Just How Large Is the Placebo Effect?

Supplement manufacturers often highlight how great their customers feel after taking their supplements, and some manufacturers report what might look like impressive findings from uncontrolled trials. How much can we trust these forms of evidence? How much of an influence might the placebo effect have?
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References
1.Lakoff A. The Right Patients for the Drug: Managing the Placebo Effect in Antidepressant Trials. BioSocieties. 2007;2(1), 57-71. doi:10.1017/s1745855207005
2. Jeste DV, Lee EE. Editorial Comment: Is the Placebo Effect Actually Increasing Over Time?. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(9):1009-1011. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.010
3. Jones BDM, Razza LB, Weissman CR, et al. Magnitude of the Placebo Response Across Treatment Modalities Used for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [published correction appears in JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Dec 1;4(12):e2144993]. JAMA 4. Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2125531. Published 2021 Sep 1. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25531
Lembo A, Kelley JM, Nee J, et al. Open-label placebo vs double-blind placebo for irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2021;162(9):2428-2435. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002234

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