Problem is, no matter how much Incogni scrubs our data from the web, at least in the US, our names and addresses will still be searchable online if we're registered voters. 🤬
seeing that there are some who, although having wings, rush upon the visible things, things that are far from the truth. For that which guides them, the fire, will give them an illusion of truth, and will shine on them with a perishable beauty, and it will imprison them in a dark sweetness and captivate them with fragrant pleasure. And it will blind them with insatiable lust and burn their souls and become for them like a stake stuck in their heart which they can never dislodge. And like a bit in the mouth, it leads them according to its own desire. And it has fettered them with its chains and bound all their limbs with the bitterness of the bondage of lust for those visible things that will decay and change and swerve by impulse. They have always been attracted downwards; as they are killed, they are assimilated to all the beasts of the perishable realm."
That is so cool. I'm on the other side of things. Being Canadian and living around Christianity all my life. Now, I am learning about Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Unfortunately, there aren't many resources locally, or even on the internet that goes very much in detail about any of these religions. Unless I read scripture like the Vedas or something. But that is difficult to understand. It is actually very common for people in the West to seek to learn about Eastern religions. For whatever personal reason they have. Whether curiosity, or they intend to find a new religion. Even The Beatles did it. Don't ever be discouraged from learning about anything new. I, for one, respect the hell out of anyone who takes it upon themselves to learn new things or works to improve themselves when nobody is forcing it on them. I believe we must always strive for self improvement, as no person is ever perfect. So, there's always something to work on.
Our religion sprung out of the levant. Don’t view it as simply a western religion. It is just as much the religion of Asians as it is Americans. Everyone is welcomed that’s the whole point.
@@VoidHalo You can't read the Vedas straight away. They are a collection of hymns that were supposed to be sung during rituals. If you wanna check out some of the philosophical stuff of Hinduism, you should read Upanishads. If you are really into stories like Biblical stories you should definitely read Mahabharata and Ramayana. They are very much like Iliad and Odyssey and would be an interesting read. And while you do that I will read my Bible :)
@@robertwarner-ev7wp Presumably it could draw on a lot of per-Christian sources but it is pretty hard to be earlier then Paul. Jesus dies in and about AD 30 and we think the first of Paul's letters is around AD 40. My take is it might well be in parallel to Paul. We know Paul basically preached among the Gentiles while there was already a large (and after AD 70 rapidly growing) population of Apocalyptic Jews. As noted this is pretty Jewish text and could well have caught on more among early Jewish Christians. This would also help to explain its later rejection from the Bible.
@@robertwarner-ev7wp, the Anaphora of Pseudo-Hippolytus written centuries later (Pre-Constantine) also has ambiguous language regarding the corporal nature of the Eucharist yet it's very clear from contemporary and previous writings that the Real Presence was believed by the time that anaphora was written so ambiguity in the prayer doesn't necessarily negate belief in the belief in the Real Presence. Also, within the Didache, the Eucharist is referred to as a sacrifice and specifically as the sacrifice prophesied in Malachi 1:11, a notion memorialists would reject and denounce as Popery.
It resembled classic Christian beliefs and practices, but it may as well be describing another religion when it comes to some modern sects. I would imagine the Christians who first read the Didache would run away terrified if they walked into a Pentecostal church and they wouldn't recognize it as "Christian" in any way, shape, or form.
Do you guys have the Epistle of Barnabas or The Shepard of Hermes? Those arent in our EO Bible but those two plus the Apostolic Canons and Fathers and Didache are usually highly suggested readings.
@@DANtheMANofSIPA we do not have a set canon (this is all technically true for EO and even Lutherans) each synod decides its own canon. The full Antilegomena is all works in church history ever found on a canon list of an Orthodox synod. Due to this the list is technically open ended, since new discoveries in extant texts could add to it. In short, yes, the Epistle of Barnabas is Deuterocanonical in the OO Church.
The text was lost though (although scholars knew about it through references that Church fathers made to it). Until, that is, 1873 when it was rediscovered. So I don't think it's part of any traditional Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox cannon unless they updated the cannon after 1883 (when it was first published after its rediscovery). My understanding is that Oriental Orthodox churches have the same new testament cannon as everyone else. It's the old testament where things differ.
@@henrimourant9855 they have. The antilegomena includes works that have historically been in synodical canons which may no longer show up in modern lists from the same synod. For example the Armenian Synod historically used third Corinthians but it is no longer listed in any modern Orthodox synod list.
Given the opportunity, in Greek we adopted the names of the week from the Hebrews, so our name for Monday is "The Second (day after the Sabbath) while our word for Friday is "Παρασκευή" which literally means "Preparation (for the Sabbath). So in the text of the Didache, it's not the"Second and the Fifth (day after the Sabbath)" in the Greek original, it's literally the respective names of the week , just a small detail of course
In the Qur’aan, there are only two days mentioned Sabt (Yawmu-sSabt = the Resting day; the seventh day. Corresponding to the seven Skies / Heavens < Sabᶜu Samaawaat) = Saturday, and Jumuᶜat (the sixth day. Corresponding to the six days creation in the Qur’aan; the Friday Prayer, as Yawmu-lJumuᶜat = the Gathered day) = Friday. Together Correspond to the the Duality of physical created. However, in the ᶜArabic language, from Sunday to Thursday are counted days: Yawmu-lAḥad = the first day, Yawmu-lİṯnayn = the second day, Yawmu-lArbiᶜaa’ = the fourth day, Yawmu-lḴamiis = the fifth day. These five Unnamed days (corresponding to the five İslaamic daily prayers) are within the Named two days, altogether = duality! Plurality within the dual, and the dual within the One, = İsm = Name, = Aadam! İsm = Name and Samaa’ = Sky, are part of the triliteral root-pattern S-M-W
@@ΙωάννηςΚήτος Monday literally means "Second day" , meaning simply : 2nd day of the week. And indeed we use the hebrew week. Just changing the first day for "lord's day" cause of the ressurection.
@@nikhtzatzi in this case then it is "Δευτέρα" as in the "Second Day of the week" not the "Second Day AFTER Sunday" (which is Tuesday), which is the intended purpose of the people who introduced into Greek the Hebrew convention I guess
I wrote an essay on the Didache for the final year of an undergraduate degree, so I enjoy seeing videos about it. You did not mention that much of the Didache is in Book VII of the Apostolic Constitutions. Anyway, it is a fascinating piece of work, showing Jewish Christians wrestling with how to teach and accept Gentile Christians into their fold. Thank you.
While not canonized, the Didache remains a valuable resource for understanding the foundations of Christian ethics and liturgical practices. Its teachings continue to inspire scholars, theologians, and believers seeking to connect with the roots of their faith.
4:55 The Didache doesn't "insist". It literally says "...in living water. But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit." That is basically giving an ideal, but giving pretty much every exception for baptism. Doesn't matter if it's flowing or not, cold or warm, or dunked or poured.
@@winnebagotrout1997 No, he mentions the exceptions right before and then contradicts himself saying it "insists on...". The exceptions show that it isn't insisting. It's giving an ideal and then basically every exception so that there isn't a barrier on getting baptized.
@@CountJeffula "Living water" is an idiom that comes from Hebrew into English for flowing water, which is why I said at the end of my comment "Doesn't matter if it's flowing or not..." So actually enzyme grade pure water would work because the Didache says "But if you have no living (flowing) water, baptize into other water" So your (anti-Christian?) critique doesn't work.
@@xUncleA123x my critique is still valid because they had no idea how germs worked and just knew that flowing river water was safer than stagnant swamp water. Now, the Ganges flows, but I’m sure they wouldn’t want people using that water to baptize either. It’s just funny an all knowing, all present, all good God would allow such ignorance in His Bible and related texts.
Have you ever heard of Caodaism? It’s a monotheistic syncretic religion from Vietnam that has somewhere between 4-6 million members that I’ve only just learned about a few weeks ago. If you have time, I think I video discussing their history and beliefs would be fascinating.
In my Russo-American Eastern Orthodox catechism we used the Didache, The Shepherd of Hermas as well as _some_ Origen, and Tertullian (but it was made very clear that the latter two were, for the most part, heretics). I’m not a Christian anymore but learning about these texts inspired a love of Religious Studies and Early Christian Literature.
I'm curious what the difference was between magic and sorcery to the writers of the Didache. I'll need to look at how those are being translated, probably. UPDATE: the original Greek uses μαγεύσεις and φαρμακεύσεις, or roughly "mageia" and "pharmakeia". Those are pretty culturally specific terms, and Andrew has talked about them in previous videos, but my impression is the former is more to do with enchantments and glamour, while the latter is more about potions, drugs, etc
I do know that there is substantial evidence that the term "pharmakeia" is associated directly with infanticide, which was a religious ritual done by priestesses in the Roman Empire. In fact, abortion was just as prolific in the Roman Empire per capita at specific periods as it is now in the USA. Christianity has always been anti-abortion, yet it was also a major institution for rescuing abandoned babies and essentially adopting just about anyone that others didn't desire.
Thank you for this video. I was raised southern baptist and church history was rarely discussed, much less studied, in the 70s. I’d not heard of the didache until now.
My dad was a southern Baptist preacher but very non dogmatic. He went to seminary and actually learned stuff that most pastors pass over. I miss our conversations we used to have before going to church, those were the best
The channel Esoterica, with Dr. Justin Sledge, has done lots of videos on the specific books of the Nag Hammadi Library (both their histories and theologies), presented in a clear scholarly style. Worth checking out.
I’ve read and still reference The Didache when doing Bible lessons with my family. It’s a useful glimpse into the way some of the earliest Christians approached living in the faith. I make sure when reading from it, or any other text that’s not from Scripture, that I explain to my children that these texts are non canonical but can be useful tools to help us understand and live our faith.
I recently started watching your videos and am really enjoying them. New subscriber. I was taught the reason this book didn’t make into the New Testament was because no one could prove who the author was. All the books in the New Testament were overwhelmingly agreed upon as originating from one of the original twelve or someone closely related to the original twelve, ie Luke and Paul. The agreed upon guidelines set by the council were pretty tight.
Wish I was you right now, but happy right now in my archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean program! Oh religious studies, some day I will come for you.
It should be noted that hypocrite at the time this was written didn't mean what it means today The word hypocrite meant a performer. So any time you see this in the text it should be read as "a person who is performative in their actions" This is made explicit throughout Matthew 6. It's basically the original "don't virtue signal" Unfortunately people use the word differently now and the colloquial usage is conflated by those who preach the words without actually having understood what they mean... making such people precisely who the passages are criticizing. The irony is palpable
These forgotten historic books are so interesting, great video! btw at 10:11 you say "Northwest Africa", did you mean Northeast since you mentioned Coptic and Ethiopia?
@@shhhhhg Bias against non-biblical "big church" is hardly anti-Christian bias. There was a big movement in that direction a half millenia ago, something called like the Reformation? You might want to check it out.
@shhhhhg I was actually referencing the conservative Christian tendencies to advocate for people like Trump, ignoring some pretty obvious stuff to push their political agenda... so my political bias and burnout on their blatant hypocrisy is showing, I guess? Also Matthew 18:3? You could have easily countered with Matthew 19:24 or 1 Timothy 6:10 or even the story surrounding Matthew 21:12. And many others besides that. Come on man!
@@jonunciate7018 You know they say the same things about Kamala supporters right? Both sides have to stop acting like the opposite are the devil incarnate. These are images of God, they don’t “overlook” anything more than you overlook them. They are picking what they think is best, like you are picking what you think is best
How do I reconcile the two facts that the didache 4:11 calls for slaves to be obedient to their masters, and that some of the earliest Christians were slaves because it was empowering to them, in comparison to the Roman state religion?
It's answered in the epistles of Paul, where he told fellow Christians to never mistreat a slave but to love them and have them be part of their family. During that time, it was common to have servants (their conception of slaves was similar to our conception of workers like domestic or field workers), but as time went on, due to the equal treatment, slavery lost its power as a whole. Correct me if I'm wrong, but that's how I understand it.
The early Christians were hated by the Romans for their great evil which referred to the Christians considered slaves to be humans. Even worse: That God loved slaves. The pagans believed that slaves were slaves because the gods hated them. If slaves were humans loved by a God you could not justify cruelty and injustice done to slaves. That was what the pagans found evil.
Ernst Bloch addresses this. There is the Bible of the ruling class and the Bible of the oppressed fused into one book. There is an underground anti-theocratic movement in the Bible, however, it is obscured, consciously or unconsciously.
@@tangosmurfen2376 The persecution of those outside pan-Mediterranean Hellenism was a bit more simple than that. The power of the state was justified through claims to divine ancestry, and the monotheistic faiths rejected those divinities. That's why there was an explosion of art with wealthy Roman officials depicting themselves as descendants of the apostles as soon as Christianity became the state religion.
@@bizarrealtispinax2747please stop trying to rewash what slaves to these people because domestic workers are not the same as slaves the difference being that one is payed one isn't owned as property one has constitutional rights slaves can be both domestic workers and more
one thing to note, that version from the 1100s in latin mentions a sunday service, which would be about the only direct case of that being mentioned in scripture, but due to the copy by hand, the sunday change many talk about may have changed the text from the clergy. Most of the groups that would have used it were former jewish ones in the first century, so easily would have only said "sabbath", but the days of week in such a document would have made clear if this changed. For this, it seems to me that though a complete text, this latter piece has been copied by those in the clergy, so may have made the change as naturally as breathing, not because they wanted to make change, but because it needed to line up with what they did know.
Very cool video. Thank you. Question: will you ever cover the medieval shismatic churches and their beliefs? Cathars, Patarens, Bosnian Church, Bogomils?
The channel Esoterica, with Dr. Justin Sledge, have excellent videos on the Cathars and other heretical (mostly Gnostic) groups, in much the same style as this. Worth checking out.
I was having dinner..in Australia watching this video. Great video. I'm Christian I like the instructions in how to worship behave etc on the didache. Wonder if they'll cannoooze this if more evidence arizes. ove this.
Even that far back you can see the teachings of the person who founds a new school discarded the instant they’re gone and replaced with the same old superstition, ritual baloney, strict liturgical calendars, top-down authority, and “we’re the special chosen ones and everyone else is subhuman.” Man, it was really scary having to meditate and love everybody for a few years there… thank goodness he’s gone and we can go back to bickering about which diets and fasts make you holy, what kind of nether-region habits make God angry, and what kind of water bath magicks you into being a good person.
One of the most interesting features od Didache is the order of the eucharist. It is not Pauline break-wine but wine-bread, as in Jewish Sabbath or festival meals. The instruction refers to both David and Jesus as children (servants?) of God, not giving Jesus any higher status and not mentioning Jesus blood and body. One may suspect the Jerusalem community style in this.
Its especially interesting because this wasn't included, but the current bible does contain instructions on performing an abortion (or at least greatly increase the chance of miscarriage)
I recommend Bart Ehrman, vigorously. "Religion For Breakfast" has had Dr. Ehrman on his show at least once before. Dr. Ehrman's books have helped teach me, and I love learning the truth behind such fictional fabrications as Christianity.
Today, the Didache remains a valuable window into early Christian practices and beliefs, offering insights into how the earliest communities interpreted and practiced Jesus’s teachings.
Great video and so interesting! Perhaps you have already covered it, or perhaps you consider it unsuitable for your channel ... but I would be very curious to hear your take on the "Heliand".
The question of why books did or didn't get accepted into the canon can't be addressed without understanding that the books that were used by Christians of Jewish ancestry were little known by the Gentile churches. The Gentiles churches grew slowly but steadily, even during persecutions; the Jewish-Christian churches never had much of a congregation and eventually the congregations declined. After the first century here was little contact between Gentile churches and Jewish-Christians, and consequently the Gentiles were unfamiliar with the Jewish-Christian writings. It is not surprising that some Jewish-Christian texts of early date did not make it into the canon; rather, it is surprising that any of them made it in. James and Jude just barely made it in; the Gospel of the Hebrews did not. Scholarship on the Jewish-Christian churches is in its infancy, and much is still unresolved or highly controversial. I am among those who believe that the Gospel of the Hebrews was the earliest gospel, that canonical Matthew is a revision and translation of it for use by the Gentile churches, and that the heretical Gospel of the Ebionites, a.k.a. the Gospel of the Hebrews, was a much later work. These opinions are super-controversial.
I find it interesting that it wasn’t included in part due to its nature as a more instructional text. Given how modern Christians tend to use the canonical scriptures it would make more sense to flip that rationale around.
@@randallpayne9320there is No official Translation of The Language by the Church. - all others shouldn’t be considered reliable, the Church is not in no hurry, so it may not be in your life time.
The Pharisee in Luke 18 also boasts of fasting twice a week. Even today, the strictly observant in Eastern Christianity will fast on Wednesdays and Fridays. Naive acceptance of traveling charismatic types was enough of a problem in early Christianity that the satirist Lucian of Samosata was already mocking it in his _Passing of Peregrinus._ So this kind of advice was badly needed at the time.
What's interesting to me is that, as you were reading samples from the text, it seemed as though every modern Christian would be able to find something about which they would say "this is clearly and obviously direct from God" and something else about which they would say "this is clearly and obviously heretical"
The Catholic Church's liturgical traditions developed in the apostolic age. I'm a Byzantine Catholic and we use leavened bread to represent the Risen Christ. The Roman Rite uses unleavened bread to show He is the manna from heaven. Pouring became the primary form of baptizing in the Roman Rite and most Eastern Catholic Rites primarily use immersion. Making the Sign of the Cross is done two different ways within the Church. Things like liturgical songs and clerical dress would also develop over time. Every Rite of the Catholic Church shares the same faith and 7 holy sacraments. We simply express our Catholic faith in our own ways.
4:15 - has this text several versions from different time periods? if it's old and such an early Cristianity, how come there's the Holy Trinity before the Council of Nicea that was as late as in 4th Century?
The Ecumenical Council of Nicea I. in 325 was not about the Trinity. The Didache “After the foregoing instructions, baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living [running] water. . . . If you have neither, pour water three times on the head, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit” (Didache 7:1 [A.D. 70] St. Theophilus of Antioch “It is the attribute of God, of the most high and almighty and of the living God, not only to be everywhere, but also to see and hear all; for he can in no way be contained in a place. . . . The three days before the luminaries were created are types of the Trinity: God, his Word, and his Wisdom” (To Autolycus 2:15 [A.D. 181] Tertullian of Carthage “And at the same time the mystery of the oikonomia is safeguarded, for the unity is distributed in a Trinity. Placed in order, the three are the Father, Son, and Spirit. They are three, however, not in condition, but in degree; not in being, but in form; not in power, but in kind; of one being, however, and one condition and one power, because he is one God of whom degrees and forms and kinds are taken into account in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit” (Against Praxeas [A.D. 216] Origen “For it is the Trinity alone which exceeds every sense in which not only temporal but even eternal may be understood. It is all other things, indeed, which are outside the Trinity, which are to be measured by time and ages” (The Fundamental Doctrines) [A.D. 225] Pope Dionysius “Next, then, I may properly turn to those who divide and cut apart and destroy the most sacred proclamation of the Church of God, making of it [the Trinity], as it were, three powers, distinct substances, and three godheads. . . . [Some heretics] proclaim that there are in some way three gods, when they divide the sacred unity into three substances foreign to each other and completely separate” (Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria 1 [A.D. 262] St. Gregory the Wonderworker “There is one God. . . . There is a perfect Trinity, in glory and eternity and sovereignty, neither divided nor estranged. Wherefore there is nothing either created or in servitude in the Trinity; nor anything superinduced, as if at some former period it was non-existent, and at some later period it was introduced. And thus neither was the Son ever wanting to the Father, nor the Spirit to the Son; but without variation and without change, the same Trinity abides ever” (Declaration of Faith [A.D. 265]
Monday and Thursday fasting is not only present in the mishnaic tradition. The rambam codifies this pattern of fasting during droughts in the mishneh torah circa 1180 CE.
The conflict between travelling and settled church authorities is very interisting to me. If you look at the apostels it seems clear they established some kind of tradition for traveling christian/church actors, while with the spread of christianity settled authorities probably tried to consolidate their power. For me this text is a curious piece of ecidence for such a conflict and im left wo wonder how the christian church might have turned out if the more traveling tradition won in the end.
Use code RFBINCOGNI at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: incogni.com/rfbincogni.
Problem is, no matter how much Incogni scrubs our data from the web, at least in the US, our names and addresses will still be searchable online if we're registered voters. 🤬
Hi there, ReligionForBreakfast, can you please make a video on Balinese Hinduism and how it differs Hinduism in India. Thank you very much.
@@AnnoyingNewslettersis that bad?
Didache huh?
seeing that there are some who, although having wings, rush upon the visible things, things that are far from the truth. For that which guides them, the fire, will give them an illusion of truth, and will shine on them with a perishable beauty, and it will imprison them in a dark sweetness and captivate them with fragrant pleasure. And it will blind them with insatiable lust and burn their souls and become for them like a stake stuck in their heart which they can never dislodge. And like a bit in the mouth, it leads them according to its own desire. And it has fettered them with its chains and bound all their limbs with the bitterness of the bondage of lust for those visible things that will decay and change and swerve by impulse. They have always been attracted downwards; as they are killed, they are assimilated to all the beasts of the perishable realm."
"you can read it in 20 min"
"nevermind, I'll summarize it for you"
-17min video
Saved three minutes.
two minutes of which is a sponsorship so more accurately 15 min
My favorite part is how he didnt talk in the exact same tone the whole time
@@brendan6747 well he's being clear
Eh, most of it is analysis.
i was in fact having breakfast while watching this video
You had the most Holy Breakfast
Breakfast for Breakfast
Religion for Breakfast with Breakfast.
Same.
Shoutout to the west coasters. On my lunch break here on the east coast.
I am from India and really got into western religions because of your channel. Your videos are always very informative.
That is so cool. I'm on the other side of things. Being Canadian and living around Christianity all my life. Now, I am learning about Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
Unfortunately, there aren't many resources locally, or even on the internet that goes very much in detail about any of these religions. Unless I read scripture like the Vedas or something. But that is difficult to understand.
It is actually very common for people in the West to seek to learn about Eastern religions. For whatever personal reason they have. Whether curiosity, or they intend to find a new religion. Even The Beatles did it.
Don't ever be discouraged from learning about anything new. I, for one, respect the hell out of anyone who takes it upon themselves to learn new things or works to improve themselves when nobody is forcing it on them.
I believe we must always strive for self improvement, as no person is ever perfect. So, there's always something to work on.
Our religion sprung out of the levant. Don’t view it as simply a western religion. It is just as much the religion of Asians as it is Americans.
Everyone is welcomed that’s the whole point.
@@VoidHalo You can't read the Vedas straight away. They are a collection of hymns that were supposed to be sung during rituals. If you wanna check out some of the philosophical stuff of Hinduism, you should read Upanishads. If you are really into stories like Biblical stories you should definitely read Mahabharata and Ramayana. They are very much like Iliad and Odyssey and would be an interesting read. And while you do that I will read my Bible :)
So interesting to see it from the other side. A lot of westerners are obsessed with eastern religions
He's got some really interesting videos on non-Abrahamic religions, as well.
He's the only reason I have any understanding of what a Buddha is.
I have a copy of the Didache. It gets a lot of hype for such a small book but it's so old yet so familiar when it come to Christian beliefs
@@robertwarner-ev7wp to be fair it is a very short book
@@robertwarner-ev7wp Presumably it could draw on a lot of per-Christian sources but it is pretty hard to be earlier then Paul. Jesus dies in and about AD 30 and we think the first of Paul's letters is around AD 40.
My take is it might well be in parallel to Paul. We know Paul basically preached among the Gentiles while there was already a large (and after AD 70 rapidly growing) population of Apocalyptic Jews. As noted this is pretty Jewish text and could well have caught on more among early Jewish Christians. This would also help to explain its later rejection from the Bible.
@@robertwarner-ev7wp, the Anaphora of Pseudo-Hippolytus written centuries later (Pre-Constantine) also has ambiguous language regarding the corporal nature of the Eucharist yet it's very clear from contemporary and previous writings that the Real Presence was believed by the time that anaphora was written so ambiguity in the prayer doesn't necessarily negate belief in the belief in the Real Presence. Also, within the Didache, the Eucharist is referred to as a sacrifice and specifically as the sacrifice prophesied in Malachi 1:11, a notion memorialists would reject and denounce as Popery.
It resembled classic Christian beliefs and practices, but it may as well be describing another religion when it comes to some modern sects. I would imagine the Christians who first read the Didache would run away terrified if they walked into a Pentecostal church and they wouldn't recognize it as "Christian" in any way, shape, or form.
I use it to keep my slaves in line. I’m a model of God, after all.
Almost? It's in mine. *Laughs in Oriental Orthodox*
Do you guys have the Epistle of Barnabas or The Shepard of Hermes? Those arent in our EO Bible but those two plus the Apostolic Canons and Fathers and Didache are usually highly suggested readings.
@@DANtheMANofSIPA we do not have a set canon (this is all technically true for EO and even Lutherans) each synod decides its own canon. The full Antilegomena is all works in church history ever found on a canon list of an Orthodox synod. Due to this the list is technically open ended, since new discoveries in extant texts could add to it. In short, yes, the Epistle of Barnabas is Deuterocanonical in the OO Church.
The text was lost though (although scholars knew about it through references that Church fathers made to it). Until, that is, 1873 when it was rediscovered. So I don't think it's part of any traditional Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox cannon unless they updated the cannon after 1883 (when it was first published after its rediscovery). My understanding is that Oriental Orthodox churches have the same new testament cannon as everyone else. It's the old testament where things differ.
@@henrimourant9855 they have. The antilegomena includes works that have historically been in synodical canons which may no longer show up in modern lists from the same synod. For example the Armenian Synod historically used third Corinthians but it is no longer listed in any modern Orthodox synod list.
This whole thread is fascinating!
9:35 “the end could come at any…“ [UA-cam ad break] “moment.”
I lolled
Actually watching the video as I work, not even a break.
Thank you! So happy we get two in one week
Been a busy week in the Religion For Breakfast household. Another video coming next week too.
@@ReligionForBreakfast Oh wow bro is on a roll
I froze from shoveling food into my mouth when you said we were probably on lunch break.. you got me there😂
Lol, he saw you
Thank you for all you do! From a religious studies undergraduate!
Good luck with the semester!
Stop learning fairy tales and become a classicist. Protect the sources. Dont try and fit them into a presupposition of religion
@@justin12537What???
@@justin12537 bro stop talking
@justin12537 Thanks for destroying the classics. Sending hate from a religious Classicist🥰🥰
Given the opportunity, in Greek we adopted the names of the week from the Hebrews, so our name for Monday is "The Second (day after the Sabbath) while our word for Friday is "Παρασκευή" which literally means "Preparation (for the Sabbath). So in the text of the Didache, it's not the"Second and the Fifth (day after the Sabbath)" in the Greek original, it's literally the respective names of the week , just a small detail of course
In the Qur’aan, there are only two days mentioned Sabt (Yawmu-sSabt = the Resting day; the seventh day. Corresponding to the seven Skies / Heavens < Sabᶜu Samaawaat) = Saturday, and Jumuᶜat (the sixth day. Corresponding to the six days creation in the Qur’aan; the Friday Prayer, as Yawmu-lJumuᶜat = the Gathered day) = Friday.
Together Correspond to the the Duality of physical created.
However, in the ᶜArabic language, from Sunday to Thursday are counted days: Yawmu-lAḥad = the first day, Yawmu-lİṯnayn = the second day, Yawmu-lArbiᶜaa’ = the fourth day, Yawmu-lḴamiis = the fifth day.
These five Unnamed days (corresponding to the five İslaamic daily prayers) are within the Named two days, altogether = duality! Plurality within the dual, and the dual within the One, = İsm = Name, = Aadam! İsm = Name and Samaa’ = Sky, are part of the triliteral root-pattern S-M-W
After Sunday *. Sunday is the first day, sabbath is 7th
@@nikhtzatzi so Monday would be "The First Day after Sunday" wouldn't it?
@@ΙωάννηςΚήτος Monday literally means "Second day" , meaning simply : 2nd day of the week.
And indeed we use the hebrew week. Just changing the first day for "lord's day" cause of the ressurection.
@@nikhtzatzi in this case then it is "Δευτέρα" as in the "Second Day of the week" not the "Second Day AFTER Sunday" (which is Tuesday), which is the intended purpose of the people who introduced into Greek the Hebrew convention I guess
I wrote an essay on the Didache for the final year of an undergraduate degree, so I enjoy seeing videos about it. You did not mention that much of the Didache is in Book VII of the Apostolic Constitutions. Anyway, it is a fascinating piece of work, showing Jewish Christians wrestling with how to teach and accept Gentile Christians into their fold. Thank you.
And yet my mom will still insist that the early Christians only worshiped on Saturday until the catholic church changed the rules.
Protestants make up lots of b.s. about the real Church
Is she a 7th Day Adventist?
@@LivingInTheKaliYogurt yep
Ignatius clearly worshiped on Sunday.
lol how do you know thats the earliest layer? it was added to over time
While not canonized, the Didache remains a valuable resource for understanding the foundations of Christian ethics and liturgical practices. Its teachings continue to inspire scholars, theologians, and believers seeking to connect with the roots of their faith.
Super slow Friday at work so this is a blessing! Thanks RFB!
4:55 The Didache doesn't "insist". It literally says "...in living water. But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit." That is basically giving an ideal, but giving pretty much every exception for baptism. Doesn't matter if it's flowing or not, cold or warm, or dunked or poured.
He literally mentions the exceptions right after, did you not watch the full video?
@@winnebagotrout1997 No, he mentions the exceptions right before and then contradicts himself saying it "insists on...". The exceptions show that it isn't insisting. It's giving an ideal and then basically every exception so that there isn't a barrier on getting baptized.
So, enzyme grade pure water wouldn’t work. It’s not alive enough. Bring out the nasty church sink and gunk, folks. We need this water living!
@@CountJeffula "Living water" is an idiom that comes from Hebrew into English for flowing water, which is why I said at the end of my comment "Doesn't matter if it's flowing or not..."
So actually enzyme grade pure water would work because the Didache says "But if you have no living (flowing) water, baptize into other water"
So your (anti-Christian?) critique doesn't work.
@@xUncleA123x my critique is still valid because they had no idea how germs worked and just knew that flowing river water was safer than stagnant swamp water. Now, the Ganges flows, but I’m sure they wouldn’t want people using that water to baptize either. It’s just funny an all knowing, all present, all good God would allow such ignorance in His Bible and related texts.
The Didache provides such a fascinating window into early Christian life.
Glad you did this video - I find the Didache to be a fascinating text and very useful as a window into early church practices.
Me too!
Ya got me interested in it honestly
Another gem of an episode Dr. Henry keep it up.
As a Catholic the Didache is not part of the Bible but it is used as a foundational text explaining the historical proof of traditions in the Church.
misuse it to help spread your fals teachings you mean
@@Desperate-Drive3423 nice try satan
What does you being Catholic have to do with the Didache's status as noncanonical?
@@Desperate-Drive3423 ok satan
@@Sl33pyAlligat0r Different types of Christians consider different books canonical.
Jokes on you, I'm watching this as I'm about to go to bed! Religion for bedtime!
Im having Religion for Dinner, alongside some penne i baked in a garlic cream sauce
In the Catholic Church, we revere the Didache as the first Catechism and a witness to Apostolic Tradition.
Why is the apostolic authority not continued today?
@@andrewvaughan2911 It is! Search for 'apostolic succession'.
@@andrewvaughan2911To Orthodox and Catholics, it is. Through Patriarchs, Bishops, and priests
@@andrewvaughan2911It is.
I can't believe you called out my lunch break like that!
I did not know about this, so cool. Always new stuff to learn.
Your videos give peace of mind
Have you ever heard of Caodaism? It’s a monotheistic syncretic religion from Vietnam that has somewhere between 4-6 million members that I’ve only just learned about a few weeks ago. If you have time, I think I video discussing their history and beliefs would be fascinating.
"Inside you are two wolves" - Jesus
Thanks! Excellent video. Could be this document sheds light on the jewish-jesus-messianic branch of religion under James the Just in Jerusalem.
In my Russo-American Eastern Orthodox catechism we used the Didache, The Shepherd of Hermas as well as _some_ Origen, and Tertullian (but it was made very clear that the latter two were, for the most part, heretics).
I’m not a Christian anymore but learning about these texts inspired a love of Religious Studies and Early Christian Literature.
Seeing the ankh on your wall gives me great joy!
I'm curious what the difference was between magic and sorcery to the writers of the Didache. I'll need to look at how those are being translated, probably.
UPDATE: the original Greek uses μαγεύσεις and φαρμακεύσεις, or roughly "mageia" and "pharmakeia". Those are pretty culturally specific terms, and Andrew has talked about them in previous videos, but my impression is the former is more to do with enchantments and glamour, while the latter is more about potions, drugs, etc
Probably the same definition we use today. It was not that long ago.
@@DanzigDevilock1800 years is a pretty long time.
@@benjaminbrockway5998 Maybe they've been around a while. Vampire detected?
It's a translation. It's probably not 100% able to translate to modern English.
I do know that there is substantial evidence that the term "pharmakeia" is associated directly with infanticide, which was a religious ritual done by priestesses in the Roman Empire. In fact, abortion was just as prolific in the Roman Empire per capita at specific periods as it is now in the USA. Christianity has always been anti-abortion, yet it was also a major institution for rescuing abandoned babies and essentially adopting just about anyone that others didn't desire.
Really well put together!
I'm watching this whilst having dinner. Great content, Andrew.
Sounds like there was an issue with bums passing as prophets to get a free ride… they are still around begging for money on TV
Jack Van Impe for example, until his demise.
Thank you, Dr. Henry!
Thank you for this video. I was raised southern baptist and church history was rarely discussed, much less studied, in the 70s. I’d not heard of the didache until now.
Go to a orthodox catholic church.
My dad was a southern Baptist preacher but very non dogmatic. He went to seminary and actually learned stuff that most pastors pass over. I miss our conversations we used to have before going to church, those were the best
This is a fascinating window into the early church.
I would love it if you did a video about the Nag Hamadi Library of Gnostic Gospels. Though, some of the books would almost need their own video.
The channel Esoterica, with Dr. Justin Sledge, has done lots of videos on the specific books of the Nag Hammadi Library (both their histories and theologies), presented in a clear scholarly style. Worth checking out.
Was looking for a didache video some days ago, glad you did this, the non canonical bibliography is just enormous and interesting
This is fascinating! Somehow I've never heard of this document
I'm an atheist, and I really enjoy these vids explaining the history of human belief!
Definitely one of my favorites as well
Shocking how little the Catholic Church has changed since the first century
Same :)
@@EarnestApostate :-)
@@lianagheorma92 :-)
Was just thinking I needed a good video on this thing, which I learned about a few days ago.
Absolutely fascinating thank you for your videos 🙏🏻
Good review, thanks for your video I appreciate it.
I’ve read and still reference The Didache when doing Bible lessons with my family. It’s a useful glimpse into the way some of the earliest Christians approached living in the faith. I make sure when reading from it, or any other text that’s not from Scripture, that I explain to my children that these texts are non canonical but can be useful tools to help us understand and live our faith.
Proof that the Bible is a document of any by Man. “God” has nothing to do with it.
I recently started watching your videos and am really enjoying them. New subscriber.
I was taught the reason this book didn’t make into the New Testament was because no one could prove who the author was. All the books in the New Testament were overwhelmingly agreed upon as originating from one of the original twelve or someone closely related to the original twelve, ie Luke and Paul. The agreed upon guidelines set by the council were pretty tight.
You keep me going as i apply to religious studies MA programs ❤️❤️❤️
Wish I was you right now, but happy right now in my archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean program! Oh religious studies, some day I will come for you.
Your ritual was removed due to a violation of our Community Guidelines.
Undervalued comment 😂
This deserves a Pulitzer Prize
This was fascinating 👏
Two RFB vids in one week? Hell yeah
Guilty as charged: I enjoyed this video on my lunch break. Thanks for the summary.😉
Looking forward to the AMA!
It should be noted that hypocrite at the time this was written didn't mean what it means today
The word hypocrite meant a performer. So any time you see this in the text it should be read as "a person who is performative in their actions"
This is made explicit throughout Matthew 6. It's basically the original "don't virtue signal"
Unfortunately people use the word differently now and the colloquial usage is conflated by those who preach the words without actually having understood what they mean... making such people precisely who the passages are criticizing. The irony is palpable
I just asked if hypocrite had a different meaning because the examples did match what hypocrite means today.
These forgotten historic books are so interesting, great video! btw at 10:11 you say "Northwest Africa", did you mean Northeast since you mentioned Coptic and Ethiopia?
Nope - Tertullian lived in Carthage, modern day Tunis.
Ah yeah misspoke
i’m actually watching while eating dinner but thank you for considering
The way of death: Don't advocate for the wealthy.
That's all you need to know about why this text isn't cannon.😂
Read Matthew 18:3….
Reevaluate your life choices, i can smell your bias against christians from 10 miles away
@@shhhhhg Bias against non-biblical "big church" is hardly anti-Christian bias. There was a big movement in that direction a half millenia ago, something called like the Reformation? You might want to check it out.
@@sj6404
Non-biblical “big church”
what do you even mean?
@shhhhhg I was actually referencing the conservative Christian tendencies to advocate for people like Trump, ignoring some pretty obvious stuff to push their political agenda... so my political bias and burnout on their blatant hypocrisy is showing, I guess?
Also Matthew 18:3? You could have easily countered with Matthew 19:24 or 1 Timothy 6:10 or even the story surrounding Matthew 21:12. And many others besides that. Come on man!
@@jonunciate7018
You know they say the same things about Kamala supporters right? Both sides have to stop acting like the opposite are the devil incarnate.
These are images of God, they don’t “overlook” anything more than you overlook them. They are picking what they think is best, like you are picking what you think is best
Remember kids, ALWAYS kick out your apostles on the third day!
How do I reconcile the two facts that the didache 4:11 calls for slaves to be obedient to their masters, and that some of the earliest Christians were slaves because it was empowering to them, in comparison to the Roman state religion?
It's answered in the epistles of Paul, where he told fellow Christians to never mistreat a slave but to love them and have them be part of their family. During that time, it was common to have servants (their conception of slaves was similar to our conception of workers like domestic or field workers), but as time went on, due to the equal treatment, slavery lost its power as a whole.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but that's how I understand it.
The early Christians were hated by the Romans for their great evil which referred to the Christians considered slaves to be humans.
Even worse: That God loved slaves.
The pagans believed that slaves were slaves because the gods hated them. If slaves were humans loved by a God you could not justify cruelty and injustice done to slaves. That was what the pagans found evil.
Ernst Bloch addresses this. There is the Bible of the ruling class and the Bible of the oppressed fused into one book. There is an underground anti-theocratic movement in the Bible, however, it is obscured, consciously or unconsciously.
@@tangosmurfen2376 The persecution of those outside pan-Mediterranean Hellenism was a bit more simple than that. The power of the state was justified through claims to divine ancestry, and the monotheistic faiths rejected those divinities. That's why there was an explosion of art with wealthy Roman officials depicting themselves as descendants of the apostles as soon as Christianity became the state religion.
@@bizarrealtispinax2747please stop trying to rewash what slaves to these people because domestic workers are not the same as slaves the difference being that one is payed one isn't owned as property one has constitutional rights slaves can be both domestic workers and more
Thank you for the excellent videos! Coming in from Vietnam.
Great video! Thanks! 😊
Thank you so much, a religious studies student ❤
I was in fact on my lunch break while watching this video
THANK YOU. Very helpful.
one thing to note, that version from the 1100s in latin mentions a sunday service, which would be about the only direct case of that being mentioned in scripture, but due to the copy by hand, the sunday change many talk about may have changed the text from the clergy. Most of the groups that would have used it were former jewish ones in the first century, so easily would have only said "sabbath", but the days of week in such a document would have made clear if this changed. For this, it seems to me that though a complete text, this latter piece has been copied by those in the clergy, so may have made the change as naturally as breathing, not because they wanted to make change, but because it needed to line up with what they did know.
Most likely why it did not make the cut was it is seen more of like the cathecism documents that we have now than scriptural.
5:58 it's interesting that in Portuguese, we say it exactly as in the Didache version!
How’d you know I’d be watching this on my lunch break
Beautiful 🎉we love father God One and Father Christ
Very cool video. Thank you.
Question: will you ever cover the medieval shismatic churches and their beliefs? Cathars, Patarens, Bosnian Church, Bogomils?
The channel Esoterica, with Dr. Justin Sledge, have excellent videos on the Cathars and other heretical (mostly Gnostic) groups, in much the same style as this. Worth checking out.
I was having dinner..in Australia watching this video. Great video. I'm Christian I like the instructions in how to worship behave etc on the didache. Wonder if they'll cannoooze this if more evidence arizes. ove this.
Sweet! We just talked about this at universiry :)
Watching while washing dishes
Jesus also talks about two ways, a narrow gate and a wide gate.
Bravo !🎉
I literally just finished listening to The Didache (audiobook version). Then I come to UA-cam and see this video. Coincidence? 👀
American Non denominational “Churchs” need to read this.
Even that far back you can see the teachings of the person who founds a new school discarded the instant they’re gone and replaced with the same old superstition, ritual baloney, strict liturgical calendars, top-down authority, and “we’re the special chosen ones and everyone else is subhuman.” Man, it was really scary having to meditate and love everybody for a few years there… thank goodness he’s gone and we can go back to bickering about which diets and fasts make you holy, what kind of nether-region habits make God angry, and what kind of water bath magicks you into being a good person.
One of the most interesting features od Didache is the order of the eucharist. It is not Pauline break-wine but wine-bread, as in Jewish Sabbath or festival meals. The instruction refers to both David and Jesus as children (servants?) of God, not giving Jesus any higher status and not mentioning Jesus blood and body. One may suspect the Jerusalem community style in this.
Interesting! Two things which blows my mind right now are that a) abortion is mentioned though it is entirely undefined and b) homosexuality is not.
Its especially interesting because this wasn't included, but the current bible does contain instructions on performing an abortion (or at least greatly increase the chance of miscarriage)
Wrong, it does codemn homosexuality, read the text, specifically pederasty
pederasty is prohibited in the didache
@@7cuchulain surprisingly woke for a biblical document then.
Pretty sure it's instruction on abortion is quite clear.
Could you recommend a good book on early Christianity that is well-founded scholarship?
I recommend Bart Ehrman, vigorously. "Religion For Breakfast" has had Dr. Ehrman on his show at least once before. Dr. Ehrman's books have helped teach me, and I love learning the truth behind such fictional fabrications as Christianity.
Thank you
Today, the Didache remains a valuable window into early Christian practices and beliefs, offering insights into how the earliest communities interpreted and practiced Jesus’s teachings.
Sabbath Shalom
The end can come at any moment for you and me personally.
Great video and so interesting! Perhaps you have already covered it, or perhaps you consider it unsuitable for your channel ... but I would be very curious to hear your take on the "Heliand".
Who up breaking their fast rn
Orthodox still continue the fasts. I fast every Friday and Wednesday our church hasn’t changed since these times I’m glad to know
The question of why books did or didn't get accepted into the canon can't be addressed without understanding that the books that were used by Christians of Jewish ancestry were little known by the Gentile churches. The Gentiles churches grew slowly but steadily, even during persecutions; the Jewish-Christian churches never had much of a congregation and eventually the congregations declined. After the first century here was little contact between Gentile churches and Jewish-Christians, and consequently the Gentiles were unfamiliar with the Jewish-Christian writings. It is not surprising that some Jewish-Christian texts of early date did not make it into the canon; rather, it is surprising that any of them made it in. James and Jude just barely made it in; the Gospel of the Hebrews did not.
Scholarship on the Jewish-Christian churches is in its infancy, and much is still unresolved or highly controversial. I am among those who believe that the Gospel of the Hebrews was the earliest gospel, that canonical Matthew is a revision and translation of it for use by the Gentile churches, and that the heretical Gospel of the Ebionites, a.k.a. the Gospel of the Hebrews, was a much later work. These opinions are super-controversial.
I find it interesting that it wasn’t included in part due to its nature as a more instructional text. Given how modern Christians tend to use the canonical scriptures it would make more sense to flip that rationale around.
It is part of our 81 canonical books.
Who's?
@@gregoryfenn1462 the Ge’ez rite of the Oriental Orthodoxy (Eritrean and Ethiopian Churches).
@@gregoryfenn1462 Monophysites
Do you recommend an English version of this? Been looking for a reliable one
@@randallpayne9320there is No official Translation of The Language by the Church.
- all others shouldn’t be considered reliable, the Church is not in no hurry, so it may not be in your life time.
The Pharisee in Luke 18 also boasts of fasting twice a week.
Even today, the strictly observant in Eastern Christianity will fast on Wednesdays and Fridays.
Naive acceptance of traveling charismatic types was enough of a problem in early Christianity that the satirist Lucian of Samosata was already mocking it in his _Passing of Peregrinus._ So this kind of advice was badly needed at the time.
Not breakfast, or lunch, but supper.😁
Definitely an interesting video.
What's interesting to me is that, as you were reading samples from the text, it seemed as though every modern Christian would be able to find something about which they would say "this is clearly and obviously direct from God" and something else about which they would say "this is clearly and obviously heretical"
Super! Would like to know more on the development of liturgical traditions
The Catholic Church's liturgical traditions developed in the apostolic age. I'm a Byzantine Catholic and we use leavened bread to represent the Risen Christ. The Roman Rite uses unleavened bread to show He is the manna from heaven. Pouring became the primary form of baptizing in the Roman Rite and most Eastern Catholic Rites primarily use immersion. Making the Sign of the Cross is done two different ways within the Church. Things like liturgical songs and clerical dress would also develop over time. Every Rite of the Catholic Church shares the same faith and 7 holy sacraments. We simply express our Catholic faith in our own ways.
4:15 - has this text several versions from different time periods? if it's old and such an early Cristianity, how come there's the Holy Trinity before the Council of Nicea that was as late as in 4th Century?
The Ecumenical Council of Nicea I. in 325 was not about the Trinity.
The Didache
“After the foregoing instructions, baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living [running] water. . . . If you have neither, pour water three times on the head, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit” (Didache 7:1 [A.D. 70]
St. Theophilus of Antioch
“It is the attribute of God, of the most high and almighty and of the living God, not only to be everywhere, but also to see and hear all; for he can in no way be contained in a place. . . . The three days before the luminaries were created are types of the Trinity: God, his Word, and his Wisdom” (To Autolycus 2:15 [A.D. 181]
Tertullian of Carthage
“And at the same time the mystery of the oikonomia is safeguarded, for the unity is distributed in a Trinity. Placed in order, the three are the Father, Son, and Spirit. They are three, however, not in condition, but in degree; not in being, but in form; not in power, but in kind; of one being, however, and one condition and one power, because he is one God of whom degrees and forms and kinds are taken into account in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit” (Against Praxeas [A.D. 216]
Origen
“For it is the Trinity alone which exceeds every sense in which not only temporal but even eternal may be understood. It is all other things, indeed, which are outside the Trinity, which are to be measured by time and ages” (The Fundamental Doctrines) [A.D. 225]
Pope Dionysius
“Next, then, I may properly turn to those who divide and cut apart and destroy the most sacred proclamation of the Church of God, making of it [the Trinity], as it were, three powers, distinct substances, and three godheads. . . . [Some heretics] proclaim that there are in some way three gods, when they divide the sacred unity into three substances foreign to each other and completely separate” (Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria 1 [A.D. 262]
St. Gregory the Wonderworker
“There is one God. . . . There is a perfect Trinity, in glory and eternity and sovereignty, neither divided nor estranged. Wherefore there is nothing either created or in servitude in the Trinity; nor anything superinduced, as if at some former period it was non-existent, and at some later period it was introduced. And thus neither was the Son ever wanting to the Father, nor the Spirit to the Son; but without variation and without change, the same Trinity abides ever” (Declaration of Faith [A.D. 265]
Monday and Thursday fasting is not only present in the mishnaic tradition. The rambam codifies this pattern of fasting during droughts in the mishneh torah circa 1180 CE.
Can you recommend a good online translation of the Didache?
The conflict between travelling and settled church authorities is very interisting to me. If you look at the apostels it seems clear they established some kind of tradition for traveling christian/church actors, while with the spread of christianity settled authorities probably tried to consolidate their power. For me this text is a curious piece of ecidence for such a conflict and im left wo wonder how the christian church might have turned out if the more traveling tradition won in the end.
This is a small manual on how to b a good Christian.
also some guidelines on building the church and hierarchy in new Christian faith growing ,
😊
What’s the difference between the Didache and the catechism?