The Time Bacteria Caused The Largest Extinction Event Ever! GEO GIRL
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- Опубліковано 28 чер 2024
- 2.4 billion years ago oxygen (O2) was introduced to the atmosphere and oceans for the first time in Earth's history due to the evolution and spread of photosynthesizing organisms! But although life eventually adapted to use this oxygen for their benefit (including humans and all other animals), the life at the time, 2.4 billion years ago was not as tolerant of oxygen. In fact, this increase in oxygen led to potentially the largest mass extinction of all time! Hope you enjoy this video about the largest mass extinction with the tiniest of culprits ;)
0:00 Rise of Oxygen on Earth
3:08 Long-Term Benefit of Oxygen Rise
4:34 Snowball Earth Events
5:20 Short-Term Consequences of Oxygen Rise
6:54 Was this the largest Mass Extinction?
8:47 Not even the culprits were safe
11:02 Slow recovery in ‘Boring Billion’
12:25 Was the ‘Boring Billion’ really boring?
References: Geomicrobiology: amzn.to/2WAloTR
Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G
Overview of Earth's Oxygenation & its Effects on Life: Lyons et al., 2021: doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2418
O2 Overshoot during GOE: Bekker & Holland, 2012: doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2011.1...
Rise of Atmospheric O2: Kump, 2008: doi.org/10.1038/nature06587
Evolution of Ocean Chemistry: Anbar & Knoll, 2002: doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1069651
Canfield et al., 2020: doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2...
Yang et al., 2017: doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2...
Diamond et al., 2021: dx.doi.org/10.1002/97811195074...
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Krissansen-Totton et al., 2015: doi.org/10.2475/04.2015.01
Role of Anoxygenic Photosynthesis: Johnston et al., 2009: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909248106
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
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Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: amzn.to/3w1Nhke
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Just have to say I LOVE the format of your videos like this one. It's the perfect blend of being super informative while also maintaining a relatively short and digestible runtime. Of course there are longer videos on these events for people who want to dive deeper (usually linking to them), but these are the perfect intro videos for sharing with family to spark their interest. Thank you for doing what you do!
Thank you so much for the kind words, I appreciate that so much!! 😃
Well said, and I concur!😊
hear, hear ! 🎉
Excellent presentation Dr Geo girl thank you
Geo Girl rocks my world! Awesome source of invaluable science information. ❤🎉😊
I'm a 62 year old carpenter with no college degree. But I'm curious about many things. And you got me very interested in your channel by how accessible you make the info without dumbing it down. I look forward to learning more. Thank you.
HEY. I just got accepted to University this week, majoring in Geology! Looking forward to binging all your videos for school!
That is amazing news! Congrats! Best of luck! :) don’t hesitate to reach out with any questions ;)
Thanks for covering this . . . even with the 90%+ die off earth may STILL be a special case because of banded iron deposits in the oceans. This seems to document a period of massive die out, recovery, and adaption. Such breaks gave life time to adapt so when we look at the concept of chlorophyll based life versus Retinal based life it seems likely that green plants are going to often turn out to be a dead end. Take away the seas repeatedly rusting and thus slowing down the growth of free oxygen, take away the periods where oxygen production drops and other sorts of life forms recover . . . and things just get a lot messier.
But even with banded iron deposits and that slower period of adaption pushing life to the edge with toxic oxygen and global freezing could still lead to complete extinction and restart if we didn't have a long period like the "boring billion" during which the survivors could recover without further environmental shocks. When you think about it and look at the balance of life on earth today it's an absolute miracle.
Full extinction is more likely . . . Green plants suffocating themselves and survivors from the deepest depths of the ocean or deep within the earth repopulating with older life forms is more likely . . . Some alternate form of retinal based or chemical based flora evolving is more likely. Anything is more likely than plants, animals, and fungus striking such a delicate balance and rotifers FINALLY ending the Carboniferous period of endless carbon removal before its too late. The danger period starts with the great oxygenation and only ends at the start of the Permian period.
And if anything goes wrong during that time at best we have life without oxygen which has a lower energy rich base and a harder path towards technology. Sure without oxygen you could replace easy fire with some sort of acid or with oxygenating fuels, or you could go along some alternative path based on clockwork or advanced chemistry but its hard to imagine forging or electronics without free oxygen at exactly the right level. Too low and there is no fire, too high and combustion engines become explosively dangerous, let alone anything that involves a spark like early radio.
When you think about how hard it was for life to get past the hurdle of adapting to oxygen and how many ways it could have gone wrong, over such an extemely long a period of time . . . its no wonder we have trouble spotting either bio-signitures representing our sort of oxygen breathing life, or techno-signitures showing our sort of metal heavy electronic technology. Looking for atmosphere's rich in hydrogen sulfide and sulfur might be one better alternative; though other chemical cycles are obviously possible on earth like worlds with different sorts of life. :)
Rachel ⛄,
🙏 .
Excellent subject matter! Your illustrations were vivid and colorful 🎨. They had pop & sizzle.
👏👏👏👏
Her slides as a whole are almost always bangers! Clear (and aesthetically pleasing) fonts, layouts, and colors, as well as the illustrations, as you note.
Nice presentation... Loved the video as a hydrogeologist.😊
I love to see that channel growing! Almost 60K! Not to over-shadow the exuberance of the great content in this video! Love more depth on the GOE.
I always asked myself "didn't they poison themselves with their waste?" Until now I didn't get an answer. *Thank you, Rachel!* 🙌🌺
Excellent presentation -- thank you Doc. I am sure your students appreciate your scholarship. I look forward to more.
Very interesting subject. Thank you for your hard work. 🎉
This is like walking in on a university lecture with a top notch professor. Engaging and packed with detail. Thank you!
Love this comment! Thank you so much for the kind words :)
isn't that how this channel got it's start? IIRC while acting as a teaching assisant in her grad program she would rerecord her lectures and load them onto youtube so the visual stuff would be ready and she could play it for class. Then she found people who weren't in her class or even in school were finding and watching her lectures. and it grew from that
@@keithharper32thanks - I didn’t know that.
Well Done, Star-Light Princess...
On the boring billion, could it be that existing biodiversity would end up spawning more biodiversity? as if biodiversity is a quantity that strengthens itself given environmental constraints
Absolutely!
Your scripting and presentation has gotten better over the years.
Thanks! Glad to hear it, I am always working to improve it :)
What do you think about the idea that the first complex life were sponges? Love your videos btw 😊. You present your ideas very clearly.
I think it is very likely the first large, multicellular animals were sponges, or something very similar. However, when it comes to the first 'complex' life, I am not sure, it depends on how you define 'complex' ;) Thanks!
@@GEOGIRL thank you so much. I hd been reading that sponges seemed to have recovered very quickly after the various major extinction events, not counting the one caused by the bacteria you described in your current video.
Hmmm thinking about it, is oxygen absolutely necessary for the evolution of complex life? how far in complexity could anaerobic organisms evolve into if great oxidation events never happened (or life without photosynthesis even)? What about other oxidators in the atmosphere?
Endosymbiosis is probably more neccessary, which increases the surface area of respiration in the cell and excess energy - which in turn allows the cell to "invest" in complexity. In eukaryotes, that happens to be mitochondria, which uses oxygen. That's essentially what prokaryotes lack, and why they seemingly "don't evolve" in such a way; and why they've remained morphologically unchanged since the dawn of life.
Great question! Well oxygen respiration (compared to other oxidant reductant pairs- aka: metabolic redox pairs) is the most energy yielding, giving life more energy for multicellular functions, etc. This as well as the fact that all large multicellular life today either photosynthesizes or utilizes oxygen respiration suggests that it was probably pretty important :) I actually am have a whole video about this called: “Why Animals Can Get So Big! The Energy Hierarchy of Life”
ua-cam.com/video/OZy-v0VdqMo/v-deo.html
It could be also considered sulfur. Sulfur is used by many microbes. But sulfur is 2x heavier than oxygen, thus less useful. More energy can be stored using chemicals made of light elements like oxygen. Also structural/functional bio-compounds made of lighter elements can be more functional. Thus, oxygen is better than sulfur, carbon better that silicon, hydrogen is also very useful.
U got the bacteria on the run! U GO GEO GIRL !!
Thank you for introducing me to this particular EE!
Interesting video. Wishef it was longer. I loved it so much. Thank you so much ❤
Wait so cyanobacteria themselves didn't use oxygen for respiration at that time?
They still don't.
"In general, photosynthesis in cyanobacteria uses water as an electron donor and produces oxygen as a byproduct,"
That's a great question! It's my understanding that the ability for cyanobacteria and plants and other photosynthesizing organisms to respire at night evolved later, as the enzymes responsible for oxygen respiration had not yet evolved. So, at this time, the cyanobacteria may have just used N2 fixation as their nightly metabolic pathway, or they may have just been in a dormant state until the sun came back. However that said, I have seen some papers that suggest the enzymes for oxygen respiration may have evolved sooner than the GOE (oddly enough), and then once the GOE hit, they obviously became very useful and spread/diversify throughout other groups of organisms, but I don't know for sure, and I think there are still a lot of questions remaining as to when oxygen respiration evolved. :)
@@GEOGIRL Cyanobacteria probably were performing anaerobic respiration during night based on organic compounds they made during day.
Eukaryotic algae and plants were/are using aerobic respiration during night, since all of them have mitochondria.
Fascinating! Thank you! 👏
Thank you Dr Phillips.
Here's an idea for a video topic: How do the various sciences work together to find evidence that there was anaerobic life (and its forms) before the GOE? (given that bacterial life doesn't often leave a direct fossil record) You may have explained this in a previous video; it just occurred to me now.
Love this idea❤️❤️❤️
Love this idea❤️❤️❤️
Love your videos.
Yay! Another video. 🎉❤
Microbes often persist, at vastly reduced population, by sporulating (into environmentally resistant, metabolically largely inactive resting states) and moving into scattered refugia. Very hard to track. Clostridium botulinum is rather notorious for being "everywhere" but only explodes in population (& produces its deadly toxins) when it finds itself in low acid, anaerobic conditions (like improperly canned foods).
You said that well. Subscribed.
Another fascinating presentation. Thanks so much for sharing your knowledge and insights in such a delightful manner.
Interesting to think of life without Oxygen . . I want you to know I really like how you have "set up Class." .. with an insert of you talking..and graphics to enhance what you are explaining.. this really works great for me and I'm sure others. Thank you.
Suggestions ; about 900,000 Years ago there was an extinction event (?) that may have almost got humans.. think Volcanic but not sure... This reminds me of the Human Water theory of years ago . can you explore this topic?
I would like to hear what a geologist thinks of the so called Stone Ramps made for Chinese ships in 1421. They are in some places around the world like the Bahamas. I think they are natural but I don't know.
Thank you so much for the kind words and especially the suggestions! These are super helpful and I can't wait to look into these topics :D
I came here just for her smile
Thanks, always been interested in this extinction event and the wave of O2 amounts in the atmosphere in the past. The lower levels of oxygen being one of the reasons we don;t have roaches the size of VW beetles any more :).
Quality of information is very important. Discernable falsehood exposes bias and thus affiliation.
Glad you mentioned that iron was a limiting factor. Most of the iron that was in the oceans prior to the GEO was precipitated out by all that oxygen being produced (and actually delayed the GOE since it had to be oxidized first). That must have been a crisis for the organisms at the time, but good for us because we have all those hematite deposits around the world.
It's always the tiniest culprits. Ya gotta keep your eye on those buggers.
Was wondering when you'd get around to the Oxygen Cataclysm. It's my favorite mass extinction. (Too soon?)
Howdy Rachel. Back in the early days of understanding about how our industrialization is causing the rise carbon and warming, skeptics pointed out how small we were relative to the size of Earth, how could we be capable of such global effects? Well, Cyanobacteria are even smaller and look what they did. Somehow Earth found a way to balance things out, which raises the question, how are we going to be balanced out?
Love your presentations.
Nice vid! Any thoughts on the evolution of viruses at this time?
Thanks! Nope, no clue! Haha, I will have to look into that, what a great question! :D
That's right, always blame the little guy.
I don't believe a word you said but it is INTERESTING. 👍
hi....firstly, you're way of telling these things is purely aaaawwweeesssoooommmmeee......n secondly, i'm currently pursuing master's in applied geology , so if i have to pursue a career in this zone itself...which institute is most likely preferable to join as a researcher...??...please reply....
Great to hear! Best of luck! My only advice is that it is more about the researcher(s) you work with than the university you study/work at. So look for a person or people you want to work with in a location you'd enjoy living and then apply there. If they don't have any applications open, just email those researchers to see if they have any grant money for another employee, sometimes they do! :)
I was studying the first snowball Earth and the rise of the first trees was pretty near the same time period. The oxygen atmospheric concentration also caused the first snowball Earth because very early the sun was not nearly as bright as today and still we get runnaway pulses of depleted co2 during ice ages. With our fossil fuel burning recently a huge pulse of overheating is occurring in both Bangaladesh and Mexican Howler Monkeys are falling from the trees with dehydration and heat strokes. Now I am not sure how many humans will die in Bangaladesh but it will be a higher figure than we are told here stateside. I would wonder how many days of above 45°f will occur in Phoenix this year. I have relatives living in Phoenix and if they are forced outside in this heat I suspect a mass evacuation of Phoenix will occur. Maybe this year if for some reason electricity is curtailed. If the children start dying something immediately will occur. They will be able to flee in air conditioned cars if at all possible. If the temperature goes to 50°f even the cars will overheat stalled in traffic. Then the National Guard will be called in with large influxes of air conditioned ambulances and anyone susceptible to heatstroke will flee and hopefully the evacuation paths like through Texas and Flagstaff areas will occur and not through Nevada and Truckee will be avoided unless relatives live towards those areas.
5x5 Datil New Mexico Territory a town to tough to die
New subscriber from 🇩🇿
Hi Rachel: Any thoughts on the 2014 study that suggests that gas producing microbes may have caused the Great Dying. The study proposes that a new group of microbes called Methanosarcina developed a metabolic pathway that allowed them to convert marine carbon into methane, which may have led to global warming and ocean acidification.
You say that Cyanobacteria depleted resources, including nitrogen. But don't most fix nitrogen from N2 in the atmosphere? Maybe those that lacked this capability were weaned out?
Actually, I think the references I used for that bit say it was mainly phosphorous that became limited. Sorry, I always tend to include both nitrogen and phosphorous in the discussion of nutrients. That said, I believe it is still uncertain when exactly nitrogen fixation evolved, so you may have a point. I just assumed these initial cyanobacteria would fix N2 like those today, but I am not sure, I will have to look into that, what a great question! Thanks for sparking this conversation, I hope those more knowledgable about this research area will comment on this thread ;D
Cyanobacteria could not deplete nitrogen.
We shouldn't copy their success path. But obviously we don't see an other way to become famous.
The Boring Billion was boring mainly because there were no big party.
Q: Assuming that the oxygenation of the GOE took a few millions years (did it?), and given that microbs and bacteria mutate very fast, doesn't it make more sense that most of them simply adapted to the new atmosphere rather than got extinct? To what degree we have fossil evidence of extinction, or is it mostly what we theorise that should have happened given the atmospheric shift?
That seems to be what happened but it took a while since it required a lot of changes.
GOE took ~350 million years.
It is sobering that these extinction events are brought about by events that seem less drastic than the changes humans are currently causing.
Imagine some well-meaning aliens coming along to stop the mass extinction...
ooh i see utubes doesnt like links i got deleted, so i’ll leave it out, but i meant to ask if you saw the new study about how plate tectonics led to life? it was published in nature. 🎉
Cyanobacteria: Trying to murder all other life on Earth for 2.5 billion years and counting. :)
I have for some time now (15y) the hypothesis that the latest extinction 40.000y ago that died of a lot of larch mammals was not only our hunting but complementary with the new bird migrations we modern humans domesticating some stock spreading more diseases also crippling our competitor in Europe the Neanderthals to extinction.
Isn't it the Great Oxygenation Event, not Oxidation?
Both actually :) people call it all sorts of names, but both oxidation and oxygenation works because it was an increase in oxygen concentration (oxygenation) which led to the oxidation of most of the reduced compounds in the atmosphere and oceans :)
So if we detect oxygen on a distant exoplanet, it could be a planet full of life or a planet where life destroyed itself.
Just evolution to an oxygen rich atmosphere.
@@tedkrasicki3857 when life destroyed itself.
So basically you're saying the Adam and Eve story is nonsense?
Boring billion is really stupid name :)
There was a lot of evolution then, but evolution was on molecular and cellular levels, but also the basis for multicellularity was developed in many groups (red algae, animals, fungi, etc). Most eukaryotic groups were formed during this time.
Could it be any more obvious that you are reading a script? I mean put a little bit of effort into it if you're going to be an actor you have to memorize your lines.
I actually don't read off a script, but I'm sorry it seems that way. Also, I am a geology professor, not an actor, so I am sorry I am not better at this; it is for educational purposes, so my main goal is getting across the information :)
@@GEOGIRL right. That's not scripted. I'm totally convinced.
@@buckaroundandfindout You can actually see me moving my cursor around on the ppt.I present these like ppt presentations because they are college lectures, so in a way the bullet points are my script but I always try to be looking at the visuals (figures/images) while I discuss them so I can point out the parts that are important. Again, sorry if it was not enjoyable, I am still learning and hpoefully improving with every video :)
@@GEOGIRL right cuz you can't dub over somebody moving a cursor that just couldn't possibly happen.
@@GEOGIRL you cannot have the time to respond to people like this are you trolling me.? Are you a AI or something
Rachel: using her cute dimples to make science learning fun!