@@marketsmoto3180 lol, the amount of money you pay not only pays for the work of the doctors who puts decades of their time in University and other educational institution with a fukin doctorate degree which they put their brain and mental deduction (which btw, average intellect can't achieve) into curing ignorant people like you. You're also partially paying for the THOUSANDS of hours of research that went into this
My dad was one of the pioneers who researched treatment of patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and passed on what he learned to students and residents. Also, being an infectious disease specialist, the vast majority of his patients were diagnosed with cancer. He sadly died in '14, but I'd like to think he contributed to this massive accomplishment.
Not to sound rude, but aren't oncologists the doctors who have a lot of cancer patients? I thought infectious disease specialists deal with infectious diseases(so not cancer)
Having to get a disease that is guaranteed to kill you quickly without treatment, AND needing to find a donor that just happens to not only be a match, but also has the correct mutation in the right place, and willing to donate bone marrow to you doesn't sound like a good strategy. Hopefully they'll figure out how cause the mutation in the infected person.
My elder sister had tested hiv +. I had sex with my sister so many times without condom. But I am still negative. I am checking 1.5 years I am still negative.
I saw a documentary about 2 women in Nigeria who are immune to HIV, not because they lacked protection receptors, but because they had an extra type of white blood cell the rest of us don't have. I'd like to see a gene therapy to give to give other people the ability to make that extra kind of white blood cell.
@Bob Bobbertson heterozygous "sickle cell trait" individuals are resistant to malaria because it prevents the life cycle of plasmodium which require normal red blood cells. HIV attacks white blood cells
Hi @@lecuyermarcandre, "an extra type of red blood cell" is what the documentary said. However, the discovery was made way back in 1995. I suppose they could have mistaken a T Cell with malformed CCR5 receptor for an entirely different kind of cell. Here is an article with theory for why they were immune. I"m not sure what made them immune, but, 24 years of research has not discovered a way turn that immunity into a vaccine for everyone else www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/27/aids.features
I saw a science show about how the genetic code is changed by some diseases. Near the end a man who was married to a woman with AIDS for years without being infected. The only disease his family history knew of was a family member had contracted the plague in the 15th century and lived. Another case is Paul Michael Glaser whose wife contracted AIDS after they were married because of a car accident and then had four children. His wife and three daughters are gone but his son is alive thanks to advancements in medicine. PMG, however seems to be immune. He doesn’t have any blood disorder either. I always thought they would chase this concept down. At the time I saw the special I thought it ironic that the Black Plague might be the cure.
Your videos have been instrumental in my coping and understanding of my diagnosis for over a year now. I truly appreciate the help you have so generously given.
These days, bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a bit of a misnomer (speaking as someone who had one in 2006 for AML), at least regarding how it's "harvested" and delivered. It's a stem cell transfusion - delivered like a blood transfusion - for the purpose of...restocking the bone marrow that's non-functional so your body can start making functional blood cells again, since that's where they're made. Leukemia - what I had and one of the cancers Hank mentioned - is a blood cancer, where your bone marrow isn't making functional blood cells. They use chemo at first - since BMT is more extreme, difficult, and lethal - and if that doesn't get and keep it in remission, then there's more chemo to knock it down again, total body irradiation to fry any shred of an immune system you've got left - since rejection can and will kill you if the new immune system you get with the new, functional blood cell factories reacts to the old one. Then (all assuming there was a good donor match available, worldwide there needs to be more people as donors) you get your BMT, and hope like hell your new immune system doesn't have an allergic reaction to it's new host - you. That's what transplant rejection is in this case, and why they call it graft vs. host.
As NPR reported on this topic this week, they never said how/why the patient become “immune” to HIV. Hearing it on here, the mutation to the co-receptor immediately makes me cautious to what other ramifications would come with this. It’s good that it can make patients immune to spread of HIV, but what else are they susceptible to? What is perhaps not being properly absorbed in their body with the mutation.
It's nice to hear the concept of repeatability in any science-related videos (although the actual problem is much larger in certain fields; psychology, neuroscience, stem cell research etc)
It's a shame it's not a comprehensive cure, but this just shows that all of that hard work is starting to really pay off. Let's hope that more than one treatment becomes available sooner rather than later. Congrats to the teams behind this and best of luck to those in the trials!
What a great thing that science can help people. How absolutely divine! Lovely work loves! Shout-out to all the scientists working to make the world a better place for everyone!
Also, bone marrow transplant is not without serious risks (ie graft host disease). Defs not practical as an widespread treatment. But, good for that person. Cancer and HIV in one go, bam
Hi Hank. I've always loved watching the Scishow videos and seeing you present; The way that you conveyed the gravity of the was wonderful. I am a part of the queer community of which HIV and AIDS are a large factor in our safety. Thank you for approaching the subject with sincerity, honesty, and hope for a better future. ✌️
I'm am h-lyphoma survivor, and would love to donate tissue or participate in any way I can to forward this research. These diseases are no joke and need all of our help to propagate cures for future sufferers. Where can i go to get involved?
I love you guys, you're doing amazing job by providing us valuable information about science and technology. I wish if I had enough money to donate you at Patreon :(
While donors with the non-functional variant of the cofactor are rare, I wonder if it might be more efficient in the future to knock out the protein within native cells via RNA interference. I think that option would definitely be worth researching.
Not only am I a furry, but also a Brony! (I'm surprised I haven't broken your cringe detector yet...) Really, though-- I'm just a regular guy who has had moderate success in the IT industry who cares a lot about science education and debunking bad ideas.
I don't think anyone in STEM has called psycology a science since the replicability crisis. Seriously, this whole debacle has grown to such an extent and the academia is so unwilling to part with the status I wouldn't even be surprised to find out evolutionary psychologists planning on founding the brand new field of psychonomy.
You're welcome Ashlynne! (Cool name, BTW.) And also... er... thanks to the other patreons and channel subscribers who in total give far more than I do each month, and especially to the Scishow crew who do all the hard work to bring us this excellent content!
well done video. One thing should be noted: it is quite safe to say that the second patient has been cured, but it is not 100% confirmed yet. The first patient has been tested more thoroughly and they could detect HIV neither in the blood nore in the organs. In the new patient, only the blood has been tested for HIV.
I was thinking something similar. As bone marrow transplants can be difficult for both parties involved I hope alternative treatments like crispr get the attention they need.
While I would love to have Freddie mercury around now, I am kind of grateful that he died in his prime. He never had a chance to make a total fool of himself like other super stars that keep going. Freddie died a legend. He's immortal now. 🤩
Holy crud! SR Foxley is STILL president of space?! Dude you are amazing and thank you so much for supporting this incredible project for so many years!
There's one major mistake in this video. CCR5 and CXCR4 are co-receptor for the HIV particles and not of CD4; meaning one HIV virus binds presumably first to CD4 (potentially because they are many more CD4 molecules on the surface of a non-activated T cell than they are CCR5 or CXCR4 molecules), then, by also binding to either CCR5 or CXCR4, the virus can fuse with the cell membrane and inject everything that the viral particle contains inside the cell, thus infecting it. CCR5 was shown to bind CD4 molecules intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum to increase its shuttling to the surface of the cell, but not CXCR4. To my knowledge CCR5 and CXCR4 are not bound to CD4 once on the surface. On the other hand, CD3 is a co-receptor of the TCR (T cell receptor), which along with CD4 and CD28, allows T cells to interact with antigen-presenting cells and start the adaptive immune response against viruses like HIV, but also against almost every other pathogens.
By the way, CCR5 and CXCR4 are chemokine receptors, which means that they normally bind to chemokines (molecules that act as a mobile signal to attract other cells). Thus, the immune cells use their CCR5 and CXCR4 molecule like a radar or a detector to know in which direction they should go.
A T cell that has CD4 on its surface is called a T helper cell. It's role in the immune system is to help other cells combat the infection (virus, bacteria, etc.) by activating them, producing molecules to attract other immune cells, etc. So a CD4 T cell unfortunately cannot do anything directly to destroy viral particles. Also, cells usually cannot prevent being infected, but when they do get infected, they can signal to other cells, effectively asking to be killed. The other kind of T cell with CD8 on its surface are one of the cell type responsible for killing cells that have been infected with the virus to prevent it from spreading to other cells. An immunological response to an infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.) is a complex process that involves many different type of cells, and it is only when all of them do their job, that you can clear the infection.
No problem. Although keep in mind that CD8 are also not able to destroy directly a virus, only infected cells. Antibody can bind to the surface of the virus to physically prevent it from entering cells and macrophages and other similar cells can eat up viruses and destroy them. Hopes that clears things up. Cheers.
Wow just thinking about what has gone on with San Francisco. So many people on the street and wondering about the food in several areas. What about in the cigarettes too?
I hope you're talking about a genetics concept that I'm not aware of, because in ecology, a modular organism is one that has a non-predictable body form, like plants or coral. Can you imagine it? A tree made of human tissue?
When they make a drug for HIV, it would be really cool if it was named after a certain _rock singer_ *mmgghhgh cough cough* Maybe after his name, it could RHYEme with Breddie Zercury. Or at least Barrohk Gulsara.
For more information about the Buteyko method you can read the following 2 articles: - Kazarinov V.A. (1990) "The biochemical basis of KP Buteyko's theory of the diseases of deep respiration" - V.K. Buteyko, M.M. Buteyko (2005) “The Buteyko theory about a key role of breathing for human health: scientific introduction to the Buteyko therapy for experts”
These are the real heroes, people that devote their lives to study something to make the world a batter place and saving lives. They need a way, way higher salary for the work they do.
I used the Ancestry.com DNA kit and found out via Promethease that I'm homozygous for the CCR5 Δ32 deletion. Assuming that it's not an error (I've read about a ~3-5% MOE but can't quite find a proper answer), is there anything we can do to help? (I'm in little ol' New Zealand, and our blood donation rules can be a bit strict, which makes it difficult) (ETA: regarding margin of error, my dad's results came as heterozygous for the deletion.)
Alex I looked online and found that New Zealand has a bone marrow registry that you can join, here’s the website www.bonemarrow.org.nz/ I hope one day you’ll get a chance to donate and maybe save a life! Even though this treatment isn’t common for HIV at this time you may have the chance and help many other patients with blood disorders that are dying right now waiting to find their match.
Remission t. The cancellation of a debt, charge, or penalty. 2. A temporary diminution of the severity of disease or pain. Diminution 1. A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something. look at that learned 2 new words today
How to find out if your resistant? My former partner was diagnosed with full on AIDS 6 years into our relationship. I was terrified of course. That was 3 years ago (he dumped me once he was visibly healthy and I'd lost my job). I'm still in great health. Just lucky?
I am not a immunologist, but the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors have a innate function (otherwise they would not be there). But knocking both of them out, what side effects are we producing? Can it result in immunocompromising the individual? Or something else that might be equally severe.
So by blocking the communication receptors of the immune cell, is this like a dos attack or spam filling your inbox or blinding and deafening a person?
I’m not sure this would be effective, but how would using crisper on blood cells of a patient work if they could figure out what the gene code was of those two mutations, and just putting it in that way without a transplant?
SR Foxley, I've said it before, and I'll say it again.... You need to do an interview with one of these channels. I know you've given more money then I spend on shelter every month, I'd like to know who funds the videos I love so much. Do you know Justin Y? He seems to frequent the comment section on the same videos you support and I watch.
I suspect you'd be sorely disappointed by an interview. XD Someone once tried getting an AMA going on reddit for this, but when I asked, it didn't look like there was much actual interest in seeing this. (Though, again, I can absolutely understand why-- I doubt I'd be interested in seeing such a thing. XD) In answer to your question: No, I don't know Justin Y; This is the first time I've heard of him.
As encouraging as this news is... HIV is well-known to mutate. As was mentioned in this video, there is at least one variant that doesn't use CCR4. I suspect there are many variants that use neither CCR4 nor CXCR4. "Curing HIV" sounds to me like saying "Curing cancer" - as if each is only one disease.
I do have one question though, so the white blood cells have those receptors... If you modify them to have no receptors, what function would they be losing
XelaMental I worked in an immunology lab for a few years, basically those receptors are very important to allow them to fight other infections. If you didn’t have those receptors your body would easily be infected by other things most likely leading to death. CD4 assists in the immune response that allows you to produce antibodies for a particular antigen. That’s why HIV is so destructive, it’s because it attacks what is supposed to be getting rid of it in the first place
ShakaFPV so in other words it negates the ability of the cells to receive signals to ward off other infections. Is that really a solution though? Because you’d still get sick from anything else
XelaMental well if you lose a specific co-receptor you won’t loose all the function that cell provides. (Which is what happened in the cases mentioned) So you could still live a healthy life with some mutations, but if you remove all the receptors then you would loose too much function and be immune compromised
Losing ccr5 in cd4+ t-cells is not really a big problem, since there are other pathways which take over. However, cxcr4 is nescesary for cd4+ t cells to migrate to and from lymph nodes and scan for antigens. This scanning gives them signals to survive, and without them the cells will kill themselves. This poses a big problem similar to end stage AIDS.
Man, imagine the high from finding out that you've been cured of both Cancer *and* AIDS at the same time.
but if can't be cured i'd spend my final days high on good weed
Imagine learning you have the mutation against HIV
@@bsfbestshortfilmsonyoutube Why weed? I would find something a little more euphoric, like ecstasy or heroin.
so good that people will end up trying to get cancer and hiv lol
Imagine finding out you have cancer and HIV at the same time...
If you have the homozygous” CCR5-delta 32 mutation. You're now worth your weight in gold.
+
+
@@TheXextreem that and saving someone's life.
It's not exactly a trick you can do a lot. Usually a doctor won't clear someone to donate marrow for a second time.
Also means you’re much more sensible to west nile virus
Thank you science, very cool.
but my laptop is comepletely plastic...
Or don't put yourself into a situation where you contract it. easy,
Thank you How to properly clean your metal computer, very cool.
+
@@marketsmoto3180 lol, the amount of money you pay not only pays for the work of the doctors who puts decades of their time in University and other educational institution with a fukin doctorate degree which they put their brain and mental deduction (which btw, average intellect can't achieve) into curing ignorant people like you. You're also partially paying for the THOUSANDS of hours of research that went into this
There's lucky, and then there's these two guys.
would be even more luck if you don't catch HIV and cancer.
My dad was one of the pioneers who researched treatment of patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and passed on what he learned to students and residents. Also, being an infectious disease specialist, the vast majority of his patients were diagnosed with cancer. He sadly died in '14, but I'd like to think he contributed to this massive accomplishment.
Why you gotta do this to us Nick Craig :'(
Nick Craig!!!!
On behalf of mankind; I would like to thank your father for his contribution towards finding a cure for HIV. May his soul rest in peace.
He's a true hero, I hope he is resting peacefully knowing he has contributed to this achievement.
Not to sound rude, but aren't oncologists the doctors who have a lot of cancer patients? I thought infectious disease specialists deal with infectious diseases(so not cancer)
It is so good that there has been a second cured person of HIV. We are making headway!
@@AxxLAfriku its curable. Ur just poor
Having to get a disease that is guaranteed to kill you quickly without treatment, AND needing to find a donor that just happens to not only be a match, but also has the correct mutation in the right place, and willing to donate bone marrow to you doesn't sound like a good strategy.
Hopefully they'll figure out how cause the mutation in the infected person.
First of, who are those donors ? Keep them alive forever.
Secondly, those scientists are genius, keep them alive forever, too.
we?????
Not having sex would end HIV/AIDS in a generation, it would also end humanity in a generation...so....win-win?@Caleb Imrie
2 people being cured from HIV is still progress!
Science is amazing.
My elder sister had tested hiv +. I had sex with my sister so many times without condom. But I am still negative. I am checking 1.5 years I am still negative.
Actually God is amazing
@@samirnevgi1555 I know I'm really late to this but what the actual hell is this comment
@@samirnevgi1555 wtf lmao
I saw a documentary about 2 women in Nigeria who are immune to HIV, not because they lacked protection receptors, but because they had an extra type of white blood cell the rest of us don't have. I'd like to see a gene therapy to give to give other people the ability to make that extra kind of white blood cell.
@Bob Bobbertson heterozygous "sickle cell trait" individuals are resistant to malaria because it prevents the life cycle of plasmodium which require normal red blood cells. HIV attacks white blood cells
There's no such thing as an extra kind of white blood cells. These women have the CCR5 mutation that is being discussed in this video.
Hi @@lecuyermarcandre, "an extra type of red blood cell" is what the documentary said. However, the discovery was made way back in 1995. I suppose they could have mistaken a T Cell with malformed CCR5 receptor for an entirely different kind of cell. Here is an article with theory for why they were immune. I"m not sure what made them immune, but, 24 years of research has not discovered a way turn that immunity into a vaccine for everyone else www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/27/aids.features
I'll have a look, thanks for the info
I saw a science show about how the genetic code is changed by some diseases. Near the end a man who was married to a woman with AIDS for years without being infected. The only disease his family history knew of was a family member had contracted the plague in the 15th century and lived. Another case is Paul Michael Glaser whose wife contracted AIDS after they were married because of a car accident and then had four children. His wife and three daughters are gone but his son is alive thanks to advancements in medicine. PMG, however seems to be immune. He doesn’t have any blood disorder either. I always thought they would chase this concept down. At the time I saw the special I thought it ironic that the Black Plague might be the cure.
Your videos have been instrumental in my coping and understanding of my diagnosis for over a year now. I truly appreciate the help you have so generously given.
OMG. I hope to see the cure in my life time. The 80's were heartbreaking.
These days, bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a bit of a misnomer (speaking as someone who had one in 2006 for AML), at least regarding how it's "harvested" and delivered. It's a stem cell transfusion - delivered like a blood transfusion - for the purpose of...restocking the bone marrow that's non-functional so your body can start making functional blood cells again, since that's where they're made. Leukemia - what I had and one of the cancers Hank mentioned - is a blood cancer, where your bone marrow isn't making functional blood cells. They use chemo at first - since BMT is more extreme, difficult, and lethal - and if that doesn't get and keep it in remission, then there's more chemo to knock it down again, total body irradiation to fry any shred of an immune system you've got left - since rejection can and will kill you if the new immune system you get with the new, functional blood cell factories reacts to the old one. Then (all assuming there was a good donor match available, worldwide there needs to be more people as donors) you get your BMT, and hope like hell your new immune system doesn't have an allergic reaction to it's new host - you. That's what transplant rejection is in this case, and why they call it graft vs. host.
Wow. Thanks for sharing. And I am hoping you continue to stay healthy and well!
@@Mike_Jones281 No problem, and me too!
I just signed up for BeTheMatch.org a couple days ago. I can only hope that my stem cells can help someone in the future.
As NPR reported on this topic this week, they never said how/why the patient become “immune” to HIV. Hearing it on here, the mutation to the co-receptor immediately makes me cautious to what other ramifications would come with this. It’s good that it can make patients immune to spread of HIV, but what else are they susceptible to? What is perhaps not being properly absorbed in their body with the mutation.
This channel makes me feel so informed. I love that I get a brief but in-depth rundown of an interesting headline that I often just saw
It's nice to hear the concept of repeatability in any science-related videos (although the actual problem is much larger in certain fields; psychology, neuroscience, stem cell research etc)
It's a shame it's not a comprehensive cure, but this just shows that all of that hard work is starting to really pay off. Let's hope that more than one treatment becomes available sooner rather than later. Congrats to the teams behind this and best of luck to those in the trials!
I literally just watched part I & II of your hiv videos :)
What a great thing that science can help people. How absolutely divine! Lovely work loves! Shout-out to all the scientists working to make the world a better place for everyone!
Also, bone marrow transplant is not without serious risks (ie graft host disease). Defs not practical as an widespread treatment. But, good for that person. Cancer and HIV in one go, bam
Hi Hank. I've always loved watching the Scishow videos and seeing you present; The way that you conveyed the gravity of the was wonderful. I am a part of the queer community of which HIV and AIDS are a large factor in our safety. Thank you for approaching the subject with sincerity, honesty, and hope for a better future. ✌️
HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it.
💕💕💕
*Great progress*
I'm am h-lyphoma survivor, and would love to donate tissue or participate in any way I can to forward this research. These diseases are no joke and need all of our help to propagate cures for future sufferers. Where can i go to get involved?
definitely not in the UA-cam comment section. Just use Google, man :)
Serious, straight to the point, not long and clear = SUBSCRIBED.
I love you guys, you're doing amazing job by providing us valuable information about science and technology. I wish if I had enough money to donate you at Patreon :(
Me too! Enough money to donate to Crash Course; Science in Show and Wikipedia.
Thank you SR Foxley!
You're welcome, Silver muskrat!
My mother had HIV. I watched it slowly tear her down until she passed away in hospice. This news made me cry. God willing we get a cure.
Always sad when an innocent bystander gets HIV : (
@@benp9793 what the hell is an innocent bystander
Keep up the great work to all researchers making a change to people's lives
While donors with the non-functional variant of the cofactor are rare, I wonder if it might be more efficient in the future to knock out the protein within native cells via RNA interference. I think that option would definitely be worth researching.
haven't seen a video with SR in a while. good to see you mr/mme president.
Damn Google, chill with the ads. I don't have HIV, I just wanted to see the video
Same here now I'm getting ads for LGBT 🙄 gg Google
I was looking for a video like this, and I’m very happy to see it coming so well done from one of my favorite edu channels
Okay seriously who is SR Foxley and at what point do they just give him an exec producer credit?
Someone with money and good taste, clearly.
he's also a furry
Not only am I a furry, but also a Brony! (I'm surprised I haven't broken your cringe detector yet...)
Really, though-- I'm just a regular guy who has had moderate success in the IT industry who cares a lot about science education and debunking bad ideas.
Sr Foxley DW, most people on the interwebz have developed an immunity to cringeable things.
@@SrFoxley thank you for your contribution good sir!
Great video, thank you for simplifying and explaining the new with prudence.
I'm Glad i'm subscribed to your channel.
I have a relative that's gearing up for a transplant for childhood AML Leukemia. This hit especially hard.
#fcancer
3:09 who would have thought he'd end up contracting this exact cancer
THE BEST presenter on UA-cam.. NO "Robin Leach" affection No over the top BS.. TO the facts. SO very refreshing!
The guy is known for being full of bias, watch anyone's response to his gmo video. Sadly, not even our idols are perfect.
Do more of this subject. It’s fascinating.
being in 2023 and hearing Hank Green talk about Hodgkin's lymphoma... oh no
I was just thinking this
Good watch. Thanks.
Oh my science that's awesome!
I wondered what happened to SR Foxly. Good to see he is still around.
Earth-Chan in your profile picture.
"Science is all about repeatability"
*cough* psychology *cough*
To be fair to psychologists, isolating variables when studying something that's able to be aware it's being studied isn't exactly an easy task.
I don't think anyone in STEM has called psycology a science since the replicability crisis. Seriously, this whole debacle has grown to such an extent and the academia is so unwilling to part with the status I wouldn't even be surprised to find out evolutionary psychologists planning on founding the brand new field of psychonomy.
*social* science...
A N I M E
N
I
M
E
@@KokoroKatsura
W H A T ?
H
A
T
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Really love the scishow report on this, that also keep explaining more abt bone marrow transplant and the other risks invovled
That’s quite a sick revival.
Thanks SR Foxley ☺️ you the bomb ❤️❤️
You're welcome Ashlynne! (Cool name, BTW.) And also... er... thanks to the other patreons and channel subscribers who in total give far more than I do each month, and especially to the Scishow crew who do all the hard work to bring us this excellent content!
Jeez this is early!
My elder sister tested positive but I am still negative how.
well done video. One thing should be noted: it is quite safe to say that the second patient has been cured, but it is not 100% confirmed yet. The first patient has been tested more thoroughly and they could detect HIV neither in the blood nore in the organs. In the new patient, only the blood has been tested for HIV.
If it's a matter of removing a receptor....sounds like a job for crispr, or possibly a stem cell grown bone marrow that's been crispr treated
Yes, but it will take genetic modification of human embrios, and that's illegal... sadly.... or not, who knows
I was thinking something similar. As bone marrow transplants can be difficult for both parties involved I hope alternative treatments like crispr get the attention they need.
If you remove the receptor you will have a lot of other problems, its a general receptor for all codes....
And you can't really grow bone marrow so far, it's already horribly unethical for transplants
@@amarahc4351 nope, you can grow again a bone marrow. Where do you get that information??
Thank you SR FOXLY
You're welcome, subha!
Got he injected money??
Was that from south park? Can’t remember.
Yeah, about $100,000 of pureéd cash.
Yes it was
socialized medicine actually.
Always interesting, thank you.
did they grind up money and inject it?
It feels good to get the reference LOL
@@madd5 :)
South Park Fan!
*b33lze6u6:* Best comment and best avatar to go with it
@@AnimatedTechie :)
Thanks Montana brother.
And this is why we need stem cell research
Stem cell research is going on **almost** everywhere in the world...
This is very encouraging!
I luv medical advancements. This is awesome. Yay, science!
great video, guys!
I wish Freddie Mercury made it this far to get help. :'(
While I would love to have Freddie mercury around now, I am kind of grateful that he died in his prime. He never had a chance to make a total fool of himself like other super stars that keep going. Freddie died a legend. He's immortal now. 🤩
Holy crud! SR Foxley is STILL president of space?! Dude you are amazing and thank you so much for supporting this incredible project for so many years!
Cool
There's one major mistake in this video. CCR5 and CXCR4 are co-receptor for the HIV particles and not of CD4; meaning one HIV virus binds presumably first to CD4 (potentially because they are many more CD4 molecules on the surface of a non-activated T cell than they are CCR5 or CXCR4 molecules), then, by also binding to either CCR5 or CXCR4, the virus can fuse with the cell membrane and inject everything that the viral particle contains inside the cell, thus infecting it. CCR5 was shown to bind CD4 molecules intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum to increase its shuttling to the surface of the cell, but not CXCR4. To my knowledge CCR5 and CXCR4 are not bound to CD4 once on the surface. On the other hand, CD3 is a co-receptor of the TCR (T cell receptor), which along with CD4 and CD28, allows T cells to interact with antigen-presenting cells and start the adaptive immune response against viruses like HIV, but also against almost every other pathogens.
By the way, CCR5 and CXCR4 are chemokine receptors, which means that they normally bind to chemokines (molecules that act as a mobile signal to attract other cells). Thus, the immune cells use their CCR5 and CXCR4 molecule like a radar or a detector to know in which direction they should go.
So why is it not possible for the cell to act against the HIV?
Or does it try, but gets infected too fast?
A T cell that has CD4 on its surface is called a T helper cell. It's role in the immune system is to help other cells combat the infection (virus, bacteria, etc.) by activating them, producing molecules to attract other immune cells, etc. So a CD4 T cell unfortunately cannot do anything directly to destroy viral particles. Also, cells usually cannot prevent being infected, but when they do get infected, they can signal to other cells, effectively asking to be killed. The other kind of T cell with CD8 on its surface are one of the cell type responsible for killing cells that have been infected with the virus to prevent it from spreading to other cells.
An immunological response to an infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.) is a complex process that involves many different type of cells, and it is only when all of them do their job, that you can clear the infection.
@@lecuyermarcandre Lol, just realized it as well, mixed it up with CD8 xD
Thanks :)
No problem. Although keep in mind that CD8 are also not able to destroy directly a virus, only infected cells. Antibody can bind to the surface of the virus to physically prevent it from entering cells and macrophages and other similar cells can eat up viruses and destroy them. Hopes that clears things up. Cheers.
Zombies are apon us ok who's buying the first door
rofl actually laughed
u got exactly 2k subs btw. thats some good sht
This is amazing, just think where this research could be in 10 years.
Another person cured from HIV is a huge step in the process of curing the disease. Imagine the day when we finally find the cure
Hi, this is amazing! I’d love to hear an episode about the role of the retrovirus HK2 on drug addiction!!
"Please insert gene therapy in here"
This
Wow just thinking about what has gone on with San Francisco. So many people on the street and wondering about the food in several areas. What about in the cigarettes too?
CRISPR is the way to go , change humans into modular organisms
I hope you're talking about a genetics concept that I'm not aware of, because in ecology, a modular organism is one that has a non-predictable body form, like plants or coral. Can you imagine it? A tree made of human tissue?
You don't understand the implication of what you type.
@@benp9793 it wasn't meant to be serious , was being sarcastic
This is Awesome!
When they make a drug for HIV, it would be really cool if it was named after a certain _rock singer_
*mmgghhgh cough cough*
Maybe after his name, it could RHYEme with Breddie Zercury. Or at least Barrohk Gulsara.
This is awesome!!!
gg HIV, no re
5:56, 1 frame of the codec giving up when hank sends it a kiss
ah good old aids
?
For more information about the Buteyko method you can read the following 2 articles:
- Kazarinov V.A. (1990) "The biochemical basis of KP Buteyko's theory of the diseases of deep respiration"
- V.K. Buteyko, M.M. Buteyko (2005) “The Buteyko theory about a key role of breathing for human health: scientific introduction to the Buteyko therapy for experts”
Aaaaand the scientists died in a “car” accident
Yeah, always happens the same.
I would like to see an update on some of these stories.
Just wait until it mutates
These are the real heroes, people that devote their lives to study something to make the world a batter place and saving lives. They need a way, way higher salary for the work they do.
Imagine the low from knowing you just roasted the HIV A variant but boom HIV B tells HIV A to “hold my beer.”
"Hold my plasma".
This is the best news ever. Too late for my friend, but hopefully in time for some one else.
Life just keeps on getting better
So thankful that SciShow reports science news accurately. I'm tired of seeing headlines "Cure found for HIV!".
It was March 8th 2019 when I learned there was another version of HIV. There is so much to be worried about in this world T_T
There are actually many different subtypes. In the end it just mutated out of the SI-Virus.
I used the Ancestry.com DNA kit and found out via Promethease that I'm homozygous for the CCR5 Δ32 deletion. Assuming that it's not an error (I've read about a ~3-5% MOE but can't quite find a proper answer), is there anything we can do to help? (I'm in little ol' New Zealand, and our blood donation rules can be a bit strict, which makes it difficult)
(ETA: regarding margin of error, my dad's results came as heterozygous for the deletion.)
Alex I looked online and found that New Zealand has a bone marrow registry that you can join, here’s the website www.bonemarrow.org.nz/ I hope one day you’ll get a chance to donate and maybe save a life! Even though this treatment isn’t common for HIV at this time you may have the chance and help many other patients with blood disorders that are dying right now waiting to find their match.
Remission
t. The cancellation of a debt, charge, or penalty.
2. A temporary diminution of the severity of disease or pain.
Diminution
1. A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something.
look at that learned 2 new words today
How to find out if your resistant? My former partner was diagnosed with full on AIDS 6 years into our relationship. I was terrified of course. That was 3 years ago (he dumped me once he was visibly healthy and I'd lost my job). I'm still in great health. Just lucky?
Sounds like a time when cloning (?and stem-cells?) would be really useful to propagate the treatment without needing the donor to always be available.
This is awesome! I'm assuming the third case will be the Los Angeles case, aka Magic Johnson
I wonder what the cost of not producing CCR5 or CXCR4 would be in the long term?
Science is dope 💯
I am not a immunologist, but the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors have a innate function (otherwise they would not be there). But knocking both of them out, what side effects are we producing? Can it result in immunocompromising the individual? Or something else that might be equally severe.
I looked into how to test to see if you have ccr5 resistance. If you've taken a genetic test like 23andme, it should be written in your results!
Did you guys lift the bulk of this from the Economist article on the exact same thing? Seeing some very strong similarities across your pieces.
So by blocking the communication receptors of the immune cell, is this like a dos attack or spam filling your inbox or blinding and deafening a person?
Really exciting news!
I’m not sure this would be effective, but how would using crisper on blood cells of a patient work if they could figure out what the gene code was of those two mutations, and just putting it in that way without a transplant?
Keep up the good work, where can I donate?
SR Foxley, I've said it before, and I'll say it again.... You need to do an interview with one of these channels. I know you've given more money then I spend on shelter every month, I'd like to know who funds the videos I love so much.
Do you know Justin Y? He seems to frequent the comment section on the same videos you support and I watch.
I suspect you'd be sorely disappointed by an interview. XD Someone once tried getting an AMA going on reddit for this, but when I asked, it didn't look like there was much actual interest in seeing this. (Though, again, I can absolutely understand why-- I doubt I'd be interested in seeing such a thing. XD)
In answer to your question: No, I don't know Justin Y; This is the first time I've heard of him.
As encouraging as this news is... HIV is well-known to mutate. As was mentioned in this video, there is at least one variant that doesn't use CCR4. I suspect there are many variants that use neither CCR4 nor CXCR4. "Curing HIV" sounds to me like saying "Curing cancer" - as if each is only one disease.
I do have one question though, so the white blood cells have those receptors...
If you modify them to have no receptors, what function would they be losing
XelaMental I worked in an immunology lab for a few years, basically those receptors are very important to allow them to fight other infections. If you didn’t have those receptors your body would easily be infected by other things most likely leading to death. CD4 assists in the immune response that allows you to produce antibodies for a particular antigen. That’s why HIV is so destructive, it’s because it attacks what is supposed to be getting rid of it in the first place
ShakaFPV so in other words it negates the ability of the cells to receive signals to ward off other infections. Is that really a solution though? Because you’d still get sick from anything else
XelaMental well if you lose a specific co-receptor you won’t loose all the function that cell provides. (Which is what happened in the cases mentioned) So you could still live a healthy life with some mutations, but if you remove all the receptors then you would loose too much function and be immune compromised
ShakaFPV sounds Uber risky
Losing ccr5 in cd4+ t-cells is not really a big problem, since there are other pathways which take over. However, cxcr4 is nescesary for cd4+ t cells to migrate to and from lymph nodes and scan for antigens. This scanning gives them signals to survive, and without them the cells will kill themselves. This poses a big problem similar to end stage AIDS.