The Whole Saga of the Supercontinents
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- Опубліковано 11 лют 2018
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The study of natural history is the study of how the world has changed but Earth itself is in a constant state of flux -- because the ground beneath your feet is always moving. So if we want to know how we got here, we have to understand how "here" got here.
Thanks to Nathan E. Rogers, Julio Lacerda, Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of their work here: 252mya.com/licensing
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocume... → Hess’s first paper proposing seafloor spreading
courses.washington.edu/ess502/... → Vine and Matthews’s first description of mirrored magnetic anomalies
www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens... → Class notes from Stephen Nelson @ Tulane on the history of discovery and mechanisms of plate tectonics
www.indiana.edu/~g105lab/1425c... → Additional rundown on the mechanisms of plate tectonics
www.whoi.edu/sbl/liteSite.do?l... → Biography of Marie Tharp
www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct2... → review article of pre-pangaean continents
doi:10.1038/ngeo1069 → Paper linking the P-Tr extinction to Siberian Traps volcanism lighting coal on fire
dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP326.4 → Very solid reconstructions of Rodinia and Pannotia
www.le.ac.uk/gl/ads/SiberianT... → review of the potential and probable causes of the PTr extinction, as well as some discussion linking the TrJ extinction to the rifting of North America away from Pangaea
science.sciencemag.org/content... → TrJ extinction linked with North American rifting
web.archive.org/web/200804131... → Future continents
• Continental Drift: 3.3... → Basic animation of continental movements
• 300 Million Years of t... → Animation of Pangaea Ultima (although video called it Pangaea Proxima for some reason)
books.google.com/books?id=apA...
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/...
people.earth.yale.edu/sites/d...
science.psu.edu/news-and-event... - Наука та технологія
it's the *Cambrian Explosion*
Sean Asgari literally sat scrolling through the comments to see if anyone mentioned it
so funny they referenced it lmao
use ctrl+f
I half expected airhorns.
r/unexpectedbillwurtz
I have been DEVOURING these videos like they are going extinct! Lol I grew up not being allowed to "believe" in evolution and basically everything that is talked about in these videos, but now I feel like I am rediscovering the whole world again! I love how there is so much info packed into relatively short "episodes" and the info provided is easily understandable for us common folks who are craving the learning experience but don't have a degree in the field. You all are amazing for creating these fascinating glimpses into our past and you can count on me to watch EVERY episode! THANK YOU EONS STAFF!!!
I know is awesome. From my end is that sadly my school did not teach me any of this that much or the teachers didn’t make it interesting so is cool this channel exists
My discovery of these videos all started with a Starscream video by Lindsey Ellis.
wow .. not many people would be excited to learn, you go girl (or boy)
I completely understand how you feel - I also grew up in an environment where I was told that evolution and whole chunks of science was a lie. Enjoy these videos!
@@Drahko12 if your teacher showed you this video in class you probably still wouldn't have found it interesting
As soon as I get stable footing in my life, I learn the ground is moving.
lol
Aww bless you Mr epaulet shark (or miss!)
4:47
This guy really just referenced Bill Wurtz lmao
They’ve done it a couple times. Real recognise real!
hehe i noticed
I nearly spat out my water
I realize I'm not the only one always singing "the caaambrian explosion" 😁
Its the "♪♪♪Cambrian explosion♪♪♪"
bill wurtz reference OMG
i thought it was the channel oversimplified
@Zimmit's FunHouse Adventure It won't be that cheery when you have that explosion after a really spicy burrito~
@Zimmit's FunHouse Adventure Ah, I see you're a man of culture as well~
Moosd
Well I was a little surprised. I thought Pangea was the first super continent. Could you imagine a 1st grade class learning about tectonics and the teacher says "the first super continent is Pangea" and then a kid stands up and sais " actually several came before Pangea, one of the earliest being kenorland which formed at the end of the archean era. It's an understandable mistake this was a fairly recent discovery and our text books are only updated every few decades or so😂"
Speaking from personal experience, the kid will probably be sent to the principal's office.
One only hope that the kid's parents are supporting enough of actual learning to back them up and encourage their kid to being in the research and evidence and fight the ignorance as mine were.
It would depend on how open the teachers is to new information, and how respectful the tone of the child is. If you don't mind me asking, what is it that you corrected a teacher about?
Actually Kenorland isn't quite the ealiest either. Or at least that's suspected.
puncheex2 so, is it at least the earliest that is confirmed?
Well if I Remember correctly, my teacher definitely told me it was the first super continent, though I may be wrong, in any case I will continue to correct my knowledge, and attempt to remove as many inaccuracies as possible. You also bring up a good point, we often forget to question the knowledge we where given, which leads to incorrect information, this being a good example.
I really want to thank PBS for this channel. I like many of them, especially Space Time. However, “It’s Okay To Be Smart” has become a ritual viewing with my 8 year old daughter. You have to know that when I was a kid, I would have KILLED to have had access to these videos to learn from. I used to set the VCR to record shows and would rewatch them over and over again.
Now my daughter is getting into dinosaurs and learning about Earth History on this channel has been great for her. They get VERY LITTLE of this information in school. This channel is a great resource for kids and adults alike. We usually watch one video, sometimes two at bedtime. Reading books and stories is also great, but watching her mind wonder as she learns about the amazing things that have happened in her world, is just great! My little scientist may choose to follow in her father’s footsteps, maybe not, but that’s her choice. Still, its great that we can share these videos together, and talk about the amazing people who figured all of this stuff out.
Wow, this is really heartwarming to read, you're such a great family, bless you!)
i dislike name its pretty insensitive to constipated people. Next time think about what you say before you say it.
Lots of love laura xx
Nobody:
Earth: "THIS ISN'T EVEN MY FINAL FORM."
It's over 4.5 billion!!!!!
Would that be "charred by an expanding sun" or "cast adrift in space", then?
It’s final form is a dying black hole
@Tazzy World No one asked
Lmao
4:49
Did I just hear Bill Wurtz...?
yes
Amazing!
no it was something better
It's the caaammbrian explosionn
my thoughts exactly
You guys put so much work into these videos even though you don't get a lot of views. I love these videos so much and they definitely deserve more attention for how amazing they are. :)
The channel is fairly new, i'm sure they'll be getting millions of views soon enough.
My thoughts exactly. There's lots of click bait videos about prehistoric creatures and time periods, but these videos are the best I've found so far.
I think they also get seen on the PBS and their subsidiary sites, like OPB. But yes! This info should be common knowledge--so glad it's easily available now.
I agree. This is exactly the stuff I want to have out there: the opportunity to see and learn a lot in a short period.
Yeah this channel is awesome
I’m so proud of Bill Wurtz for sparking an interest in the history of our planet. It looks like Eons has embraced it as well! Bill gave the Cambrian Explosion a jingle that has shoved the term and concept into the category of “common knowledge”. :’)
"...then you also have to understand how HERE got here!"
I love that line. :)
I guess the plate tectonic theory was
“ground breaking”
Ba dum tssss
:clap: :clap: and that's a fact
This needs more likes
Give that man the clap!
Omg🤣
Fun fact: H. P. Lovecraft heard of the Continental Drift theory and used it in his stories, because he loved the concept of entire continents being lost to time. He ended up accidentaly future proofing his tales.
Love it! H.P. Lovecraft truly was a master of his craft. :’)
Knowing HP, he probably thought it was terrifying and was like "yeah I have to write about this" lmao
He was very interested in the science of his time. You can tell he was also keeping up with the new advances in physics and maths reading "The dreams in the Witch-House", where he mentions Einstein and Minkowski by name, among others, and from these concepts he extracted one of his favorite descriptions for eldritch things: 'non-euclidian'.
@@juanausensi499 didn't he think air conditioners were weird?
@@JayStorm199 He didn't like cold air currents. At all. That's probably the reason.
He wrote a history about this phobia, 'Cool Air'.
7:40 Goodbye South Europe, we'll always remember your food.
@[BosS] HITMAN 20 Not really, It's bound to be hit by Africa and form a giant mountain range in the future
RIP wegener, they weren't ready for the truth u were spitting 😔✊
Man was genius
He vanished during a flight over greenland.
"Euramerica"
No YOU'RE America
Sounds like tag.
Russia: *IT'S **_OUR_** AMERICA*
everybody gonna be america.
I thought I was lesbian????
Lmao
Eons is such an amazing series. Thanks to everyone whose hard work goes in to creating it.
(I dig the Bill Wurtz reference, by the way!)
Kenorland would be a sweet band name.
TenThumbs Productions ... I was into Kenorland before it was cool. The Earth... before the Earth was cool from the first major ice age.
As would Laramidia.
There was a band in Australia named Pangaea. Not sure if any of the other super continents have been done. I have played with the idea of using Sahul as a band name. That's one of the technical names for the continent of Australia incorporating Papua, which hardly anyone seems to know about. Can I play bass in Kenorland?
Or a theme park for Knorr
Then we would have two bands sharing names with ancient Earth terms.. the first being Coheed and Cambria of course!! The most underrated band of the 21st Century.
"the notion was so outlandish..."
you guys crack me up
Geologist here! Be careful using continental drift when you really mean plate tectonics. The original theory of continental drift was pretty much what it sounds like. The continents just drifting around like ducks on a pond. But plate tectonics takes into account convergent and divergent boundaries as well as things like transform faults, which you covered. Those are the true areas of movement and change. My structural geology professor made sure to correct us when we didn’t use plate tectonics. Just trying to help clarify!
Also, you should do something on the history of grass. We look around today and see it everywhere and think that it has always been around. That’s not the case!
Hi David. We made a point (I think) of only using continental drift in the context of Wegener's theory, because that's what he proposed. Plate Tectonics is the theory about the mechanism behind it, which came later. But you're right, they're often mistakenly conflated. So thanks for sharing your expertise! (BdeP)
Alfred Wegener probably would have laughed at you if one would say to him, the crust gets submerged into earths interior and massive mountain ranges divide the oceans.
It is mind blowing to know, that we had no proof of this until the 60s.
David Hahn I second the video on grass
Ahh you remind me of studying this in uni.
Yes I like smoking grass too🤣
Due to the meat trade grass has become vast.its only going to get worse.there are videos of this on UA-cam use key words to find🤙
Oh my... I really love, enjoy and every single word that exists to describe how inspiring is this channel. It's like watching Interstellar
the music on this one reminded me of interstellar too
So glad I subscribed, Its given me a whole new interest I never thought would suit me, but man is it interesting!
Towards the end of the video when Blake was explaining the future of Earth tectonics, that is when the "Interstellar" music crept in. It just feels so surreal.
It's very inspiring, but unfortunately the theory of plate tectonics is incorrect. Continental plates do not slide about and crash into each other. That is ridiculous, they are very big and rooted in the mantle, like giant concrete paving slabs sitting on a bed of clay. Paving slabs do not slide about and crash into each other do they!
It's the music.
This channel is so good. It's become the way I start every work day over breakfast! It's good to recognise that vastness of our world and the depths of time we owe our lives to over toast.
I would really appreciate an episode covering a (mostly) complete rundown of human's evolutionary ancestory including LUCA, Cynodonts, and all the rest. I want to know who to be particularly grateful to.
Thank you for your beautiful work!
Big love for Blake. He’s my favorite! He’s just so fun to listen to! Thanks for all the great videos, Eons, and especially to Blake for being such an awesome presenter!
Wow I didn't know about supercontinents before Pangaea. So cool. And the pacing was much better this time. Thanks!
I had always wondered about this. As pangea was only ~200mya, what happened in the other 4 billion years? I guess all this started going down around 2.5bya ago tho. This was a fascinating video.
Pacing can maybe be difficult when you’re trying to summarize billions of years in under ten minutes
Well to be fair....
If you're studying the continents based on BIOLOGY not geology
(Fossil evidence)
Then Pangea would be your start
Everything before that was really just a rock surrounded by pretty much dead ocean
Unfortunately what he says in the end that humans will diverse doesn’t have a strong point to us because we can move by water, land and air. Even a mass extinction event wouldn’t because we’re to adaptive and our brains are fragile but highly advanced. If we picked apart “races” and said culture can change we all eat of the same sources through trade with other Homo sapiens. We all have the same bone structures and move a lot compared to other species of hominids in the past. The color of our skin is similar to how different dog breeds have different colors of fur. There not adaptations towards climate change lol. I’m the next million years we would change integrity but our appearance would be mostly tan with chocolate or blonde hair colors and brown eyes being the dominant trait aside from blue eyes. So really everyone going to look Asian and African with underlining features of an Caucasian.
@@uTubeMeltsYourBrain i think they speed up their videos, to make them fit the 10’ mark. I always set the speed to 0.75 when watching Eons’ videos. It takes me time to absorb the contents. It’s a science channel, not a frigging horse race, damn it lol
Was the way he said Cambrian a reference to that beautiful Bill Wurtz video?
I think it was. And it made me so happy.
Yes
+
Gabe Grothaus yes
Not the first time they've referenced it either.
I’m obsessed with your videos, and I usually watch so many of them on specific topics that I don’t really have any idea of the whole timeline of history. Really helpful for me to get a bigger picture!! Thanks for all your amazing work Pbs!
Thank you for your very informative educational videos. Not only do they inform, they correct misinformation or outdated knowledge that may have been acquired earlier over time. I appreciate the time and efforts you bring to your video projects. More power to your organization.
Gotta love how when referring to the dinosaur extinction, you now have to specify non-avian dinosaurs. I have pet dinosaurs. I ate dinosaur for lunch.
"I have pet dinosaurs. I ate dinosaur for lunch."
Hopefully those two aren't the same.
I was literally eating a dinosaur sandwich while watching this video.
On a related note, my honest and non-trolling top three dinosaurs are
1) Stegosaurus
2) Triceratops
3) Penguin
@@DanielHarveyDyer Budgerigar, Kookaburra, Peregrine Falcon. :)
You don't really have to, but scientists enjoy being smug about things.
After watching a few of their videos on dinosaurs I kept referring to the chicken at home as dinosaurs for a few days. XD
4:49 Was that a Bill Wurtz reference?!?
soap
HELL YEAH
Aaaaww yeah
They could do without it. I prefer it the way it is.
It was horrible.
This channel is my absolute favourite on UA-cam. Awesome subjects, brilliantly explained and well presented.
One of the most wonderful videos from Eons. Many , many, many thanks to all the workers ( in all capacities)
of Eons.
Eons is my favorite PBS show
same I think my second favorite is pbs spacetime. But paleontology is my favorite subject so this show is my favorite.
Spacetime > Infinite Series > Eons but still pretty awesome
Spacetime is my favorite but Eons is a close second.
Don't forget the common ancestor of them all. Idea Channel.
One of my proudest subscriptions
I love this channel.
PBS eons - thankyou very much for allowing me to fInd you!!
Absolutely love your channel, you deserve to be way bigger then this, which I have no doubt you will!.
I just sent this video to everyone in my contacts and told them to subscribe. I hope it helps!!!
Much love❤️🙏🏼🍄
Thank you guys for your work, your vids are really chill to watch in the background.
Eons is so amazing. Keep doing what you're doing.
This stuff is just so darn interesting!
I love digging in your sources after each video so thanks for sharing them ! Your serious work is very appreciated, and I hope this playlist goes on
Great job running these channels! You do a huge service to humanity.
Natural history is often taught as if it were a progression toward humanity. As soon as eukaryotes, then fish, then tetrapods, then mammals evolve, the focus leaves the rest of life forever, only to focus on this small branch of life's tree. So far, this show has gone against that convention, and I hope it will never fall to that level again.
I believe it is called anthropocentrism.
I'm not sure. The new Geology with its emphasis on Biology (or vice-versa) is also a Natural History taught from a perspective that life appears to bring more and more "earth abundant" elements into play as life adapts to it's habitat. O², N, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mo..
Have you done a video yet on dating methods?
I'd love to see a general explanation of how geologists can pick up a rock and say "this rock is this old, or that rock is that old".
Which methods work for various ages? What are the effective ranges and limitations of differing methods?
azdgariarada
I'd like a video on this as well!
I hear they use Bouldr
Geologists do date a lot, but many of them prefer steady, long relationships. Which is not very surprising, as they are generally very down to earth, and don't take gneiss things for granite. They are also accepting of faults, and when schist happens they will be there for you. If you think that sounds boring, be assured that they do know how to make the bedrock!
They do throw around a few cheesy pick up lines when dating, though. Had one geologist tell me that if I'd follow her home, I'd be cummingtonite:)
U238/Pb206 and U235/Pb207 should be fairly known.
Those are used for billions of years since the half life of U238 is ~4.5Ga (U235 ~0.7Ga).
Other dating system being used are (depending of the type of rock/mineral you use, because not every element is abundant in every mineral) Sm147/Nd143, Lu176/Hf176 (in Ca2+ rich minerals like feldspars) and Sr87/Rb87.
The whole procedure might be a little complicated to comprehend when fleshed out tho.
Fun Fact: We know the age of the earth not from zircons from earth (the oldest are merely ~4.2Ga), but from the U238/Pb206 Ratios in Chondrites (undifferentiated meteorites) which are to be belived the first solid preticipations of the inner solar system.
So when you say: the earth is 4.567Ga old, you really mean: the first rocks that will form planet earth in a million years or so existed at that time.
Earth was just a Pebble.
azdgariarada Search "Carbon dating" up
I love this. I would absolutely watch like an hour long documentary going into even more detail about this. It's really interesting to see what sort of life existed at the time of these various continents, it puts it both the geology and the biology into perspective in a much better way than just saying something existed 400 million years ago or whatever.
Great content! I used to read Encyclopedias as a kid! They were so cool! Now this. This is much much more effective in teaching! Keep it up mate!
Please do a video on the pseudosuchians! The sometimes forgotten cousins of dinosaurs and pterosaurs that also evolved into huge and terrifying forms.
I really want to see them talk about armadillosuchus.
@@somedude140 I wanna know about the armoreddildo
words can not describe how amazing this channel is like oh my god you guys make me feel like a child again when i used to feel all giddly and excited to learn about the history of the earth, much love from a lone guy in Canada
Your channel is an inspiration, thank you for being here...
Brilliant Series !!!!! Thank you guys/girls for your hardwork and dedication. Super informative and interesting!
The six dislikes are from flat-earthers
Haha! Nice one
Most likely
It's funny because of how plausible that actually is
I was gonna say that the 74 dislikes came from religious people 'cause they think Earth was created by God or something.
Could just be people who think humans should not sound like chipmunks.
Loved this episode! Blake's voice and narration are awesome, and paleogeography sounds like the forgotten child of natural history :-)
Blake has been apart of SciShow and Crashcourse for so long. All these years and I had no idea how amazing a host he was.
or the middle child who went to college before human history was born
One of the best youtube channels available today. I appreciate all the work guys! Keep it up
Thanks for slowing down a bit Blake. Still pretty rapid fire but much easier to follow.
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
4:48 That Bill Wurtz reference tho
3:58 When North India is in south and South India in the north.😂
I love the “history of the entire world, I guess” reference
The sun is a deadly lazer.
Not anymore, there's a blanket.
The galaxy is a deadly quasar.
It makes a lot of sense, because whenever earth changes, the living creatures that live on it also change along side it
Moses Jonson Yes, the study of it is known as biogeography and is a fact that supports evolution and natural selection
They assume continental drift is a proven theory.
But there is a newer explanation that this video is unaware of, but also answers the same clues.
This theory is that continents did not drift, but that the world grew, splitting the continents apart, instead !
Mark Robins Can I see the article or source?
@@Kinarr. you lost me at "unaware"
Fabulous. Thanks, PBS Eons!!
This is fantastic! Just what I was looking for. Thank you!
The land positions relative to the poles and equator were a mind-blowing concept. I could watch an entire series on the continents!
This was so incredibly satisfying!! Thank you all for taking and answering requests! Absolutely worth the wait!!!
Great information from a trusted source. Thank you
I've just discovered this channel. How did I live for so long without it!
Paleogeography is one of my all time favorite subjects; I'm so glad you guys made a video on this!!
I would love to learn more about the evolution of things like eyes, teeth, hearing. I find it very interesting! !
Love this show!
Epicly deserved thank you! Quite simple when you put it that way...
These videos are super awesome. They're bite-sized and really capture my attention! I feel like I'm learning more with this channel than I retain from any science course I've taken.
Hello. Love these videos. Can you guys do the evolution of mammals and reptiles from therapsids please
Also, could you do a video about the history of Australia and New Zealand. I find both continents (Yes, New Zealand is a continent) so fascinating with it's prehistoric birds, penguins and the fact that New Zealand was once completely submerged at one point.
You could check out Aron Ra's series, The Systematic Classification of life, he is working on it.
ua-cam.com/play/PLXJ4dsU0oGMLnubJLPuw0dzD0AvAHAotW.html
I’m really enjoying this series :-)
Thank you. This video actually answered all the questions I had!
These videos are absolutely amazing, I cant get enough of them!
That was fascinating. Thanks!
4:50 was... was that a history of the entire world reference, that’s awesome
This is so amazing, I kept pausing the video and going back because there is so much info. I asked my bf’s aunt if they were even taught earth sciences in high school and she said no. She graduated in ‘67. This is just so amazing
I love this channel. Time well spent.
Love Blake (and Kallie and Hank), love Eons, love the Bill Wurtz reference. Keep up the great work!
I'm going to watch this video so many times. A great topic! I'd love something similar with the time system itself- laying out the different scales of time and hallmarks of each period/eon/etc.
Also human evolution!
Ooh, yes. I'd watch the crap out of that.
this video was incredibly interesting!! thanks for sharing
Absolutely adored this episode! So fascinating 😍
Everytime Eons was referencing continental movement animation I thought:
"Damn, I really want the whole episode on continental movement and tectonics".
And here we are.
More supercontinents wow
Can't tell if this is a comment or a request.
@@ObjectsInMotion The answer is yes
Great vid and amazing channel - thanks.
Man, these videos are so cool. I can't believe that I didn't find this channel until yesterday!
I feel like this is a form of time travel!! It's so exciting, I literally shouted, "yes!!" When you strated talking about the future movement of the continents!
I would love to see how life may have changed on earth if humans had never evolved.
Nicely done. I’d love to see something on the Supervolcanos.
That was REALLY interesting! Thanks for sharing!
Love it! Amazing content. You made me navigate a lot of research findings in a short period of time.
my favorite channel
So far away -- so long ago. So terribly desolate and alien to me. I feel great despair when I see our world so many eons ago. How I love life here in the late Cenozoic.
*+*
It wouldn't be lonely if you brought a friend
(: thank you -- you are right
This is a wonderful production. The graphics really help support the really nice presentation. Plate tectonics and continental drift have had a big unifying effect in explaining geologic phenomenon. Just one example is the distribution of life across the older continents that we see via paleontology.
Thanks for sharing!
The pace of presentation (and content, of course!) is what brings many of us here, and keeps us engrossed, like the Crash Courses and related series. Please don't slow down the pace - others can adjust the speed down as they like, to where they're comfortable.
Rifts can also die. Like the mid-continental rift (about during Rodina). I’m glad you brought up Kenorland! The Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic is my bag. I’m kind of upset you didn’t mention Wilson Cycles.
Steven Baumann h
Hi ! I am from Russia. Rodinia -Rodina (Родина-motherland) . Translated from Russian
Talk about strange fish from the Ordovician please!
My proudest subscription so far!
For some strange reason I enjoy Blake's videos the most. Is it a coincidence or different hosts specialize/prefer and pick different topics ("loving high level things", huh)?
I am extremely grateful fur such a great summary. Truly thanks
4:48 gonna use that as a ringtone.
This is so freakin' fascinating! The earth is an amazing place and humans are amazing for being able to figure all of this stuff out!
Brilliant. Love sharing your videos with the kids
Very informative. Thank you very much. 🙏