@@PrinceKumar-zs8dhbasically dna are made up of two parts tied to each other , like lock and key, only matching ones are tied to each other, so if you know the order of one part, you’ll know the other. The scientists chop up dna into smaller pieces and they put random man-made dna sequences which emits certain light that label them into the dna sample we want to decode, since these sequences bind with their counterpart and make a complete dna, by observing the light from the man-made part, we can deduce what their counterpart is, and hence decoding the dna sample
I promise you I will forget this tomorrow. I like learning about these things but I will have to watch it around 7 times before I can remember it. There's just so much information. Good job.
2000: Finally we finished this multi-billion dollar international effort to map the human genome. 2019: just spit here, I'll tell you every letter in your genome for a 1000 bucks
Hmm, if the car had of followed the same trend, then a Ferrari would cost less then 40pence(50 cents approx in the us)... and so... I’ve found a penny on the floor... I’m off to get a new Austin Martin, a penny a month with a 100z interest rate for each month, fine by me.
I recently had a project about the history of genetics and the genome sequencing was the hardest part for me to understand so thank you for this videos ♡
PCR explained without using much of the needed vocabulary and concepts. The video still got to many of the big points, but there was still much left out. Yet, I'll give this video credit as it did a good job in the 5 min it had to explain this.
@@omkarchavan5940 GATTACA portrayed a technology that can predict specific personalities and everything phenotypical (body characteristics that are observable) which was a predominant theory in the 20th century, known as biological determinism. However, as science advanced, the theory had became outmoded and invalid, primarily due to the current acceptable scientific view of the world which is stochastic. Moreover, we had found that protein-coding genes are at times, multifactorial and require the environment and social interactions to shape its function, which directly contradicted the ideologies put forth by GATTACA.
Really interesting stuff. It's cool to see how niche scientific technology is powered - ultimately - by creative applications of nature's first principles.
I'm more than a little taken back. How can it be, that colour can be administered through an enzyme into the genome and photographed. Additionally, does this methodology for reading genome not assume that a base constituent can not bond with itself; Adenine and adenine for example?
Well, there are chemical reactions that produces colored compounds. That's what those enzymes do, they catalyze a reaction (e.g. break something down) to produce some colorful chemicals. That's the color part. And no, A and A or any of the other combinations usually don’t bond together because of their unique chemical properties. But yes, sometimes mistakes do happen. For that, a single sequence (the small parts mentioned here) is read more than a hundred times to ensure that those "by chance" interactions don't affect the final result.
To the people saying it's too simple, chill tf out, honestly, Ted-Ed wants to teach us something simple, not go to the depths of genetics. Us mere mortals require simplified versions of things like these so if you don't like it, leave. You don't have to sh?t on a great video that probably took ages to make.
Would you know where in the dna these 'special colored letters' combine with if there where multiple complimentary letters? How is the order sequenced?
At 3:43 minutes we read, "The sequences of each of these millions of pieces of DNA are stitched together using computer programs to create a complete sequence of the entire genome." There’s no way to “stitch” the millions of pieces of DNA together without a template to compare to, the template consisting of forty-six complete genome strand templates taken from the twenty-three paired chromosomes. Otherwise, the permutation possibilities are astronomical for creating a complete genome out of millions of pieces of DNA.
I saw your comment and thought I could contribute something because I actually conduct research on "genome assembly" - the process of taking those fragments and interpreting the sequence of characters that correctly describe the genome. Your initial concern that a simple computer algorithm determined to check every DNA "read" (piece) would have a exponential runtime (or worse) is correct. Luckily, though, more efficient algorithms exist. The rest of this explanation requires understanding the concept of graph theory, so here's a link if you don't know what that is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory Modern genome assembly works like this: create an edge in the graph so and label it with a read. This is called a "k-mer." Then take n (the number can vary) nucleotides off the end of the read and create a node. Call this the k-n-mer (k minus n mer). Then, if two reads have the same k-n-mer, it is possible to join the edges with a node! It's now possible to build a graph representing the genome in O(R) [linear] time, where R is the number of reads. To reconstruct the genome it's simply possible to traverse the graph and concatonate all k-mers together. Since, in real life, this graph can have multiple sections, cycles, and contamination it's never perfect (and still requires heuristics), but the use of deBruijn graphs makes this all way more possible than one would initially think!
This video is already 3 years old.. My last birthday gifts: 2 Tea cups. 1 Deodorant. 1 Picture frame. 10 Euros. 1 burned dvd with downloaded movies. 0 GENOME SEQUENCERS
Hi, I have a question. Soat min 3.39 the narrator says that the pieces of DNA are stitched together. I'm assuming that this is done by the overlapping ends.. But could there not be errors where the ends might be overlapping but the mid parts are different? Wouldnt that cause wrong pieces to be stiched? Thanks. Newbie student
Depending on what you are 'stitching' the genome together for. Just say you are sequencing another human genome to confirm the dissimilarities between them, they can always use a reference genome, aka an already sequenced human DNA, to help piece the DNA together. Now, no human DNA is the same but there will be massive similarities so you can still use that to help solve the problem you mentioned so as they do not fall in the wrong place. Also on another note, all those smaller pieces are different so it will be an overlap over an overlap over another overlap so it is not just an overlap of ending sequences. Another way to look at it is that these are more than billions of small fragments, or a shattered DNA, and not just 1 DNA but a pool of DNA of the same sequence. However, it is still not that perfect and needs to be sequenced enough times to get a solid answer before getting published. Third generation sequencers are trying to solve that problem, though. So instead of shattering DNA into smaller pieces, they can sequence the whole genome without breaking them up. It is still really pricey though.
no, we do not function from binary structure- and we are made up of different parts. Our brains do not function the same way, nor do our cells. If you consider a computer program as anything with information, then yes- but thats like thinking anything with wings is a bird. Humans do not work like computer programs, and even neural nets cannot function with the same braod complexity that we do.
Antony Arango DO NOT OVERTHINK IT.......YES WE ARE TECHNICALLY COMPUTER PROGRAMS (more like a collection of it), IT IS THE SAME IN THE SENSE THAT A STRING OF LETTERS WILL BE (in essence) CONVERTED INTO SOMETHING USEFUL. ANY MANIPULATON OF THE GENES WILL CHANGE THE PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP YOUR CELLS (just like any manipulation of the code will change a program). A DNA CAN ALSO BE CORRUPTED MUCH LIKE IN A COMPUTER.
@@Cpt_John_Price If we were computer programs, as put forth by you, then it is reasonable to assume that increasing organismic complexity positively correlates with complexity of the genome (total DNA information), right? Now tell me why single celled microscopic Amoeba have 223x more DNA than we do?
Wouldn't each "circle" of similar RNA sliced pieces, be four colors? there are still four letters in separate orders how are they getting the order from a mix of colors?
I was diagnosed with hereditary polycystic kidney disease when I was around nine, before that my Grandad and my Mam got diagnosed with it. My Grandad having to go on dialysis due to being diagnosed too late, and sadly passed away in January this year after 20 years on dialysis. I’m now 22 and kidney function is normal considering the circumstances but they’ve told me they’ll be doing this with my DNA.
I'm having trouble grasping the significance of how the various combinations of C's G's, A's and T's make a difference in who people are.....how does one tell by the order of those? what is the significance and difference between each base individually? How could one tell that a certain sequence can show someone could have sickle-cell anemia and what would that sequence look like?
llamasarus1 total noob but there are like 20 basic amino acids which combines repeatedly and in some order to create a basic strand of protein.Each amino acid is coded by combination of a set of 3 nucleotide sequence called as codon. for eg codon for methionine is AUG . The rest of amino acids has some specific sets of codons. Depending on what instruction (sequence of nucleotide) one carry an amino acid will or not form.
ATGC codes for proteins. Proteins make up a lot of things in our body, including the blood cells you mention. Each amino acid has a specific sequence that is transcripted from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA to proteins. In sickle cell disease, one of the protein hemoglobin's 146 amino acid subunits (these make up proteins) is at fault. The DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids has coded for "valine" instead of "glutamic acid". Valine is very non-polar (does not mix well with water because water is made up of polar molecules; recall that the body is made up of mostly water) so as a result, the red blood cells clump because the protein chains that make the blood cell no longer fold correctly, creating the sickle shape.
That was good for me.ATCG. With 24 English letters a countless literature is born.It seems with those 4 letters(symbols I suppose) countless shapes and forms of human beings are engineered.That if I have understood correctly. Same with music, Fa So La Si Re innumerable notes of tunes are produced. It sounds like everything starts with Basics. 118 Elements in multiple combinations give something like Nature.I hope I have understood rightly.Its all so amazing.Thanks.I like the French subtitle as well.
This is how we do PCR COVID tests, folks. The generic material was sequenced, and now we can identify if you have COVID by looking for it's genetic signature in your samples.
That’s what I’m thinking she says they’re so insanely tiny that they can’t even separate a strand of them in half so how can they possibly colour or dye the individual little genes and what would they even use that is capable of staining the little genes with a colored tint? What kind of “dye” would even stick to such incredibly tiny things?? I don’t get it..
Concept so good, but one doubt-1! are there two or more humans with same sequence on this globe? If not, what is the use of genome sequence? Doubt-2: Just 4 bases, same sugar, same phosphate, how various expressions allowed keeping pairing rule (A-T, G-C) in mind? Taking two opposite strands, A-T, G-C at specific point dies it same as T-A, G-C at immediate position?
No, but you are definitely on the right track. They are in fact "tagged" with what we call fluorophores (molecules that fluoresce a certain color when freed up). When the base that is floating around in the mix is used in the sequencing, the fluorophore tag is released and then it flashes the color of the tag which gets picked up by the camera.
jmanfiji ooh, very interesting. thank you. But now i have another question, whether someone can answer or not. In the video when she says that they split the DNA into smaller segments and then replicate them and mark them with fluorophores. How do they know the order in which each small segments fit together? example. if you had lets say 4 segments 1,2,3,4, and each had a length of 100 nucleotides. You could sequence each segment but how does a scientist know that the order of segments 1,2,3,4 go in the order 1,2,3,4, and not 2,3,1,4?
Koba4329 the order is determined by the significant amount of overlap between segments 1,2,3 and 4. in many cases, the sequence from two adjacent fragments of DNA, say 1 and 2, will overlap 50-95% whereas fragments 1 and 4 may not overlap at all! this overlap makes it pretty straightforward to determine which sequences are adjacent to each other.
Hey! Just awesome videos!! I have seen only 2 of this channel & becoming a fan.. :) Do you have any plan to translate your videos? If you give permission I want to translate these in my mother languages to make it more clear to the others in my region. waiting for your answers & truly you are doing a great job!!! carry on...
Iv been to the human genome project building outside of cambridge (the sangar institute) and inside they had books containing all of the letters on display, each book was as big as a guinnes world record book and as thick as a bible, each page had 10s of thousands of letters on and the rack of books spread across the entire room.
The A,T,G,C stand for adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. The letters represent base molecules called nitrogenous bases. There come in varieties: the A and G set are called purines, or five and six membered rings. The C and T set are called pyramidines or six membered rings. Both sets of purines and pyramindines contain a variety of atoms. Of course wikipedia has a wealth of information on both RNA and DNA but I thought you may have wanted a little more.
I have a lab about dna sequencing and this made me understand the concept 100x better thank you!
Oh come on mann u have a lab and learning from UA-cam.. 😂😂😂LOL
I didn’t understand much… could please summarise here
@@wadudahmed9107 maybe they're not the scientist. Just the facilitator of lab and equipments
@@wadudahmed9107 dude you are here too
@@PrinceKumar-zs8dhbasically dna are made up of two parts tied to each other , like lock and key, only matching ones are tied to each other, so if you know the order of one part, you’ll know the other. The scientists chop up dna into smaller pieces and they put random man-made dna sequences which emits certain light that label them into the dna sample we want to decode, since these sequences bind with their counterpart and make a complete dna, by observing the light from the man-made part, we can deduce what their counterpart is, and hence decoding the dna sample
I promise you I will forget this tomorrow. I like learning about these things but I will have to watch it around 7 times before I can remember it. There's just so much information. Good job.
I will study bioformatics next year 🙂🙂
Out of all those videos i watched for " what is Genome" this was the best !!!
2000: Finally we finished this multi-billion dollar international effort to map the human genome.
2019: just spit here, I'll tell you every letter in your genome for a 1000 bucks
$100 bucks next year: www.cnbc.com/2019/07/01/for-600-veritas-genetics-sequences-6point4-billion-letters-of-your-dna.html
Hmm, if the car had of followed the same trend, then a Ferrari would cost less then 40pence(50 cents approx in the us)... and so... I’ve found a penny on the floor... I’m off to get a new Austin Martin, a penny a month with a 100z interest rate for each month, fine by me.
I wouldn’t give a gypsy lady a thousand bucks to tell me my future, why would I give someone a thousand bucks to tell me my past
It’s funny to think that humans were able to evolve so fast but devolved from karens
@@AngerPacifist nope
weve come a long way since then...and now we have our very own word processor for genes called CRISPR CAS9.
BNGO is going to revolutionize this process folks $$$🤑
Thank you for this. I had no idea.
We come a long way since then and achieved 100% genome sequencing in 2022
I recently had a project about the history of genetics and the genome sequencing was the hardest part for me to understand
so thank you for this videos ♡
Fatiha B. Ayyyy aghase 💚
A lot to time taken and is explained to a very high standard.
Well done!
This deserves more visual!
1. Modify a keyboard to only have A, C, T, and G letters
2. Introduce a cat
3. Sequence human genome
There, saved you all a lot of trouble!
^ this is such an AAAAGTCCCCTA thing to say ^
And here in lies the problem with sequencing.
hmm.........It's like a program.. ..like 0's and 1's.
Saloni Bhurke Exactly.
Saloni Bhurke
*In Arnold Schwarzenegger voice*
"Who is your programmer?... And what does he do?"
it was the best of times, it was the blurst of times.
More explained in 5 minutes than college explained in years.
i guess you went to a lousy college then XD
VERY GOOD LECTURE ON BASIC OF HUMAN GENOME CONCEPT.
PCR explained without using much of the needed vocabulary and concepts. The video still got to many of the big points, but there was still much left out. Yet, I'll give this video credit as it did a good job in the 5 min it had to explain this.
This comment aged so well, PCR is extremely important right now.
@@AnimMouse literally how we were able to make a covid vaccine as quickly as we did :)
@@okliam i like how you replied
@@okliam 8 years man..
Wow.. I think I just found out how the name for the movie "GATTACA" was found!
Hence, That's where we are heading now...
Yeah nice observation, that movie is great btw, but watching it made both motivated and insecure
CTAATGT
@@omkarchavan5940 hope Neo will reload the Matrix :)
@@omkarchavan5940 GATTACA portrayed a technology that can predict specific personalities and everything phenotypical (body characteristics that are observable) which was a predominant theory in the 20th century, known as biological determinism. However, as science advanced, the theory had became outmoded and invalid, primarily due to the current acceptable scientific view of the world which is stochastic. Moreover, we had found that protein-coding genes are at times, multifactorial and require the environment and social interactions to shape its function, which directly contradicted the ideologies put forth by GATTACA.
Really interesting stuff. It's cool to see how niche scientific technology is powered - ultimately - by creative applications of nature's first principles.
I'm more than a little taken back. How can it be, that colour can be administered through an enzyme into the genome and photographed. Additionally, does this methodology for reading genome not assume that a base constituent can not bond with itself; Adenine and adenine for example?
Well, there are chemical reactions that produces colored compounds. That's what those enzymes do, they catalyze a reaction (e.g. break something down) to produce some colorful chemicals. That's the color part.
And no, A and A or any of the other combinations usually don’t bond together because of their unique chemical properties. But yes, sometimes mistakes do happen. For that, a single sequence (the small parts mentioned here) is read more than a hundred times to ensure that those "by chance" interactions don't affect the final result.
The animation is just amazing
To the people saying it's too simple, chill tf out, honestly, Ted-Ed wants to teach us something simple, not go to the depths of genetics. Us mere mortals require simplified versions of things like these so if you don't like it, leave. You don't have to sh?t on a great video that probably took ages to make.
3:30 we already had replicas of double stranded pieces of dna there
What are those special letters binding to?
organ working together makes a organ system
MAYBE SHE FORGOT HER ANATOMY
maybe
It really is a very tough subject, i nearly flunk on it.
I like the Subject
Good for u girl. hope that someday you 'll become a doctor.
this very helpful thank you TED-ED i really need this for my Research and Science Subject
This video helped me understand how DNA sequencing works and what is its purpose
This is seriously amazing! 😍
Would you know where in the dna these 'special colored letters' combine with if there where multiple complimentary letters? How is the order sequenced?
this is an amazing information about the human body and very interesting to watch the video of the human genome project.
This is imformative, and helpful to understand our human markup.
Phenomenal explanation!!!!
Please tell me where the behavior switches are in the human genome? All i see are switches for physical attributes.
At 3:43 minutes we read, "The sequences of each of these millions of pieces of DNA are stitched together using computer programs to create a complete sequence of the entire genome."
There’s no way to “stitch” the millions of pieces of DNA together without a template to compare to, the template consisting of forty-six complete genome strand templates taken from the twenty-three paired chromosomes. Otherwise, the permutation possibilities are astronomical for creating a complete genome out of millions of pieces of DNA.
I saw your comment and thought I could contribute something because I actually conduct research on "genome assembly" - the process of taking those fragments and interpreting the sequence of characters that correctly describe the genome.
Your initial concern that a simple computer algorithm determined to check every DNA "read" (piece) would have a exponential runtime (or worse) is correct. Luckily, though, more efficient algorithms exist.
The rest of this explanation requires understanding the concept of graph theory, so here's a link if you don't know what that is: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory
Modern genome assembly works like this: create an edge in the graph so and label it with a read. This is called a "k-mer." Then take n (the number can vary) nucleotides off the end of the read and create a node. Call this the k-n-mer (k minus n mer). Then, if two reads have the same k-n-mer, it is possible to join the edges with a node! It's now possible to build a graph representing the genome in O(R) [linear] time, where R is the number of reads. To reconstruct the genome it's simply possible to traverse the graph and concatonate all k-mers together. Since, in real life, this graph can have multiple sections, cycles, and contamination it's never perfect (and still requires heuristics), but the use of deBruijn graphs makes this all way more possible than one would initially think!
@@josephwalewski2028 thank you for your explanation... may i know what you do and what did you study? I am also interested in this 😊
So that's how we do it. Color-coding. Science, you amaze me yet again.
Projem için birçok şeyden daha çok yardımcı oldu çok sağ olun
This means , we literally found ourselves .
Great video absolutely! Helped me prep before my classes.
I love ted ed
This video is already 3 years old..
My last birthday gifts:
2 Tea cups.
1 Deodorant.
1 Picture frame.
10 Euros.
1 burned dvd with downloaded movies.
0 GENOME SEQUENCERS
gr8 m8 no h8
buy yourself a DIY CRISPR kit next birthday :)
this was really sweet animation. well done and thank you
Hi, I have a question. Soat min 3.39 the narrator says that the pieces of DNA are stitched together. I'm assuming that this is done by the overlapping ends.. But could there not be errors where the ends might be overlapping but the mid parts are different? Wouldnt that cause wrong pieces to be stiched? Thanks. Newbie student
Depending on what you are 'stitching' the genome together for. Just say you are sequencing another human genome to confirm the dissimilarities between them, they can always use a reference genome, aka an already sequenced human DNA, to help piece the DNA together. Now, no human DNA is the same but there will be massive similarities so you can still use that to help solve the problem you mentioned so as they do not fall in the wrong place. Also on another note, all those smaller pieces are different so it will be an overlap over an overlap over another overlap so it is not just an overlap of ending sequences. Another way to look at it is that these are more than billions of small fragments, or a shattered DNA, and not just 1 DNA but a pool of DNA of the same sequence. However, it is still not that perfect and needs to be sequenced enough times to get a solid answer before getting published. Third generation sequencers are trying to solve that problem, though. So instead of shattering DNA into smaller pieces, they can sequence the whole genome without breaking them up. It is still really pricey though.
Thank you for the answer.
So we are technically computer programs?
no, we do not function from binary structure- and we are made up of different parts. Our brains do not function the same way, nor do our cells. If you consider a computer program as anything with information, then yes- but thats like thinking anything with wings is a bird. Humans do not work like computer programs, and even neural nets cannot function with the same braod complexity that we do.
Antony Arango
DO NOT OVERTHINK IT.......YES WE ARE TECHNICALLY COMPUTER PROGRAMS (more like a collection of it), IT IS THE SAME IN THE SENSE THAT A STRING OF LETTERS WILL BE (in essence) CONVERTED INTO SOMETHING USEFUL.
ANY MANIPULATON OF THE GENES WILL CHANGE THE PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP YOUR CELLS (just like any manipulation of the code will change a program). A DNA CAN ALSO BE CORRUPTED MUCH LIKE IN A COMPUTER.
Price
Where are the behavior markings in DNA?
its not coding language
its adenine guanine thymine cytosine
@@Cpt_John_Price If we were computer programs, as put forth by you, then it is reasonable to assume that increasing organismic complexity positively correlates with complexity of the genome (total DNA information), right?
Now tell me why single celled microscopic Amoeba have 223x more DNA than we do?
OUTSTANDING as always. Thanks TED
Is there a name for the method of sequencing genes like the one talked about in this video?
The method in this video is very, very simplified but probably referring to shotgun sequencing. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing
the method is illumina sequencing. the dig deeper portion of the lesson has links to this type and others if interested.
Mark Kiel Ah, I see. Thanks!
Thanks Mark Kiel and Jitse van der Horn
Wouldn't each "circle" of similar RNA sliced pieces, be four colors? there are still four letters in separate orders how are they getting the order from a mix of colors?
I think there is still a lot to that but it was for basic understanding that it's one of the approaches to identify...
I was diagnosed with hereditary polycystic kidney disease when I was around nine, before that my Grandad and my Mam got diagnosed with it. My Grandad having to go on dialysis due to being diagnosed too late, and sadly passed away in January this year after 20 years on dialysis. I’m now 22 and kidney function is normal considering the circumstances but they’ve told me they’ll be doing this with my DNA.
hope that there are more info on application of molecular biology can be made into animation like this for better understanding
Human cell have 23 pair of DNA. Does this all 23 pair DNA Genome sequences? does all 23 pairs each other are identical?
do you have any video for packaging of DNA
Whats the reference used to make this video ? Pls and thanks
Amazing information ! Thank you so much for the video ❤️
I'm having trouble grasping the significance of how the various combinations of C's G's, A's and T's make a difference in who people are.....how does one tell by the order of those? what is the significance and difference between each base individually? How could one tell that a certain sequence can show someone could have sickle-cell anemia and what would that sequence look like?
***** Offtopic, but wouldn't it be closer to, um, computer language quaternary?
llamasarus1 total noob but there are like 20 basic amino acids which combines repeatedly and in some order to create a basic strand of protein.Each amino acid is coded by combination of a set of 3 nucleotide sequence called as codon. for eg codon for methionine is AUG . The rest of amino acids has some specific sets of codons. Depending on what instruction (sequence of nucleotide) one carry an amino acid will or not form.
ATGC codes for proteins. Proteins make up a lot of things in our body, including the blood cells you mention. Each amino acid has a specific sequence that is transcripted from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA to proteins. In sickle cell disease, one of the protein hemoglobin's 146 amino acid subunits (these make up proteins) is at fault. The DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids has coded for "valine" instead of "glutamic acid". Valine is very non-polar (does not mix well with water because water is made up of polar molecules; recall that the body is made up of mostly water) so as a result, the red blood cells clump because the protein chains that make the blood cell no longer fold correctly, creating the sickle shape.
Excellent n crisp video. Thank u
So much to learn...so few years to learn it all.
I wonder 8 years later since posting this video. How far this technology has evolved. This is my first explorer video about genomes. 🇳🇱❤️🇺🇦
Thank you so much. Really helpful
What's the name of the sequencing method represented in the video?
1:54 DNA double helices are right-handed but not left handed as shown... TED, please pay attention to the details....
That was good for me.ATCG.
With 24 English letters a countless literature is born.It seems with those 4 letters(symbols I suppose) countless shapes and forms of human beings are engineered.That if I have understood correctly.
Same with music, Fa So La Si Re innumerable notes of tunes are produced.
It sounds like everything starts with Basics.
118 Elements in multiple combinations give something like Nature.I hope I have understood rightly.Its all so amazing.Thanks.I like the French subtitle as well.
We need a new updated video on this. It's been 6yrs
This is how we do PCR COVID tests, folks. The generic material was sequenced, and now we can identify if you have COVID by looking for it's genetic signature in your samples.
Wow! Thanks for all the helpful information!! ❤😎
Well explained. Thank you!
Yes
3:40 how was this program written and scientifically verified?
This is good for education. Thanks!
Amazing explanation mam
how do u creat such illustrious in your videos..??
wow it explained so nicely .Thanx...,
This is fantastic.
How can we give colour to those little structure
That’s what I’m thinking she says they’re so insanely tiny that they can’t even separate a strand of them in half so how can they possibly colour or dye the individual little genes and what would they even use that is capable of staining the little genes with a colored tint? What kind of “dye” would even stick to such incredibly tiny things?? I don’t get it..
Which Is the name of the technique that give light After the matching of the nucleobases?
this is amazing 🤔
what do you study to learn more about this? or become?
Bioinformatics probably
Where are the behavior markings in the genome?
Concept so good, but one doubt-1! are there two or more humans with same sequence on this globe? If not, what is the use of genome sequence? Doubt-2: Just 4 bases, same sugar, same phosphate, how various expressions allowed keeping pairing rule (A-T, G-C) in mind? Taking two opposite strands, A-T, G-C at specific point dies it same as T-A, G-C at immediate position?
nice and creative way to teach!
That was really good.
I loved her way of speaking, she is super great. And the inclusion is really fascinating and interesting for many of us 🙃🇵🇸💜
This looks like there's gonna be a part 2
so are these nucleotides that have "special colours." actually nucleotides with radioactive markers? correct me if im wrong.
No, but you are definitely on the right track. They are in fact "tagged" with what we call fluorophores (molecules that fluoresce a certain color when freed up). When the base that is floating around in the mix is used in the sequencing, the fluorophore tag is released and then it flashes the color of the tag which gets picked up by the camera.
jmanfiji ooh, very interesting. thank you.
But now i have another question, whether someone can answer or not.
In the video when she says that they split the DNA into smaller segments and then replicate them and mark them with fluorophores. How do they know the order in which each small segments fit together?
example. if you had lets say 4 segments 1,2,3,4, and each had a length of 100 nucleotides. You could sequence each segment but how does a scientist know that the order of segments 1,2,3,4 go in the order 1,2,3,4, and not 2,3,1,4?
Koba4329 the order is determined by the significant amount of overlap between segments 1,2,3 and 4. in many cases, the sequence from two adjacent fragments of DNA, say 1 and 2, will overlap 50-95% whereas fragments 1 and 4 may not overlap at all! this overlap makes it pretty straightforward to determine which sequences are adjacent to each other.
I'm still confused about what method the DNA/ genome sequencing is used in this video, is it Sanger method?
Rayvicky Asmarayandhie The method is "sequencing using cyclic reversible terminator" aka CRT sequencing.
Glad to know!
Hey! Just awesome videos!! I have seen only 2 of this channel & becoming a fan.. :)
Do you have any plan to translate your videos?
If you give permission I want to translate these in my mother languages to make it more clear to the others in my region.
waiting for your answers & truly you are doing a great job!!! carry on...
the word genome is entire genetic materail in 1 cell or genome is word for all cells in full body ?
Wow....so well explained
What a great vedio to express knowledge! 🙌🏻♥️
Amazing video, thank you!
I didn't get the coloured letters part. please elaborate.
thank you, very helpful...
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Вроде просто, но в то же время сложно🤔. Объяснение супер👍
Iv been to the human genome project building outside of cambridge (the sangar institute) and inside they had books containing all of the letters on display, each book was as big as a guinnes world record book and as thick as a bible, each page had 10s of thousands of letters on and the rack of books spread across the entire room.
These amazing 👏
Very nice and useful information 💁♀️
Thanks 😊
So whose genome did we sequence back in 2003?
23 and me cost higher than a "nice birthday present"
very cool.
The words were posted at least twice in the video. Re-watch it buddy and you will see.
Awesome...that's so cool....Love it....thank you!!!
Very nice lecture 👌🙏
Thanks for good explain
Thank you so much!!!!
This is actually called next generation whole genome shotgun sequencing.
Should have mentioned how the short reads are merged together to become a whole genome…
Are you printing the broken DNAstrand
...anything that is BAD is what they are doing BY NOW.... Creating an ABOMINATION.....
whose genome did they sequence in 2003?
really good video...thank u
But what are the A,T,G,C in DNA. What do the letters represent?
they represent molecules (0:41)
Thanks. She just kept throwing letters at me and I got lost for second.
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
All of them are nucleotides and one of the main parts of the DNA
Towards the end it shows what the letters stand for. Watch the entire video before commenting
The A,T,G,C stand for adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. The letters represent base molecules called nitrogenous bases. There come in varieties: the A and G set are called purines, or five and six membered rings. The C and T set are called pyramidines or six membered rings. Both sets of purines and pyramindines contain a variety of atoms. Of course wikipedia has a wealth of information on both RNA and DNA but I thought you may have wanted a little more.