many great examples in my buckets of slabs!
Very interesting and informative. I had to run out to my yard to look at the rocks I used from nearby mountains here in western Arizona, to line the driveway and found some of the very rocks you profiled. gniess , schist , quartzite and found at the upper most elevations some yellowish granite that I think is very old , maybe 1.7 billion years , precambrian .
Well done and interesting professor. I remember constructing, via calculations, the thermodynamic stability diagrams that would show what minerals are stable through ranges of temperature, pressure, concentration, and time. It was very interesting to learn, but wow the mathematics was time consuming and difficult! Now there are likely computer programs that will generate this information at a tiny fraction of the time. We did it with pencil, paper, calculator, and the JANAF tables. Great memories of lots of work and little sleep!
Thanks Shawn, really helped my understanding. Interesting that the gneiss parent can be on different ends of the spectrum, shale/granite. Can radioactive rocks, when present, contribute as a heating source for metamorphism?
The gneiss parent makes a fair bit of sense when you consider what shale is made of: mud. Which is just fine-grained weathered particles of ultimately granite (etc.). If the temps and pressures are high enough to fuse everything together and recrystallize the material, well, ultimately the underlying composition is similar! In that line, I expect sandstones to end up the same way under high-grade metamorphism. For radioactivity, indirectly all so in the sense that radioactivity maintains Earth's underlying temperatures, but you probably mean directly. Directly, rarely so, since radioactive elements tend not to concentrate to that degree. For notable exceptions, look up 'natural nuclear reactors' - where, mostly uranium, happened to concentrate enough by natural processes to start chain-reacting and releasing significant amounts of heat. Iirc, none are known to be currently operational, but there's clear evidence in a few locations of this happening previously (before 'burning' through too much of the fuel to remain critical)
A dense and very educational episode, thank you Shawn! I really enjoyed watching it after my work day. But isn't it #16 rather than #15...? Oh, and I answered all 4 questions correctly so I'd say your teaching really works :)
I live in Wales and my roof, and most of the others around here, is tiled in slate. In fact, it's so abundant in the north of the country that slate was often used in fences too - slivers driven into the ground and held in alignment up top with twine or wire.
@@shawnwillsey Aye, that's slate country up north. I'm down south in anthracite country. As a youth I witnessed the end of mining, thanks to Thatcher's reign of devastation
Another solid geology video/lecture from Shawn Willsey. Thank you! However... I wish that I could find the classic comedy sketch which involves a multiple-choice question where the offered choices are something along the lines of: a) B b) C c) E d) A e) C The second of the end-of-episode quiz questions reminded me *very* strongly of that sketch. We are "lucky" that the 2nd and 3rd choices have the option matches the "Unit" letter! If you ever have a similar quiz question (in a video or in class), please try to avoid options where the option's text involves a single letter.
Hi Shawn - is there anyone doing any geology to explain the flooding events in the mountains due to Helene? That would be very interesting especially if there was some focus on whether there were things that could be done to prepare or divert the water and slides. A co-lab with you would be super-awesome to get max visibility cheers!
It is probably worth noting that one of the hallmarks of subduction zones is low temperature high pressure metamorphism i.e. the minerals found in ophiolites sections of a subducted slab which subsequently detached and were brought up to the surface, this involves some interesting exotic stuff such as jadite for example which requires deep burial but low temperatures followed by some process bringing the rocks back to the surface. Now one question I'm curious about the answer to is how do you handle the classification of the unmelted section of rocks which have had minerals removed by partial melting? For example the rocks left behind after the fluidization of low melting point minerals like quartz, or perhaps even some of those rocks which got hot enough for quartz to begin to separate out and flow into bands within the rock. Is the rock still igneous even though the material in question is the part that never melted or would it be contact metamorphism or similar? Where I live in the piedmont the bedrock is all medium grade metamorphic rocks particularly muscovite schist from the basement of the Appalachians though there are some nearby areas with granitic rocks mixed in there it is otherwise basically all metamorphic well up until you hit the sedimentary Newark group from the failed rifts associated with the opening of the Atlantic but those are a regional outlier.
How are the rocks described that result from high energy explosions, eg. those around old nuclear test sites? It sometimes appears that the rocks are truly melted.
On your last quiz question, does presence of ignious rocks strictly guarantee presente of magma at one point? Would there not be many cases where igneous rocks were pushed up well after they were solifidied? You mentioned that if I tried to make them at home on my oven, it would take a very long time. I can understand metamorphic rocks forming around the Kilauea reservoir. But would a short burp of lava that lasts a day or two as happened a few weeks ago remain hot enough to create metamorphic rocks under the freshly ejected lava ?
In a previous lecture, you mentioned Rodinia, and your map had Laurentia. When they told us the Laurentian mountains north of Montréal were the oldest, i had no idea that the whole canadian shield comes from the original continent and this much older than "just very old". What caused Rodinia and Gondwana to move from near the south pole past the equator and mostly northern hemisphere? Is it correct to state that the Earth's diameter is larger at equator because of its rotation and that its rotation would have attracted parts of Rodinia to move north towards equator? what would have cause them to not stop at equator and continue to move north? Or would it be magma movement at the planet's core that moves a certain way and infuences how land above it is pushed? (And to think Québec was once a tropical place !!!)
Under the alps or hymalayas, one problem they encounter when digging rail tunnels is heat. Does the pressure of all the rock above the base end up creating pressure and head that would be enough to make metamorphic rocks? Or is the pressure needed in a scale achievable only by continental drift and mountains don't even come close? Taiwan has a lot of marble. What would have created it?
Good morning, please answer me one thing: Looking at the supposed images of Mars via NASA, we see a lot of red/yellowish rocks and we know that it is iron oxide that gives this color, but how can there be iron oxide on a planet that has no oxygen? , where oxidation does not exist without oxygen?
Please LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. I also appreciate your continual support of these geology education videos. To do so, click on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Download button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8 Or: www.buymeacoffee.com/shawnwillsey
Great videos. I live on the Scotland/England border very near the Iapetus Suture. We are lucky enough to have all rock types within easy travelling distance.
Thanks Shawn! Whenever I see a new Geology episode from you, it's a coffee-fueled invitation to learn more!
Awesome. Love your enthusiasm for learning. And thank you for your kind donation to the cause.
Thank you Shawn. Really enjoyed this episode. Will be watching it again to lock in the details.
Really covered this rather complex subject very well professor and all in less than 30 minutes. Got an ever growing rock collection with some fine examples of metamorphics not found anywhere near me here in Illinios.
Thank you! Always something to learn in your series. It's amazing to me how much more I understand about geology, and increased enjoyment and appreciation of my observations of rocks and minerals. Love thinking about the processes involved in their formation. I have watched almost all of your productions.
Many thanks again, Shawn, brilliant episode. Biggest lesson learned today. Read the question slowly and fully! 😄
Thanks!
These classes are definitely helping...I got all but one of the questions (missed the last one). As always, your presentations are easy to follow and retain, even for us seniors!😊
Once again, a big thank you Shawn. A really great episode!
Thank you Shawn! I appreciate all your hard work on these classes. I've learned so much! Your enthusiasm is contagious!
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos!
Thank you for all you do. So much excitement going on. Take a step back now and let us process. Take care and see you when you feel up to it🥰
Beautiful National Park! One of the places that brought tears to my eyes the first time I saw it. That wall is amazing!!
I've been with you for years . This is a great one Shawn., thank you.
Great video. I did notice that this should be episode #16. Episode #15 was Sedimentary rocks.
Yes. Thanks. Fixed now.
Thank you Professor
ありがとうございます！
Gneiss lesson as always Shawn!
I got the question correct, although it's been since 1975 till 1979 with my last geology lessons.
Your videos are great refreshers and I do learn more with each one.
Metomorphic rocks are my most favorites. I've sat in on lectures on extreme mantle pressures and their effect on minerals.
Excellent, love these videos. I live in the north east of Spain I assume that in my area there are lots of Igneous rocks but in them there are what I assume to be Intrusions going through the rocks. It would be great if you could talk about the types of intrusions time permitting. As always thank you for your very interesting video's
I'm watching this while I take a break from cutting rocks from Mt. Apatite in Auburn, ME. It's a historical quarry site, where the gems for the Josephine Peary Necklace were mined. Lots of gneiss! You would find many great examples in my buckets of slabs!
Very interesting and informative.
I had to run out to my yard to look at the rocks I used from nearby mountains here in western Arizona, to line the driveway and found some of the very rocks you profiled. gniess , schist , quartzite and found at the upper most elevations some yellowish granite that I think is very old , maybe 1.7 billion years , precambrian .
Well done and interesting professor.
I remember constructing, via calculations, the thermodynamic stability diagrams that would show what minerals are stable through ranges of temperature, pressure, concentration, and time. It was very interesting to learn, but wow the mathematics was time consuming and difficult! Now there are likely computer programs that will generate this information at a tiny fraction of the time. We did it with pencil, paper, calculator, and the JANAF tables. Great memories of lots of work and little sleep!
Great video, Shawn. I appreciate the knowledge
First to comment. God bless you Willsey . Rei from Brazil
Thanks Shawn, really helped my understanding. Interesting that the gneiss parent can be on different ends of the spectrum, shale/granite. Can radioactive rocks, when present, contribute as a heating source for metamorphism?
The gneiss parent makes a fair bit of sense when you consider what shale is made of: mud. Which is just fine-grained weathered particles of ultimately granite (etc.). If the temps and pressures are high enough to fuse everything together and recrystallize the material, well, ultimately the underlying composition is similar! In that line, I expect sandstones to end up the same way under high-grade metamorphism.
For radioactivity, indirectly all so in the sense that radioactivity maintains Earth's underlying temperatures, but you probably mean directly. Directly, rarely so, since radioactive elements tend not to concentrate to that degree. For notable exceptions, look up 'natural nuclear reactors' - where, mostly uranium, happened to concentrate enough by natural processes to start chain-reacting and releasing significant amounts of heat. Iirc, none are known to be currently operational, but there's clear evidence in a few locations of this happening previously (before 'burning' through too much of the fuel to remain critical)
A dense and very educational episode, thank you Shawn! I really enjoyed watching it after my work day. But isn't it #16 rather than #15...? Oh, and I answered all 4 questions correctly so I'd say your teaching really works :)
I live in Wales and my roof, and most of the others around here, is tiled in slate.
In fact, it's so abundant in the north of the country that slate was often used in fences too - slivers driven into the ground and held in alignment up top with twine or wire.
I've been to Wales and slate is very common. Beautiful area. Loved Snowdonia as well as Holyhead area.
@@shawnwillsey Aye, that's slate country up north. I'm down south in anthracite country.
As a youth I witnessed the end of mining, thanks to Thatcher's reign of devastation
Very interesting, thank you!
Thank you Shawn.
You rock!
Another great video thank you
i was this old when i learned marble is compressed dead shells..
Great lecture! Also had a good laugh😂
Another solid geology video/lecture from Shawn Willsey. Thank you!
However...
I wish that I could find the classic comedy sketch which involves a multiple-choice question where the offered choices are something along the lines of:
a) B
b) C
c) E
d) A
e) C
The second of the end-of-episode quiz questions reminded me *very* strongly of that sketch. We are "lucky" that the 2nd and 3rd choices have the option matches the "Unit" letter! If you ever have a similar quiz question (in a video or in class), please try to avoid options where the option's text involves a single letter.
Trying to keep all minds sharp!
¡Gracias!
Thanks!
Hi Shawn - is there anyone doing any geology to explain the flooding events in the mountains due to Helene? That would be very interesting especially if there was some focus on whether there were things that could be done to prepare or divert the water and slides. A co-lab with you would be super-awesome to get max visibility cheers!
Never came across a good hydrology UA-cam channel. Occasionally the geology-oriented channels will have guest presenters on hydrology.
I will do better next time 50/50 on quiz. So cooked not melted, a pot of bean cooked but not burnt. thank you
Are heat and time interchangeable for a given metamorphic rock?
It is probably worth noting that one of the hallmarks of subduction zones is low temperature high pressure metamorphism i.e. the minerals found in ophiolites sections of a subducted slab which subsequently detached and were brought up to the surface, this involves some interesting exotic stuff such as jadite for example which requires deep burial but low temperatures followed by some process bringing the rocks back to the surface.
Now one question I'm curious about the answer to is how do you handle the classification of the unmelted section of rocks which have had minerals removed by partial melting? For example the rocks left behind after the fluidization of low melting point minerals like quartz, or perhaps even some of those rocks which got hot enough for quartz to begin to separate out and flow into bands within the rock. Is the rock still igneous even though the material in question is the part that never melted or would it be contact metamorphism or similar?
Where I live in the piedmont the bedrock is all medium grade metamorphic rocks particularly muscovite schist from the basement of the Appalachians though there are some nearby areas with granitic rocks mixed in there it is otherwise basically all metamorphic well up until you hit the sedimentary Newark group from the failed rifts associated with the opening of the Atlantic but those are a regional outlier.
Is the process of making portland cement a metamorphic process?
Not really other than heat is involved.
Three credits. Great. ☕️
How are the rocks described that result from high energy explosions, eg. those around old nuclear test sites? It sometimes appears that the rocks are truly melted.
The Nördlinger Ries is an impact crater that contains berccias and metamaorphosis by meteroites. fascinating suevite and moldavite.
On your last quiz question, does presence of ignious rocks strictly guarantee presente of magma at one point? Would there not be many cases where igneous rocks were pushed up well after they were solifidied?
You mentioned that if I tried to make them at home on my oven, it would take a very long time. I can understand metamorphic rocks forming around the Kilauea reservoir. But would a short burp of lava that lasts a day or two as happened a few weeks ago remain hot enough to create metamorphic rocks under the freshly ejected lava ?
In a previous lecture, you mentioned Rodinia, and your map had Laurentia. When they told us the Laurentian mountains north of Montréal were the oldest, i had no idea that the whole canadian shield comes from the original continent and this much older than "just very old".
What caused Rodinia and Gondwana to move from near the south pole past the equator and mostly northern hemisphere?
Is it correct to state that the Earth's diameter is larger at equator because of its rotation and that its rotation would have attracted parts of Rodinia to move north towards equator? what would have cause them to not stop at equator and continue to move north?
Or would it be magma movement at the planet's core that moves a certain way and infuences how land above it is pushed?
(And to think Québec was once a tropical place !!!)
Under the alps or hymalayas, one problem they encounter when digging rail tunnels is heat. Does the pressure of all the rock above the base end up creating pressure and head that would be enough to make metamorphic rocks? Or is the pressure needed in a scale achievable only by continental drift and mountains don't even come close?
Taiwan has a lot of marble. What would have created it?
Quiz question # 1: Is the structure in the photo the rebuilt set for Shane? True or false. The answer: False, but it sure looks like it could be.
Marbles can also be Dolomite. Magnesium carbonate.
Good morning, please answer me one thing: Looking at the supposed images of Mars via NASA, we see a lot of red/yellowish rocks and we know that it is iron oxide that gives this color, but how can there be iron oxide on a planet that has no oxygen? , where oxidation does not exist without oxygen?
..except Mars had an atmosphere - and water - long before the Gravity went away..!
~ small town AK-USA
🇺🇸❄🌿🐟🐻🌤🌲🐜☃
The gneiss kinda resembles a Stretched pebble conglomerate?
Similar fabric but different parent rocks.
I think that I'm being metamorphosed into a geologist!
Interesting
1.8°F per 1°C, so delta 25°C = delta 45°F
🫕 👍👎
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Thanks for your contribution to geology education. Much appreciated.
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Thanks for your support.