Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/2SrDulJ
+Sara Gates I think its good to bring out topics the way Hank does, because lets say someone is not too into science and they see it as a shady and peculiar topic. Hank introduces topics with some very good and hooking tone that drives readers into the video. However he has a tendency to speak extremely fast, which shows his high prowess in the English Language. However still, Hank is an excellent role model on how he approaches topics in chemistry, and biology.
I normally do not leave comments on youtube. However, you guys have helped me in everything from history to chemistry. You make things so clear, concise, and in a way that makes me pay attention. Thank you and keep up the good work.
And once again Crash Course saves my life with a video telling me exactly what to do and how to do it the day before a very important test. Than you Crash Course, thank you.
So i have an enthalpy quiz tomorrow.. thought process rn: thank you hank thank you hanks mom for making hank thank you hanks dad for making hank thanks god for making hanks family so hank will appear
For the specific heat capacity portion of the video, I just want to point out that the unit 's' signifies VOLUMETRIC heat capacity (also called volume-specific heat capacity). Volumetric heat capacity is measured per unit volume, whereas specific heat capacity (usually used for solids and denoted by the symbol 'c') is per unit mass.
i love this guy I've looked so long with someone with understanding of chemistry and can explain it throughly not just read the definition out of a book
For most of the scientific community, specific heat capacity is represented by a lower case c, indicating the heat capacity per gram. A capital C is used for molar heat capacity, with either a P or V subscript for gases, if the calorimetry is done under constant P or constant V conditions. (BTW, Using c makes the heat equation q=mcAT look a lot like the name of a dreaded medical school entrance test, which is easier to remember than your smAT)
I'm in first-year university chemistry, people get in trouble for stirring with the thermometer, half of them are mercury, mercury spills are very bad. Or if they're alcohol, they're expensive to replace. Though in Chem 11, my group did break an alcohol thermometer by using it to stir.
This is wonderful. Sadly, by not fault of your own it came out after my chemistry exam. Yeah, the one where I panicked, messed up all my enthalpy and now have permanently f***ed up my A Levels. But thank you - hopefully you can save some other poor soul :)
+somepeoplearewild He, in a Vlogbrothers Video, stated that he cuts out the breaths he takes because they take up .5 of a second and wastes time. XD Its efficient, its cool, just like Hank. XD
In my school, the difference between physics and chemistry was VERY clear. Chemistry deals with chemical phenomenons, physics with physical phenomenon. Chemical phenomenon are phenomenons where chemical composition changed, so substances necessarily must mix together. ALL ELSE: physics. So to me, A LOT of crash course chemistry videos were simply crash course physics videos. I'm not complaining, I'm just amazed you keep treating the diff between physics and chemistry as a matter of opinion.
yes, that was what I was trying to say but less lengthy. It is also worth noting that H+, or hydrogen ions can also contain nuetrons which is why I really don't like saying exchanging protons. I think it is much simpler and leaves less room for confusion if you say hydrogen nucleus or hydrogen ions.
I've found that reinforces my memory. When was in AP History last year, we would read a chapter in the book and then learn the previous chapter in class. That way, when we got around to discussing it, it was simultaneously cementing the knowledge in our brain and teaching us new materials.
we did calorimetry in year 7 (though not half as advanced) we burnt monster munch and everyones thermometers exploded in the water we were heating. there were loads of pretty colours like purple and green and everyone wanted theirs to explode too, so as you can probably guess our results weren't great ;)
thank you for this video, I am watching to help my son in his chemistry class and who are all of these people with their infantile negative comments? The should be thankful.
I did this exact lab a couple of days ago in class. Yes, we used our thermometers as stirring rods. We did get different numbers from Hank's project but it was probably cause we used half the amount of HCl and NaOH
I have physics exam tomorrow and this saved me . And HOW IS THIS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY?! Makes zero sense for me but ok and thank you very much this is a life saver
True. Didn't make a video out of them and have an editor and a producer and a 100,000+ fan base, however. Seems significant. Students will be attempting to reinforce learning or discover new ways of thinking using these videos.
As soon as Hank held up the two bottles next to each other, I was like: D8 Oh crap, he's gonna do it! Afterwards: Wow, that was actually pretty anticlimactic.
I proctored for the chemistry department as a junior in high school and diluting concentrated stock acid down to 1M for lab use was a regular duty for me. Occasional I'd only make a quart of dilute but most of the time it was multiple gallon batches.
get this man a lab bench!! I love the awesome set that Hank is filming on, but I think Hank would be safer and could do cooler experiments if he had proper lab bench
When I was in high school, I was a chemistry lab aide. In the first month, I had to make 1M HCl from from 12M stock HCl. My teacher didn't inform me I was supposed to work in the fume hood to do this. My nose was hurting for a week!
Yes. 2H20 equilibrium reaction H30+ + HO-. The protons can go back to where they started or go to another molecule. Google doesn't know the difference between arrows and HTML tags.
I gotta say...... You are awesome! You are the one chemist in the entire world i can RELATE to. I love how you sneak in little Easter eggs into the episodes like wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey, David Tennant, Carl Segan, and Live long and prosper. You are like my equal in terms of geekiness.
One problem with the calculation is that you used the standard enthalpies of the covalent species (HCl, NaOH) instead of the standard enthalpies of the ionic, solvated species. Since strong acids and bases dissociate completely, the net ionic equation becomes important. The enthalpy of 0.100 mol of the reaction of OH- and H+ going to H2O is actually -5.73 kJ so you're not really that far off, but it could have been a bigger issue in other contexts where solubility becomes important.
They were exchanging H+ ions which ARE, strictly speaking, protons, but are the entirety of their own nucleus, and thus never contended with the strong force. The OH- ions that result from the spontaneous proton donation (water is a weak acid) and H30+ ions from the reaction of H20 and H+ (water is also a weak proton acceptor, and as such a weak base) form a small but detectable portion of water at any given time, although the H+ ions are accepted by OH or H2O too quickly to be detected.
Yeah, the symbol I've always seen for specific heat is c. Once you play around with symbols for a while you just see them as symbols and don't care if it stands for something or not.
My teacher uses c for specific heat and C for heat capacity. Most of the problem comes from having to deal with the math language instead of plain english. It is like programming computer level instead of using an interface. Or Python vs a low end computer language.
So, I know this is just a brief synopsis of calorimetry, but you could have mentioned more closely how calorimeter constants are found. I know that you said that some heat is lost to the surroundings, but you could have spent ~20 more seconds explaining that, even with improvised calorimeters, you can get relatively precise measurements. Just a thought.
yeah I was wondering about that too, his measuremed value was higher than his theoratical value, which is kinda weird because that would mean that something else must have warmed up the thermometer also.
I learned it as DeltaH=nCpDeltaT which is basically the same thing, n being the number of moles and Cp being the heat capacity at constant pressure (Cv+R)...It might be helpful if Hank adds this in though as another way we might have seen it.
Hydrogen bonds are bonds just like any other bond. They're of a lower strength than most covalent or ionic bonds but saying that they aren't bonds because our definition of molecules is based around covalent bonding is just pedantry. Just like there is no clear distinction between ionic and covalent bonds, the distinction between them and hydrogen bonds is purely a matter of degree.
very nice work with the episode. But I think there is a inconsistency or am i wrong? If the value of the heat you calculated by calorimeter (6.2 ) is greater than value calculated by hess's law (5.7), then how is this explained by the reasons mentioned that said that some heat is not accounted for which is lost in calorimeter.
Great video, as usual. On the subject of possible causes of inaccuracies between experimental data and theoretical data - surely the accuracy and precision you were able to measure the temperature was a significant factor as well?
Great video, as usual. Not to pick holes, but rather to warn against reinforcing a common misconception: @6:47 when talking about breaking and forming hydrogen bonds the animation shows the molecules of water breaking apart (breaking the O-H covalent bond), this is NOT a hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond is NOT a covalent bond to hydrogen, but a specific type of INTERMOLECULAR bond/attraction/force. Take care over this difference, I've seen a lot of marks lost in exams due to this!
Oh - and before anyone tries to muddy the water, the fact that the H2O will form the equilibrium 2H2O H3O+ + OH- is a different matter (although obviously another way heat energy is 'used' rather than just increasing temperature) - my point is about the misconception over the term 'hydrogen bond'
HCL and NaOH are well contained by many plastics. If I had to guess, I'd say the containers were PTFE or HDPE, both of which are very resistant to attack by these chemicals. Go back and watch the Crash Course on acids. Acids and bases aren't all consuming chemicals that can only be stopped with glass.
Yes. This is my point of contention. Although he does mention having used the specific heat of pure water instead of salt water. Perhaps the calculations should be redone with a reasonable guess as to the salinity.
@@krishnanarramneni587 By that I meant that a one-degree change in Celsius is the same as a one-degree change in Kelvin. Since the formula asks for simply the change in temperature, it doesn't matter if you use Kelvin or Celsius. Hope that clears it up.
Hank, I hope you live in the northern part of Montana because you're coming to Saskatchewan in a couple weeks to write my thermodynamics exam. Thanks by the way
Thanks rockinlollipop. That was my theory as well. It was the "nuts" bit that I don't get. There are many high level physists, chemists, biologists, etc... who are also Christian. My response was more out of incredulity than confusion, but I do thank you for the help.
No. If you go back to the formula with the numbers plugged in before the result was shown, the moles cancel out, because he multiplies the value of each chemical with the amount of the chemical involved (in moles).
@Dan Heidel...pedantry...maybe...but Hank implied in his graphics (at least what I saw) that bonds in the molecule itself were broken when only the hydrogen bonds were being broken...I'm well aware of how powerful those bonds can be...they're the reason why you and I are alive...
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/2SrDulJ
k
Hank is such a good role model when it comes to lab safety.
haha! he forgot lab coat & gloves!!
It's hard to take someone seriously when they don't take what they're saying seriously.
it hurt watching that.
+Sara Gates I think its good to bring out topics the way Hank does, because lets say someone is not too into science and they see it as a shady and peculiar topic. Hank introduces topics with some very good and hooking tone that drives readers into the video. However he has a tendency to speak extremely fast, which shows his high prowess in the English Language. However still, Hank is an excellent role model on how he approaches topics in chemistry, and biology.
I wouldn't be worried too much, it's 0.1 M HCl. Some people on UA-cam do challenges eating sour candies with a lower pH than 0.1 M HCl
I normally do not leave comments on youtube. However, you guys have helped me in everything from history to chemistry. You make things so clear, concise, and in a way that makes me pay attention. Thank you and keep up the good work.
I agree, they need more of these types, if you reply 4 years after awesome lol
And once again Crash Course saves my life with a video telling me exactly what to do and how to do it the day before a very important test. Than you Crash Course, thank you.
So i have an enthalpy quiz tomorrow..
thought process rn:
thank you hank
thank you hanks mom for making hank
thank you hanks dad for making hank
thanks god for making hanks family so hank will appear
For the specific heat capacity portion of the video, I just want to point out that the unit 's' signifies VOLUMETRIC heat capacity (also called volume-specific heat capacity). Volumetric heat capacity is measured per unit volume, whereas specific heat capacity (usually used for solids and denoted by the symbol 'c') is per unit mass.
Hank I appreciate all your videos, they are really uplifting and encouraging to pursue my interest in chemistry, or biology.
Continue the great work.
this has literally been made almost 10 years ago and this is still extremely useful to people like me. Tysm
i love this guy I've looked so long with someone with understanding of chemistry and can explain it throughly not just read the definition out of a book
exam tomorrow wya
"Never do the thing that I'm doing"
*desperately wants to do the thing*
For most of the scientific community, specific heat capacity is represented by a lower case c, indicating the heat capacity per gram. A capital C is used for molar heat capacity, with either a P or V subscript for gases, if the calorimetry is done under constant P or constant V conditions. (BTW, Using c makes the heat equation q=mcAT look a lot like the name of a dreaded medical school entrance test, which is easier to remember than your smAT)
chemistry exam tomorrow, I'm actually going to die
good luck :)
hahhahaha
Afkcorgi yes i did
Same
how was the exam xD?
Our AP Chem teacher encourages us to stir with the thermometer when we use calorimeters. lol we ded
They just break usually stirring rods are used
Also most thermometers these days have alcohol, not mercury.
I'm in first-year university chemistry, people get in trouble for stirring with the thermometer, half of them are mercury, mercury spills are very bad. Or if they're alcohol, they're expensive to replace. Though in Chem 11, my group did break an alcohol thermometer by using it to stir.
This is wonderful. Sadly, by not fault of your own it came out after my chemistry exam. Yeah, the one where I panicked, messed up all my enthalpy and now have permanently f***ed up my A Levels. But thank you - hopefully you can save some other poor soul :)
does this man breathe???? what is his life force?
somepeoplearewild Aliens
+somepeoplearewild He, in a Vlogbrothers Video, stated that he cuts out the breaths he takes because they take up .5 of a second and wastes time. XD Its efficient, its cool, just like Hank. XD
my brain doesn't work as fast as his obviously i get swept away in these because there's no pauses
+somepeoplearewild Its called jump cuts
I slow down the video, but even so still kind of fast.
you are an amazing teacher!! ur videos clear my concepts so much... I find ur lectures way useful than my chemistry teachers' ... thanks a lot!!!
When he references Doctor Who!!!:-) Its all wibbly wobbly bony wondy
In my school, the difference between physics and chemistry was VERY clear. Chemistry deals with chemical phenomenons, physics with physical phenomenon. Chemical phenomenon are phenomenons where chemical composition changed, so substances necessarily must mix together. ALL ELSE: physics.
So to me, A LOT of crash course chemistry videos were simply crash course physics videos. I'm not complaining, I'm just amazed you keep treating the diff between physics and chemistry as a matter of opinion.
Thanx good presentation , I had a tough time with my chemistry teacher's class
yes, that was what I was trying to say but less lengthy. It is also worth noting that H+, or hydrogen ions can also contain nuetrons which is why I really don't like saying exchanging protons. I think it is much simpler and leaves less room for confusion if you say hydrogen nucleus or hydrogen ions.
I've found that reinforces my memory. When was in AP History last year, we would read a chapter in the book and then learn the previous chapter in class. That way, when we got around to discussing it, it was simultaneously cementing the knowledge in our brain and teaching us new materials.
Need to add subtitles.I watch this at school.And this is my favorite thing to watch.
Every scientists famous last words, "Never do what I'm doing". Then thousands of other scientists attempt to repeat the experiment.
we did calorimetry in year 7 (though not half as advanced) we burnt monster munch and everyones thermometers exploded in the water we were heating. there were loads of pretty colours like purple and green and everyone wanted theirs to explode too, so as you can probably guess our results weren't great ;)
Did he just say "wiggly woggly, bondy wondy"?
This guy is the Doctor, OH MY GOD.
Exactly my thoughts!!
thank you for this video, I am watching to help my son in his chemistry class and who are all of these people with their infantile negative comments? The should be thankful.
I love crash course chemistry! Keep up the great work team!
I did this exact lab a couple of days ago in class. Yes, we used our thermometers as stirring rods. We did get different numbers from Hank's project but it was probably cause we used half the amount of HCl and NaOH
I have physics exam tomorrow and this saved me . And HOW IS THIS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY?! Makes zero sense for me but ok and thank you very much this is a life saver
True. Didn't make a video out of them and have an editor and a producer and a 100,000+ fan base, however. Seems significant. Students will be attempting to reinforce learning or discover new ways of thinking using these videos.
literally have my final in about a half hour - thanks! 💞
4:58-5:00... DId anyone else notice that the Hg was shown as a mirror image...?
Akil Iyer I was watching that thinking,"Why is the symbol so funny looking?"
learned this in class, made no sense. One video and I'm golden! You're saving lives!
As soon as Hank held up the two bottles next to each other, I was like: D8 Oh crap, he's gonna do it!
Afterwards: Wow, that was actually pretty anticlimactic.
Thank you so much! I spent to much time researching how do these calculations until I watched your video! Thank you once again!
this brings me back to my high school exam... you should have done this a couple of years ago, it would have saved me a lot of frustration!
I proctored for the chemistry department as a junior in high school and diluting concentrated stock acid down to 1M for lab use was a regular duty for me. Occasional I'd only make a quart of dilute but most of the time it was multiple gallon batches.
get this man a lab bench!! I love the awesome set that Hank is filming on, but I think Hank would be safer and could do cooler experiments if he had proper lab bench
When I was in high school, I was a chemistry lab aide. In the first month, I had to make 1M HCl from from 12M stock HCl. My teacher didn't inform me I was supposed to work in the fume hood to do this. My nose was hurting for a week!
Thank you for doing this. You guys are amazing! I hope to be like you someday!
This Doctor Who reference pleases me greatly.
I'm taking ap chem next year. imnsho glad this exists.
This is by far the most technically difficult Crash Course thus far. That's a great thing.
Yes. 2H20 equilibrium reaction H30+ + HO-. The protons can go back to where they started or go to another molecule.
Google doesn't know the difference between arrows and HTML tags.
Why was Mercury's periodic symbol backwards?
corona borona ke he me puy ke ji?
I gotta say...... You are awesome! You are the one chemist in the entire world i can RELATE to. I love how you sneak in little Easter eggs into the episodes like wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey, David Tennant, Carl Segan, and Live long and prosper. You are like my equal in terms of geekiness.
This brought back so many good memories of high school and college.
One problem with the calculation is that you used the standard enthalpies of the covalent species (HCl, NaOH) instead of the standard enthalpies of the ionic, solvated species. Since strong acids and bases dissociate completely, the net ionic equation becomes important. The enthalpy of 0.100 mol of the reaction of OH- and H+ going to H2O is actually -5.73 kJ so you're not really that far off, but it could have been a bigger issue in other contexts where solubility becomes important.
OMG that doctor who reference was great!
watching crash course in my holidays preparing for chem next year woop thats how you do it
I love the Tailspin plane in the graphic talking about fuel estimation.
As a chemistry major Crash Course: Chemistry makes me really happy.
that's not good guys you shouldn't say such things at least he is helping with his videos.
Learnt and enjoyed
Thank you for explaining the hess equations explanation. I needed some review but I remembered it.
They were exchanging H+ ions which ARE, strictly speaking, protons, but are the entirety of their own nucleus, and thus never contended with the strong force. The OH- ions that result from the spontaneous proton donation (water is a weak acid) and H30+ ions from the reaction of H20 and H+ (water is also a weak proton acceptor, and as such a weak base) form a small but detectable portion of water at any given time, although the H+ ions are accepted by OH or H2O too quickly to be detected.
THIS MAKES SO MUCH SENSE
For some reason I have to put
q= m c delta T
Means same thing but.. ugh
+Susan Curley I like that version better because you can think of it as M Cat. q = mcAT...pretend the A is delta.
yes!!
Yeah, the symbol I've always seen for specific heat is c. Once you play around with symbols for a while you just see them as symbols and don't care if it stands for something or not.
My teacher uses c for specific heat and C for heat capacity. Most of the problem comes from having to deal with the math language instead of plain english. It is like programming computer level instead of using an interface. Or Python vs a low end computer language.
can you do one episode explaining what mercury is, and what is it for, and how it effects human body and all about it ? thx :)
I wish you were my chemistry teacher
Sameeeee.
In the UK, specific heat capacity is c, which means that E=mcΔt, which makes for REALLY easy remembering!
i thought the symbol for specific heat capacity was c ? is that just a UK thing?
No, Ruth. It's not just a UK thing.
Depends on whether you're calculating specific heat for moles or for grams. the letter is different for each one.
My lab instructor uses "c", my lecture instructor uses "s". I was really confused during my first thermodynamics lab!
I live in the United States and it's c in my AP chemistry class.
My lab instructor uses c as well. The equation, however, is q=mc(delta)t
This helped me so much for my chemistry lab that is due within 24 hours XD
make crash course videos for all subjects and then create a website like khanacademy
you are an awesome teacher
So, I know this is just a brief synopsis of calorimetry, but you could have mentioned more closely how calorimeter constants are found. I know that you said that some heat is lost to the surroundings, but you could have spent ~20 more seconds explaining that, even with improvised calorimeters, you can get relatively precise measurements. Just a thought.
That is definitely true because I had two different professors for my Chemistry classes and one used mcdeltaT, and one used msdelta T
yeah I was wondering about that too, his measuremed value was higher than his theoratical value, which is kinda weird because that would mean that something else must have warmed up the thermometer also.
Loving the Doctor Who reference!
I learned it as DeltaH=nCpDeltaT which is basically the same thing, n being the number of moles and Cp being the heat capacity at constant pressure (Cv+R)...It might be helpful if Hank adds this in though as another way we might have seen it.
you are saving my life!
Hydrogen bonds are bonds just like any other bond. They're of a lower strength than most covalent or ionic bonds but saying that they aren't bonds because our definition of molecules is based around covalent bonding is just pedantry.
Just like there is no clear distinction between ionic and covalent bonds, the distinction between them and hydrogen bonds is purely a matter of degree.
very nice work with the episode. But I think there is a inconsistency or am i wrong?
If the value of the heat you calculated by calorimeter (6.2 ) is greater than value calculated by hess's law (5.7), then how is this explained by the reasons mentioned that said that some heat is not accounted for which is lost in calorimeter.
Great video, as usual. On the subject of possible causes of inaccuracies between experimental data and theoretical data - surely the accuracy and precision you were able to measure the temperature was a significant factor as well?
This guy has a high intelligence I love his videos.
Great video, as usual. Not to pick holes, but rather to warn against reinforcing a common misconception: @6:47 when talking about breaking and forming hydrogen bonds the animation shows the molecules of water breaking apart (breaking the O-H covalent bond), this is NOT a hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond is NOT a covalent bond to hydrogen, but a specific type of INTERMOLECULAR bond/attraction/force. Take care over this difference, I've seen a lot of marks lost in exams due to this!
Oh - and before anyone tries to muddy the water, the fact that the H2O will form the equilibrium 2H2O H3O+ + OH- is a different matter (although obviously another way heat energy is 'used' rather than just increasing temperature) - my point is about the misconception over the term 'hydrogen bond'
HCL and NaOH are well contained by many plastics. If I had to guess, I'd say the containers were PTFE or HDPE, both of which are very resistant to attack by these chemicals.
Go back and watch the Crash Course on acids. Acids and bases aren't all consuming chemicals that can only be stopped with glass.
AWWWW SNAP!
Thought Cafe used the Tailspin plane @2:24
Bringing me back guys...
Yes. This is my point of contention. Although he does mention having used the specific heat of pure water instead of salt water. Perhaps the calculations should be redone with a reasonable guess as to the salinity.
at 8:28 you say it's 4.184 Joules per gram degree celcius, but in the formula it shows a K. I got a little confused by that.
One degree unit in the Celsius scale is the same as one degree unit in the Kelvin scale. :)
@@drewgi7543 No its not 1 degree celsius is 274.2 degrees kelvin
@@krishnanarramneni587 By that I meant that a one-degree change in Celsius is the same as a one-degree change in Kelvin. Since the formula asks for simply the change in temperature, it doesn't matter if you use Kelvin or Celsius. Hope that clears it up.
0:21 A happy face with a *christmas hat*! XD
A man threw some sodium chloride at me the other day it was a salt...
thank youuu i am a little further on my way to understanding gcse chemistry for my exam next thursday:')
Wow, Tailspin reference. I haven't thought of that show in years...
Great video, as always!
Bad Hank, pouring hydrochloric acid without gloves and stirring with a thermometer.
Tusk tusk tusk etc...
Best UA-cam channel ever!
This is why the internet is awesome.
Wonderful, I shall keep watching until I have seen them all.
S is used for Entropy, s is used for displacement in Physics or the volumetric heat capacity in thermodynamics.
Hank, I hope you live in the northern part of Montana because you're coming to Saskatchewan in a couple weeks to write my thermodynamics exam. Thanks by the way
This is so upsetting apparently hank's hair looks BETTER after wearing lab goggles like fuck chem where can I get that skill
Thanks rockinlollipop. That was my theory as well. It was the "nuts" bit that I don't get. There are many high level physists, chemists, biologists, etc... who are also Christian. My response was more out of incredulity than confusion, but I do thank you for the help.
THE DOCTOR WHO REFERENCE! YAASSS
No. If you go back to the formula with the numbers plugged in before the result was shown, the moles cancel out, because he multiplies the value of each chemical with the amount of the chemical involved (in moles).
I love that the plane from tale spin made an appearance in this episode
After 8:06, I was too busy fangirling to listen
@Dan Heidel...pedantry...maybe...but Hank implied in his graphics (at least what I saw) that bonds in the molecule itself were broken when only the hydrogen bonds were being broken...I'm well aware of how powerful those bonds can be...they're the reason why you and I are alive...
Okay, honestly, if there was gonna be another Doctor, you'd be one of my top picks
Thaks hank for using metric system
Great job!
This was really educational and interesting