Labeling Theory | Criminology Lecture | CSS Urdu

Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them.
Describing someone as a criminal, for example, can cause others to treat the person more negatively, and, in turn, the individual acts out.
The idea of labeling theory flourished in American sociology during the 1960s.
Labeling theory was created by Howard Becker in 1963. Labeling theory takes the view that people become criminals when labeled as such and when they accept the label as a personal identity.
However, its core ideas can be traced back to the work of founding French sociologist Emile Durkheim.
Police, judges, and educators are the individuals tasked with enforcing standards of normalcy and labeling certain behaviors as deviant in nature. By applying labels to people and creating categories of deviance, these officials reinforce society's power structure. Often, the wealthy define deviancy for the poor, men for women, older people for younger people, and racial or ethnic majority groups for minorities.
In other words, society's dominant groups create and apply deviant labels to subordinate groups. Formal Labeling and Informal Labeling. Once a person is identified as deviant, it is extremely difficult to remove that label. The individual becomes stigmatized as a criminal and is likely to be considered untrustworthy by others. For example, convicts may struggle to find employment after they're released from prison because of their criminal background. This makes them more likely to internalize the deviant label and, again, engage in misconduct. Even if labeled individuals do not commit any more crimes, they must forever live with the consequences of being formally deemed a wrongdoer.
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