@@monad_tcp A lot of people don't want the government to touch anything, so corporations run amok in the States. Even if they're being bent over a barrel by their insurance company it's still somehow better than the government leveraging their authority to keep prices affordable for normal people. Bet they couldn't tell you why other than MUH FREEDOMS but that's another discussion
The device isn't what is expensive, it's the training of the doctor, nurse and every professional behind them, the medical building and all the accreditation they need to pass, the building insurance, the doctor's insurance, then your insurance. You could go to a third world country where some of these expenses aren't an issue, but don't expect the same quality of care.
Adam, I want to thank you and your crew so much for coming to Endiatx and filming this episode. I never thought I'd get a chance to meet you let alone have chance to talk shop. Getting to check that off the bucket list was really awesome, and that alone would have been a high point in my journey as a maker. As it turns out however my bucket list could use some updating. I never imagined I would be standing in the same room and hear you say "I swallowed a robot. I'm part or the future" and also I never imagined seeing you swallow two robots our company built and then on top of that get see the inside of your stomach. That was just lightyears beyond my imagination. I had hoped that the Plastic Injection Molding Machine would be churning out nose cones but the green beast has been presenting some of the toughest challenges I have ever faced restoring a basket case. It's very close and I'm hoping to post it making robot parts soon. Thank you and please thank your co-creators for the awesome experience
This was such an amazing demonstration. This is the kind of inventiveness that is a lasting game changer, especially for the field of medicine. Given the battery life, is the pill bot programmed for certain targets only? Stomach is easy--it's the first stop. But the small intestine is 22 feet long. Can a pill bot make it to the large intestine with enough power to do a full exploration of the lining?
In an endoscopy they frequently expand balloons to stretch the esophagus and sometimes take biopsies to diagnose problems. So this may have some scenarios that safe money and effort but they won’t replace it for a lot of diagnosis and treatment.
Of course. This is just a diagnostic tool. Hardly invasive (depending on your definition of invasive) but more tests could be done based on this robots findings. Also, CAN BE DONE FROM HOME!!!! THAT’S AMAZING!!!!!
Most of the small intestine cannot be reached with the scopes they use for either upper or lower. They only reach a small portion at each end. For people like me who have only the small bowel with active disease, it is essential for a diagnosis. I pass all my blood tests, egd, colonoscopies, MRIs, barium rays, you name it, with flying colors. The only way they have been able to see what is really going on inside me has been with these capsules. I've had probably around 3 or 4 of them done now. The last one got stuck in my jejunum (due to narrowing from scar tissue) and ran out of batteries before it became unstuck so they had to do an xray to make sure it did eventually leave my body. They have to surgically retrieve them otherwise. It truly is unfortunate that they cannot take biopsies though. But if they keep working to improve these, maybe they will be able to do that eventually. Also, in my experience at least, the capsule endoscopy is more expensive than upper or lower scope. It may be different now idk. Haven't had one in a few years.
Every content creator that wants to interview people needs to watch how expertly Adam interacts here. He asks questions proving he understands the topic moving the conversation forward. He never repeats what they say. He never pretends to be confused. @2:20 is a perfect example of this.
@@SelicularrYeah I’m thinking that depending on what they are using it to test you for, you might have to do anything from not eating for 12 hour to doing a full colonoscopy prep. 😳
Did anyone notice at 22:45 Adam sees that cluster of red spots in his stomach and he gets super quiet? 😂😂😂 he just moves on and pretends he didn’t notice lmao
I mean there 3-5 years of a development team they have to pay so they will probably be 3-4x the price he said. But if subsidies help, $50 this would be very advantageous
@@joshjbradburn Oh yeah, the total R & D costs would be reasonably substantial as a whole. It would have been a fun project, the guys certainly sound like they try to have some fun along the way 🙂
Yeah, I guarantee $35 is not the true cost. R & D has to be factored in. Let's say R&D was 5 million. They produce 1000 pill bots. 5000000 ÷1000 + 35 = 5,035 per pillbot. The more they produce, the lower the cost, yes...
I love when Adam talks to people like this because you know his intelligence and knowledge about the interworkings/mechanics of all of it (like being able to understand not just what it is but why it is) because it must absolutely make their day when they are explaining the tech, it’s an automatic bro bond after that
This is the coolest freaking thing!!!! Up until very recently I worked in healthcare for almost ten years and this is one of the most fascinating advancements I've seen in a long time! Genuinely has me almost emotional over it!
i love love loooove seeing all of the iterations laid out like that, each with their own story. i wish every company would do that. it’s so much easier to be invested and relate to as a maker.
One of the main reasons I was so invested in Tony Stark in MCU, his designs were iterative and you could see him playing the whack em all with all the shortcomings he was slowly eliminating from his suit. This pill bot is real and it makes it infinitely cooler.
@@tested shrink it down much more, they'll be needing a new impeller again, probably eventually get to flagella. Although, they might eventually want to switch to part of the IR band, to better tell the pink healthy from inflamed tissues.
I think it will also help people relate. We all want to change the world but only so many people do. Being able to look at someone’s idea and go “well it went from this basic concept to something that could help people” makes it much more sincere. Skepticism would drop drastically if companies were more transparent and so many companies and people really DO want to help.
I was shot during an attempted car jacking robbery in '98. After surgery, it was explained to me that a sort of "combat surgery" was performed on me in order to negate future surgeries on my stomach. They said, (paraphrasing) "Just like your throat and butthole have sphincters for in and out, so does your stomach at top and bottom. Because trauma can cause a sphincter to cease, we connected the bullet hole in your stomach directly to your intestine. So we wouldn't have to open you back up if the eternal sphincters failed.' I've had endoscopy since then while I would greatly appreciate this new technology. Journey to the center of the earth nanotechnology!! Outstanding tech! And one crasy test subject!!!
that hole is not a sphincter, in future something fails or not but why to make a working sphincter useless today by connecting another hole to the intestine? 🙄
I will want to add an incident with my known ones aged 57 who had gone to visit a dentist to get his one tooth pulled out, his dentist suggested him to also get out with the tooth just below the bad one as it will have no purpose of grinding, my relative questioned his decision, dentist gave example if one shoe is lost do you keep the other one, my relative said if i lost one eye should I remove other one too, dentist thought for sometime and finally only the bad tooth was removed.
I'm a little teary in total amazement watching this. I think we all appreciate a nice bit of tech and we go , hey, kinda neat ,or wow. But this is just so elegant on all the levels. R&D, size, cost and total ease of use. *******AND****** it will save lives. Of course Adam is totally a maker/nerd in a Pillbot candy store..
especially kids' lives! traditional endoscopys are so dangerous for kids because the machines just aren't made small enough for their system and they can end up with bruising or even perforations which can be life-threatening. this thing, the kid might have a hard time swallowing it but that's the biggest risk involved! i'm losing my mind over how amazing this tech is, i can't wait to tell my mom! she used to be an ER surgical nurse and i've heard some horror stories bout having to do exploratories on kids who swallowed something dangerous; this little robot could eliminate those entirely!
This is so cool, just imagine how much easier it will be for doctor's and surgeon's when preparing a patient for surgery or finding a tumor or cancer. Talk about groundbreaking.
Oh yeah, I didn't think about that! The repeatability of these as a procedure, especially if they can autonomously map as they disuss in the video, you'll be able to take 14 of them home and take them twice a day for a week to figure out exactly where things might be going wrong. Or, like, 7 in a day. If they could get that battery life up to 8 hours somehow, so that they could make it all the way through digestion (yeah, that's a fast digestion timescale), it would be amazing.
I lunch with a guy that has Crohn's and he's actually swallowed a camera similar to one of these. Something went wrong and they thought they'd have to surgically remove it but it dislodged. He got lucky. They did it at UCSF Medical Center.
@@barryf5479yeah I had a pillcam too and was terrified the whole time that it would get stuck, I’m impressed Adam was so keen to swallow 2 just for fun as it doubles that chances of complications.
This is amazing. I have had insane stomach pain issues 2-3 times a year for the past 5 years, each episode lasts 8-24 hours and is the worst pain/throwing up imaginable. I have been to 4 hospitals and 10 different doctors with no luck, something like this would actually see what’s going on. Amazing work so far!!!
@@MrBrick-vb3xh we used to only eat plants,bread and such when we were poor. works for a while but body will devcay over time, we need the food from the animals
Pillbots have been around for a long time, but they are typically looking at the intestines and not the stomach because they are passive. They simply take an image at a particular interval, and transmit that to a pack that you carry around with you. The next day you return the pack and they download all the images. When going through the intestine it doesn't really matter which way the camera is facing, but in the stomach you're less likely to see anything important and that's the big difference with this motored one.
Yeah the pillcam I did had cameras on both sides so it doesn’t matter where it’s facing it has a 360 degree view. Makes me question the need for one that can move like this.
@@gohawks3571 true, titan use a cheap off brand, these guys had haptic feedback too feel the folds of the stomach, i hope astro is alright in there though
I’ve always enjoyed watching Adam, simply because he enjoys the hell out of this stuff! He’s obviously super smart, but lets his “inner child” shine though for everyone to see!
All of you are wrong he did in fact hand him. PS5 controller in the first shot as it was very clear it was a white Playstation 5 controller. Most people didn't pay attention to this first shot of the controller as the next time they showed him controlling the robot he had an Xbox controller in his hand that was black. That tells me they actually use PS5 controllers and they work better but they probably didn't have the licensing to show the Sony product so they switched it to an Xbox controller in the next shot where they show the controller in full view. The first time you see him hand the controller to Adam though he absolutely hands him a PS5 controller that's white. It's very obvious.
@namelesshero434 watch the scene before they show him controlling it with an Xbox controller when they first hand him the controller it is indeed a white PS5 controller. They probably couldn't use it in the video for licensing reasons so they showed an Xbox controller after that.
there are admittedly a lot of tested videos I have yet to watch but somehow I think "adam swallows a robot to capture footage of his stomach, and then swallows a SECOND robot that he then drives around in his stomach to capture footage of the FIRST robot" is probably the craziest one
I love the relationship between tech and old school, tried and true making that this channel has. Everything from Norm's updates on VR/AR, to model making, to collectibles reviews, they cover everything I'm interested in! I absolutely loved this.
@encompassthyeclipse7278 when everyone started switching to glass they switched to plastic. I always went for a snapple because of the bottle, not anymore
I'd pull a Scotty, grab the scotch bottle and reply, "I'll let ya know". A few months later, call him with some mod suggestions... "Oh, I took the liberty of reverse engineering your telemetry and tried a few mods..." My fee: A small fleet of FDA approved models down the road.
"Why would you do that?" is a question from someone who doesn't know Adam Savage. Like many of us, Adam's first task with a new toy is to dismantle it then put it back together. No way Adam doesn't want to see the parts of his bots.
@@BillsBayou Adam saw the parts inside of the bots at the plant. Nope, he, as would I, want to actually work with those parts on his own and see what other tricks one can apply to perhaps improve the bot. Or at least autonomously harass the goldfish with... ;)
But assuming that's true, why isn't the rest of the system in sync? Shouldn't there be a by-product produced each time you eat a meal to let you know your system is operating at peak efficiency. Maybe I need to pull in somewhere and have that checked.
@@edrichard6153 feaces are made just to indicate that, so is urine. If your urine is dark yellow it indicates you are dehydrated if it's pale yellow you are hydrated and if it's clear you are super hydrated. And I'm not sure of your question- to indicate the foods been digested or not- pain comes through and if it remains indigestible then soon it comes out in the form of stool/poop.
I have been sick on stomach 13 years. I ask my doctor to do this and he said no and that it was just anxiety. I went to holistic doctor and got stool test and had 6 bacterial and yeast overgrowth infections and almost died. Now I am healing. thank you God.
@@sylinashi8761 Lol I was thinking the same. Wouldn't it have been god that also put the bacteria and yeast inside them in the first place? and why are they thanking god, thank the person that did the stool test🤣
I've swallowed one of the older versions of pillbot camera for diagnosis. It was truly a miracle how such a small machine was able to emit light, capture and transmit photos wirelessly for almost 8hrs. Unfortunately my intestine was not in a good condition. The capsule got stuck for 3 months and had to undergo surgery. This pill helped diagnose a condition which was not found during colonoscopy, endoscopy and CT endrography.
They found a stricture with ulceration in the area where the capsule got stuck. This was in the middle portion of the small intestine and was not reachable by endoscopy or colonoscopy. For me it wasn't found in ct enterography either.
I look at flying cars this way, "They can't drive worth a shit on the ground and we're gonna put them in the air?! The roofers will love the overtime!". The pillbot, well, I'd be straining at stool...* *Yeah, that's an actual medical term and alas, frequent cause of death in elders. And well, what one would also do to retrieve the bot. Shitty job, but someone's gotta do it.
Kudos on surviving the fact that nobody appreciated the well-rehearsed "we were choked for current" pun. The one-two punch of "Savage-cut" was just an eye-roller for Adam after that.
I can't even put unto words how amazing it is to even get to see this from the comfort of my handheld device for literally free. How is this not on the mainstream media!! Wow! What a time to be alive! 😊
This is freaking Amazing. I love how Adam is still as passionate about this stuff as he was on Mythbusters. I miss those days. PS : RIP Grant Imahara, I miss him.
I have a friend that works in the sewer department. He says the water treatment facility has a specific filter just for condoms. That is the number one non-soluble thing than comes down the sewer.
Flushing lithium ion batteries is ridiculous. If the battery had .1g lithium, it would poison about 1,000 liters of water. Add in people flushing hearing aids, kids trying to flush vapes when their parents catch them... Horrible. The guy says "why retrieve it" because he wants to move more product. End of.
@@KevinJDildonik more ignorance, as most people don't realize how rare lithium is in the universe and even on earth. Lithium is weird, it fissions and it fuses easily, so it's destroyed inside of stars as quickly as it's made. A hint on how easily, hydrogen bombs use lithium deuteride in the fusion core, the lithium fissioning into tritium to fuse with the deuterium. Then, if a tritium ion and deuterium ion comes to love each other very much, in the heat of the moment, a helium ion gets born.
@@KevinJDildonik If it can survive being digested intact then it will likely survive the trip to the sewerage plant intact too. I agree it is a concern though and ideally the lithium would be recovered.
Yeah, that's on my to-do list, keeps getting knocked off of the schedule by life events. But, something's gotta give. I've become a bit anemic, d-dimer is up enough to suggest bleeding somewhere, magnesium is low suggesting clotting cascade is elevated, so it's either the abdominal aortic aneurysm or something else occult leaking. First patient I ever lost, a 28 year old female soldier with a dissected AAA. She was dead before she hit the ground, my only hint in the field, CPR being performed, while verifying compressions efficacy, the pulse fell off with each compression rapidly. She had pheochromocytoma, adrenaline producing tumor on the adrenal gland, shot her BP up way past tilt. Got to see two such cases, the other was successfully treated and was only mentioned in the patient history. Oh well, one upside from doctor's visit today, A1C lower, courtesy of my dropping 20 pounds, lowering insulin resistance, as that's a familial trait. I get to retain the family title of eldest by far to not be diabetic throughout my father's side of the family. Pisses my cousins off massively, as they all are and keep going with their failing mantra "It's in the genes, why fight it?". Simple, they'll be on dialysis in a decade at most, I won't. I'll still be kicking strong, walking with my cane, going deaf as a post, but still sharp as a tack. Well, back to designing a refrigeration unit that uses butane to cool a Wilson cloud chamber for my Amerecium source I rescued from a deceased smoke detector, then improve on a design from CERN for a radiation spectrometer that uses photodiodes retasked for the purpose...
For some reason this one had me yelling at the screen and at the edge of my seat the whole time. freaking amazing. got quite a few laughs out as well. I love when tested leans into science. It reminds me of those shows from the 80s and 90s I enjoyed so much.
"I want you to put all the failures on the wall... because there is so much institutional knowledge of wrong turns here that are intrinsic to the process of getting the thing" - Adam Savage. guess you gotta throw me up on the wall lol. I jk, but fr this is such a great mindset. Love Adam and this channel. I wonder what kind of personal relationship he has with Tested vs Mythbusters and anything else he's produced? Tested just feels so personal. Even in interviews, Adam's raw and unique personality, talent, and creativity shine thru. It really is an honor to have free access to these videos
Adam I just wanted to say that your one of my childhood hero's and I'm so glad that you made a UA-cam channel doing awesome stuff after mythbusters ended
This is absolutely amazing! I was smiling for the entire video! As a medical technician for laboratory diagnostics and biochemical analysis, everything about this makes me happy. The ingenuity, the camera, that you can control it with a XBox controller XD. Thank you for visiting these people
Having worked (on the records side) in a gastro office, the pillcams were super neat. Also stupidly expensive for what they were. There were immediately flushable ones where you gave the patient a little receiver to wear that picked up signals and stored the footage, and then there were the, uh, older ones that came with a little shovel. Still single use, but you had to get the pill back to get the files. Both were smaller in form factor than this, but also were completely passive.
Affordable? Dude those will cost pennies to produce. Normal GI endoscopy = sedation, sterile use tubing, gowns, gloves, cameras, screens, anesthesia, etc, etc.
21:43 - "Jack, you're asking the wrong guy. From my point of view, it's about the size of Candlestick Park." Adam Savage - the human Sea Monkey tank. I love it. :)
I had a pill camera recently but it just passes through you and cant zoom in and is just a series of photo that takes a week to be compiled. As a chronically ill person it means alot for you to show this off and give sick people hope. Thanks Adam
I absolutely love that the first iteration is literally using a Raspberry Pi (and want it on the record that I was typing this before he actually said it; I saw the pi through the side lol).
I bet the farm that Adam wouldn't just flush those robots. He has them. He 100% has them.
Yipp. He was shitting into a colander for two days and then probing the contents with a fork - totally worth it.
I just wonder if you can recharge them lol
well duh, he is holding it in the cave when he introduces the video
I can't wait to see how he modifies it to make it better.
I bet the farm next year Tested will be nothing but stealth ads. And not so stealthy.
No more builds, no more lathe, no more making.
It took 30 years to bring the Magic School bus to life. So happy we’re here.
the good old days...
It's the magic school bus.
More like 300000 years but yeah
how are they gonna get it out?
Came here for this comment 😂
Science dude: "This is $35"
American Health System " Your insurance doesn't cover the $80000 for this procedure."
you need break the insurance monopoly, that's the problem
I was thinking that :/
😂 Canadian Health Services “have you considered Medical Assistance In Dying?”
@@monad_tcp A lot of people don't want the government to touch anything, so corporations run amok in the States. Even if they're being bent over a barrel by their insurance company it's still somehow better than the government leveraging their authority to keep prices affordable for normal people. Bet they couldn't tell you why other than MUH FREEDOMS but that's another discussion
The device isn't what is expensive, it's the training of the doctor, nurse and every professional behind them, the medical building and all the accreditation they need to pass, the building insurance, the doctor's insurance, then your insurance. You could go to a third world country where some of these expenses aren't an issue, but don't expect the same quality of care.
Adam, I want to thank you and your crew so much for coming to Endiatx and filming this episode. I never thought I'd get a chance to meet you let alone have chance to talk shop. Getting to check that off the bucket list was really awesome, and that alone would have been a high point in my journey as a maker. As it turns out however my bucket list could use some updating. I never imagined I would be standing in the same room and hear you say "I swallowed a robot. I'm part or the future" and also I never imagined seeing you swallow two robots our company built and then on top of that get see the inside of your stomach. That was just lightyears beyond my imagination.
I had hoped that the Plastic Injection Molding Machine would be churning out nose cones but the green beast has been presenting some of the toughest challenges I have ever faced restoring a basket case. It's very close and I'm hoping to post it making robot parts soon.
Thank you and please thank your co-creators for the awesome experience
You guys are going to be rich. How can one buy stock?? LOL
That 3-D print injection molding is amazing in itself. The technology is getting better everyday.
@@GreatDaneRockThat part!
This was such an amazing demonstration. This is the kind of inventiveness that is a lasting game changer, especially for the field of medicine. Given the battery life, is the pill bot programmed for certain targets only? Stomach is easy--it's the first stop. But the small intestine is 22 feet long. Can a pill bot make it to the large intestine with enough power to do a full exploration of the lining?
@@cytherians Great question, I would like to know as well.
Something like this helped diagnose my Mom's duodenal/pancreatic cancer. She is a 14 year survivor and 88 now.
Very happy to hear that
odd choice of numbers there
That's very great to hear. Hope she's doing well
@@PowerfulAtom111 ?
@@nootypenguinotype the numbers together on Google.
This episode has been brought to you by The Magic School Bus thanks to viewers like you.
😂
Thank you.
Yesssssss
Literally my first thought!! Like okay Ms.Frizzle
“Thank you”
This is a very intimate video.
Thank you for being so gastrointestinally vulnerable with us all, Mr. Savage.
In an endoscopy they frequently expand balloons to stretch the esophagus and sometimes take biopsies to diagnose problems. So this may have some scenarios that safe money and effort but they won’t replace it for a lot of diagnosis and treatment.
Of course. This is just a diagnostic tool. Hardly invasive (depending on your definition of invasive) but more tests could be done based on this robots findings. Also, CAN BE DONE FROM HOME!!!! THAT’S AMAZING!!!!!
Most of the small intestine cannot be reached with the scopes they use for either upper or lower. They only reach a small portion at each end. For people like me who have only the small bowel with active disease, it is essential for a diagnosis. I pass all my blood tests, egd, colonoscopies, MRIs, barium rays, you name it, with flying colors. The only way they have been able to see what is really going on inside me has been with these capsules. I've had probably around 3 or 4 of them done now. The last one got stuck in my jejunum (due to narrowing from scar tissue) and ran out of batteries before it became unstuck so they had to do an xray to make sure it did eventually leave my body. They have to surgically retrieve them otherwise. It truly is unfortunate that they cannot take biopsies though. But if they keep working to improve these, maybe they will be able to do that eventually. Also, in my experience at least, the capsule endoscopy is more expensive than upper or lower scope. It may be different now idk. Haven't had one in a few years.
Yea because "old tech" cant ever be replaced by newer tech. Because that be sacrilege! *Rolls Eyes* in 3028 we will still use that old method
Every content creator that wants to interview people needs to watch how expertly Adam interacts here. He asks questions proving he understands the topic moving the conversation forward. He never repeats what they say. He never pretends to be confused. @2:20 is a perfect example of this.
And his enthousiasm is alway intoxicating, no matter the subject
You must watch somw terrible interviewers, he isnt doing anything groundbreaking here, as far as interviewing 😂
@@genocyber4842 There's one from "Fully Charged Show" that is horrible. He's so bad I can't watch anything he's in even if I would like the topic.
Very interesting! I thought the exact opposite, I wanted to hear the expert talk but Adam kept interrupting him, especially at 2:20.
i enjoyed seeing our inventor here his eyes lit up at Adam's question. nerds hearing other people speak nerd is always a treat
The anxiousness I had seeing the battery level at 34% 😂
Same battery
Mines at 38% lol
Why did they start at 34% lmao
I got 35
@@petemitchell9996 they probably lost some charge in the water tank
There is no way Adam is NOT going to retrieve it.
Lol totally. 😂
100%, he'll repurpose it.
Absolutely! He looked so crestfallen that he doesn't have a reason to build a space-age sci-fi submersible docking station for his toilet. 😂
@@Road2NowhereTV my dude... it's not coming out of that hole. 😑
@@Road2NowhereTV?
My grandma got this years ago, I was around 8 so almost 20 years since then. The technology was mind blowing then and still is now 🤯
For some reason I never expected stomach acid/stomach content would be so clear
I wonder how it survives the acidity? Probably because the bot doesn't stay there for very long?
@@electricdazz There are plenty of plastics that resist acids
I'm assuming there is a level of recommendation for fasts and similar things. Wouldn't be able to see much if you swallowed the bot with dinner
@@SelicularrYeah I’m thinking that depending on what they are using it to test you for, you might have to do anything from not eating for 12 hour to doing a full colonoscopy prep. 😳
Well, if you ever saw hydrochloric acid you would expect that
"I'll have one of your finest robots!"
"That's was magnificent, I'll have another one!"
If one is good, “two” has to be better. 😂
@HeavyMagic001
Think of that Battlebots episode.
This is hands down the coolest thing I’ve seen all year
Check out the cell sized laser powered bot online.
Nah, I’m pretty sure that it was quite warm in there.
Same! I’m honestly surprised this isn’t bigger news. This is fascinating and amazing
Did anyone notice at 22:45 Adam sees that cluster of red spots in his stomach and he gets super quiet? 😂😂😂 he just moves on and pretends he didn’t notice lmao
What are those?
@@islandgyal5588I don’t know but that’s really gross
All that manoeuvrability and camera quality for $35usd in parts, that's incredible.
That was a great episode, more like these please Adam 🙂
we gotta take into account all the money in the software and design
I mean this costed them A LOT MORE to make but still, it'd be incredible if they could give these to patients at affordable prices
I mean there 3-5 years of a development team they have to pay so they will probably be 3-4x the price he said.
But if subsidies help, $50 this would be very advantageous
@@joshjbradburn
Oh yeah, the total R & D costs would be reasonably substantial as a whole. It would have been a fun project, the guys certainly sound like they try to have some fun along the way 🙂
Yeah, I guarantee $35 is not the true cost. R & D has to be factored in. Let's say R&D was 5 million. They produce 1000 pill bots.
5000000 ÷1000 + 35 = 5,035 per pillbot. The more they produce, the lower the cost, yes...
I love when Adam talks to people like this because you know his intelligence and knowledge about the interworkings/mechanics of all of it (like being able to understand not just what it is but why it is) because it must absolutely make their day when they are explaining the tech, it’s an automatic bro bond after that
Wish Adam would have picked up the other controller once both were in his stomach. “This week on Battle Bots”.
Grant would be proud.
That's what I was waiting for, the first internal body battle bots!
and the winner would still be Bite Force
Like that episode of invader zim lol. Where zim and dib were piloting fighting robots in dibs body
Exactly. I was waiting for multiplayer.
This is the coolest freaking thing!!!! Up until very recently I worked in healthcare for almost ten years and this is one of the most fascinating advancements I've seen in a long time! Genuinely has me almost emotional over it!
I love that Adam normalizes being an excited giddy nerd who can't sit still in the toy isle.
He is my animal totem.
Me too. He has retained a child-like sense of wonder which is delightful and infectious. This was truly a "Fantastic Voyage".
"Aisle"
he has a condition
Personally I felt like he was forcing it a little
i love love loooove seeing all of the iterations laid out like that, each with their own story.
i wish every company would do that. it’s so much easier to be invested and relate to as a maker.
We LOVE seeing iterations!
One of the main reasons I was so invested in Tony Stark in MCU, his designs were iterative and you could see him playing the whack em all with all the shortcomings he was slowly eliminating from his suit. This pill bot is real and it makes it infinitely cooler.
@@tested shrink it down much more, they'll be needing a new impeller again, probably eventually get to flagella.
Although, they might eventually want to switch to part of the IR band, to better tell the pink healthy from inflamed tissues.
I think it will also help people relate. We all want to change the world but only so many people do. Being able to look at someone’s idea and go “well it went from this basic concept to something that could help people” makes it much more sincere. Skepticism would drop drastically if companies were more transparent and so many companies and people really DO want to help.
@@testedI would never be brave enough to swallow that lol
Who'd have thought after 37 years we would get a sequel to Inner Space!!!
most underrated comment 👌
ZERO DEFECTS!!!!!!
Get it working with VR so we can host sessions piloting these things in first person through each other.
Never go full Jack Putter ..
Knew I couldn't be the only person thinking of this movie the whole time. :)
This is probably the coolest thing I’ve seen on this channel.. incredible.
"I can't swallow that!"
"Well then good news! It's a suppository."
I understood that reference
Clutch reference.
I will always upvote Futurama quotes
Aaah you beat me to it.
Hey if salmon can swim upstream to spawn...
I was shot during an attempted car jacking robbery in '98. After surgery, it was explained to me that a sort of "combat surgery" was performed on me in order to negate future surgeries on my stomach. They said, (paraphrasing) "Just like your throat and butthole have sphincters for in and out, so does your stomach at top and bottom. Because trauma can cause a sphincter to cease, we connected the bullet hole in your stomach directly to your intestine. So we wouldn't have to open you back up if the eternal sphincters failed.' I've had endoscopy since then while I would greatly appreciate this new technology. Journey to the center of the earth nanotechnology!! Outstanding tech! And one crasy test subject!!!
So your stomach have 2 exits leading to the same intestine ?
@ouioui51100 yes. And it makes a lot of noise when digesting.
that hole is not a sphincter, in future something fails or not but why to make a working sphincter useless today by connecting another hole to the intestine? 🙄
I will want to add an incident with my known ones aged 57 who had gone to visit a dentist to get his one tooth pulled out, his dentist suggested him to also get out with the tooth just below the bad one as it will have no purpose of grinding, my relative questioned his decision, dentist gave example if one shoe is lost do you keep the other one, my relative said if i lost one eye should I remove other one too, dentist thought for sometime and finally only the bad tooth was removed.
I'm a little teary in total amazement watching this. I think we all appreciate a nice bit of tech and we go , hey, kinda neat ,or wow. But this is just so elegant on all the levels. R&D, size, cost and total ease of use. *******AND****** it will save lives.
Of course Adam is totally a maker/nerd in a Pillbot candy store..
especially kids' lives! traditional endoscopys are so dangerous for kids because the machines just aren't made small enough for their system and they can end up with bruising or even perforations which can be life-threatening. this thing, the kid might have a hard time swallowing it but that's the biggest risk involved! i'm losing my mind over how amazing this tech is, i can't wait to tell my mom! she used to be an ER surgical nurse and i've heard some horror stories bout having to do exploratories on kids who swallowed something dangerous; this little robot could eliminate those entirely!
This is so cool, just imagine how much easier it will be for doctor's and surgeon's when preparing a patient for surgery or finding a tumor or cancer. Talk about groundbreaking.
Being a Crohns patient - the only thing I can say is Thank You! You guys are going to change peoples lives. WOW!❤
Hey nice to see someone else with crohns and I do I agree actauly I found a lot out using something like this
Oh yeah, I didn't think about that! The repeatability of these as a procedure, especially if they can autonomously map as they disuss in the video, you'll be able to take 14 of them home and take them twice a day for a week to figure out exactly where things might be going wrong. Or, like, 7 in a day. If they could get that battery life up to 8 hours somehow, so that they could make it all the way through digestion (yeah, that's a fast digestion timescale), it would be amazing.
My GF also has Crohn's and she swallowed a camera pill back in 2012. It wasn't robot controlled like this one.
I lunch with a guy that has Crohn's and he's actually swallowed a camera similar to one of these. Something went wrong and they thought they'd have to surgically remove it but it dislodged. He got lucky. They did it at UCSF Medical Center.
@@barryf5479yeah I had a pillcam too and was terrified the whole time that it would get stuck, I’m impressed Adam was so keen to swallow 2 just for fun as it doubles that chances of complications.
Love Adams insistence on makers putting the failures on display! The progression is something that can be so inspiring to everyone involved!
Micro chips? Nah, stomach robots controlled by a PS5 controller.
noo 😭
Remind me of titanic submarine
Ps5 + Adam used an Xbox controller in the "fish" tank in the beginning
Oh I think you're talking about microbots im thinking big hero 6 right now
Ya
This is absolutely awesome! I can only begin to imagine all the benefits this technology will bring.
I love how Adam still enjoys this with facial expressions like a child... Exactly like a child.
I absolutely love how animated Adam gets about stuff like this. He seems like such a genuine dude
This is amazing. I have had insane stomach pain issues 2-3 times a year for the past 5 years, each episode lasts 8-24 hours and is the worst pain/throwing up imaginable. I have been to 4 hospitals and 10 different doctors with no luck, something like this would actually see what’s going on. Amazing work so far!!!
Try eat more carnivore if not all and it might stop, humans natural diet.. cut out pasta, bread, coffey, alcohol for a start
@@KarlPedal-qu7hu Source for coffee ?
@@KarlPedal-qu7hu aren't humans omnivores?
@@MrBrick-vb3xh we used to only eat plants,bread and such when we were poor. works for a while but body will devcay over time, we need the food from the animals
@@KarlPedal-qu7hu yo what if I literally cant bring myself to eat meat
Pillbots have been around for a long time, but they are typically looking at the intestines and not the stomach because they are passive. They simply take an image at a particular interval, and transmit that to a pack that you carry around with you. The next day you return the pack and they download all the images. When going through the intestine it doesn't really matter which way the camera is facing, but in the stomach you're less likely to see anything important and that's the big difference with this motored one.
Yeah the pillcam I did had cameras on both sides so it doesn’t matter where it’s facing it has a 360 degree view. Makes me question the need for one that can move like this.
Something sounded wrong when he said it was in FDA testing. I was like this is old though.
@@Jblow-u2m The difference is this one is active and is designed to look at the stomach and not the intestine.
2027 father-son bonding time consists of playing ps5 in each other's stomachs.
I'm wondering what happens if they use a drifting controller 😅
That will bring a whole new meaning to the WIPEOUT game
I think Switch 2 controller with gyro would give the best controll
@@undying3132unless it has analog triggers it's a big no
might be good for mens health?!
I am calling it. Best Tested video EVER! I have never been so grossed out and thrilled! 10 out of 10 stomach robots.
bro has a tiny titan sub in him and it's still driven with a console controller 😂😂😂
😆😆😆 Better than the Titan; they should have used this😂🤣😂🤣
No reason to re-invent the wheel. It's had decades of R&D and real-world testing by millions of people.
@@wavion2 but...... stomach implosions
@@gohawks3571 true, titan use a cheap off brand, these guys had haptic feedback too feel the folds of the stomach, i hope astro is alright in there though
What else would you use? There is no need to make whole new controller when people have already made controllers that are perfectly fine.
I’ve always enjoyed watching Adam, simply because he enjoys the hell out of this stuff! He’s obviously super smart, but lets his “inner child” shine though for everyone to see!
I laughed so hard when he hands him a PS5 controller to navigate LMAO
Xbox* 13:31
@@namelesshero434 Nintendo Switch *
@namelesshero434 that's not a poo box controller lol
All of you are wrong he did in fact hand him. PS5 controller in the first shot as it was very clear it was a white Playstation 5 controller. Most people didn't pay attention to this first shot of the controller as the next time they showed him controlling the robot he had an Xbox controller in his hand that was black. That tells me they actually use PS5 controllers and they work better but they probably didn't have the licensing to show the Sony product so they switched it to an Xbox controller in the next shot where they show the controller in full view. The first time you see him hand the controller to Adam though he absolutely hands him a PS5 controller that's white. It's very obvious.
@namelesshero434 watch the scene before they show him controlling it with an Xbox controller when they first hand him the controller it is indeed a white PS5 controller. They probably couldn't use it in the video for licensing reasons so they showed an Xbox controller after that.
i couldnt stop smiling this entire video, this is incredible!
Gosh I love Adam's enthusiasm for science. Insane props for still making awesome videos like this.
there are admittedly a lot of tested videos I have yet to watch but somehow I think "adam swallows a robot to capture footage of his stomach, and then swallows a SECOND robot that he then drives around in his stomach to capture footage of the FIRST robot" is probably the craziest one
love how all kinds of very specialized robots are controlled with standard game controllers
Nothing beats the submarine tho
nah the submarine was just better lmao
@@73685 haha OceanGate :)
to be fair game controllers probably have the most r&d put into them and also high quality for cheap
This guy is a true maker. Pocket knife, key carabiner, thick belt, casio watch 😂 Love it!
And he's open about pricing and manufacturing. These are the people we need so much more of in healthcare
I love the relationship between tech and old school, tried and true making that this channel has. Everything from Norm's updates on VR/AR, to model making, to collectibles reviews, they cover everything I'm interested in! I absolutely loved this.
I loved the movie *InnerSpace* when I was a kid. This is that movie IRL.
Nice to see that Adam ingests things other than Snapple lmao
Hahaha called it 29:10
Can't forget about the Bundaberg ginger beer! There's at least two beverages he enjoys often
😂❤
@@straphyr Can't blame him, those are amazing.
I used to drink Snapple until they started putting their shit in plastic
@encompassthyeclipse7278 when everyone started switching to glass they switched to plastic. I always went for a snapple because of the bottle, not anymore
16:09 Response to Adam asking how to retrieve the robot after it has passed, “my gosh why would you do that?!” My favorite part of this video.
I'd pull a Scotty, grab the scotch bottle and reply, "I'll let ya know".
A few months later, call him with some mod suggestions... "Oh, I took the liberty of reverse engineering your telemetry and tried a few mods..."
My fee: A small fleet of FDA approved models down the road.
"Why would you do that?" is a question from someone who doesn't know Adam Savage. Like many of us, Adam's first task with a new toy is to dismantle it then put it back together. No way Adam doesn't want to see the parts of his bots.
@@BillsBayou Adam saw the parts inside of the bots at the plant. Nope, he, as would I, want to actually work with those parts on his own and see what other tricks one can apply to perhaps improve the bot.
Or at least autonomously harass the goldfish with... ;)
Adam, your child-like glee at stuff like this always gives me a big smile.
first time I've heard the phrase "recognizable mechanical devices inside my body" lol
“You’re surprisingly comfortable with this concept” 😭😭😭😭
I didn't know the stomach clears and cleans itself within 4 hours.... sweet!
But assuming that's true, why isn't the rest of the system in sync? Shouldn't there be a by-product produced each time you eat a meal to let you know your system is operating at peak efficiency. Maybe I need to pull in somewhere and have that checked.
@@edrichard6153 feaces are made just to indicate that, so is urine. If your urine is dark yellow it indicates you are dehydrated if it's pale yellow you are hydrated and if it's clear you are super hydrated. And I'm not sure of your question- to indicate the foods been digested or not- pain comes through and if it remains indigestible then soon it comes out in the form of stool/poop.
It was so cool seeing these guys at Open Sauce, but even better seeing them go Magic Schoolbus on Adam
I have been sick on stomach 13 years. I ask my doctor to do this and he said no and that it was just anxiety. I went to holistic doctor and got stool test and had 6 bacterial and yeast overgrowth infections and almost died. Now I am healing. thank you God.
What was the recommended treatment?
@@Luschan atheism
@@sylinashi8761 Lol I was thinking the same. Wouldn't it have been god that also put the bacteria and yeast inside them in the first place? and why are they thanking god, thank the person that did the stool test🤣
0:14 fnaf ahh jumpscare
FR
LOLOLOL
I've swallowed one of the older versions of pillbot camera for diagnosis. It was truly a miracle how such a small machine was able to emit light, capture and transmit photos wirelessly for almost 8hrs. Unfortunately my intestine was not in a good condition. The capsule got stuck for 3 months and had to undergo surgery. This pill helped diagnose a condition which was not found during colonoscopy, endoscopy and CT endrography.
Like legit? Did the camera help diagnose anything?
They found a stricture with ulceration in the area where the capsule got stuck. This was in the middle portion of the small intestine and was not reachable by endoscopy or colonoscopy. For me it wasn't found in ct enterography either.
Everyone used to bang on about flying cars… as someone with serious medical anxiety, this is the future I was excited for! ❤
I look at flying cars this way, "They can't drive worth a shit on the ground and we're gonna put them in the air?! The roofers will love the overtime!".
The pillbot, well, I'd be straining at stool...*
*Yeah, that's an actual medical term and alas, frequent cause of death in elders. And well, what one would also do to retrieve the bot. Shitty job, but someone's gotta do it.
Kudos on surviving the fact that nobody appreciated the well-rehearsed "we were choked for current" pun. The one-two punch of "Savage-cut" was just an eye-roller for Adam after that.
This is amazing. Imagine in five or ten years when this is how we can check our stomach health. So cool.
Can't wait for the eventual Pillbot races. First one out wins!
🤣😂
It will end up getting stuck in a log jam! 😂
I can't even put unto words how amazing it is to even get to see this from the comfort of my handheld device for literally free.
How is this not on the mainstream media!!
Wow! What a time to be alive! 😊
I'm sorry, but is that a ps5 controller?
Lol this is gonna be called Stomach Acid gate
Oh no. 😬 It’s gonna implode inside him. 😅
They should make one that looks like a school bus.
People who know knows. 😂
CARLOS!
yep i know 😂
🏆
Yes! 😂
I should have stayed home today 😩
Adam swallows a Pill Bot:
That was good I think I’ll have another 😋
Maybe a little seasoning, salt and pepper, or a nice sauce...
@@DavidSprings never can have too much garlic and onion! ;)
This is exactly the type of stupid humor that I love 🤭
I was just thinking of that scene when Thor shouts "ANOTHER!" and smashes the glass on the floor.
The next Adam Savage one day build: a screen to go over the toilet bowl, but under the seat... for "science retrieval purposes"..
Definitely.
Not to mention the green one on the left side of the monitor
This became one of the most interesting videos I've seen in a long time. Totally didn't expect to be this excited about it lol
This is freaking Amazing. I love how Adam is still as passionate about this stuff as he was on Mythbusters. I miss those days.
PS : RIP Grant Imahara, I miss him.
fucking*
I have a friend that works in the sewer department. He says the water treatment facility has a specific filter just for condoms. That is the number one non-soluble thing than comes down the sewer.
Condoms, tampons and wet wipes... wet wipes are HUGE problem.
Flushing lithium ion batteries is ridiculous. If the battery had .1g lithium, it would poison about 1,000 liters of water. Add in people flushing hearing aids, kids trying to flush vapes when their parents catch them... Horrible. The guy says "why retrieve it" because he wants to move more product. End of.
@@KevinJDildoniktrue, who doesn’t want to swallow a used one. Mhhh flavour for future 🤌🏼
@@KevinJDildonik more ignorance, as most people don't realize how rare lithium is in the universe and even on earth. Lithium is weird, it fissions and it fuses easily, so it's destroyed inside of stars as quickly as it's made. A hint on how easily, hydrogen bombs use lithium deuteride in the fusion core, the lithium fissioning into tritium to fuse with the deuterium. Then, if a tritium ion and deuterium ion comes to love each other very much, in the heat of the moment, a helium ion gets born.
@@KevinJDildonik If it can survive being digested intact then it will likely survive the trip to the sewerage plant intact too. I agree it is a concern though and ideally the lithium would be recovered.
6:00 *_"I swear you'll be able to swollow it"_*
Adams best pickupline ever!
lol
If u can swallow it the it’s too small :(
Wow, this is amazing!
That company is an inspiration for all engineers and devs around the world
You know Adam is going to "recover" these bots. 😂
we all know that. Awesome comment.
Was thinking this as well... He has to check now till he passes both now. 😂
Who wouldn’t 😂
@@zooedca A quick rinse, and good to go to the next patient.😆
Yep, zero chance Adam flushes this thing.
Man who just swallowed a robot: People have put the craziest things into their bodies!
Fitting that this goes up today when I had colon cancer caught by a routine colonoscopy two weeks ago!
!!!!!
I hope you heal quickly and with the least pain possible. ❤
Yeah, that's on my to-do list, keeps getting knocked off of the schedule by life events.
But, something's gotta give. I've become a bit anemic, d-dimer is up enough to suggest bleeding somewhere, magnesium is low suggesting clotting cascade is elevated, so it's either the abdominal aortic aneurysm or something else occult leaking. First patient I ever lost, a 28 year old female soldier with a dissected AAA. She was dead before she hit the ground, my only hint in the field, CPR being performed, while verifying compressions efficacy, the pulse fell off with each compression rapidly. She had pheochromocytoma, adrenaline producing tumor on the adrenal gland, shot her BP up way past tilt. Got to see two such cases, the other was successfully treated and was only mentioned in the patient history.
Oh well, one upside from doctor's visit today, A1C lower, courtesy of my dropping 20 pounds, lowering insulin resistance, as that's a familial trait. I get to retain the family title of eldest by far to not be diabetic throughout my father's side of the family. Pisses my cousins off massively, as they all are and keep going with their failing mantra "It's in the genes, why fight it?". Simple, they'll be on dialysis in a decade at most, I won't. I'll still be kicking strong, walking with my cane, going deaf as a post, but still sharp as a tack.
Well, back to designing a refrigeration unit that uses butane to cool a Wilson cloud chamber for my Amerecium source I rescued from a deceased smoke detector, then improve on a design from CERN for a radiation spectrometer that uses photodiodes retasked for the purpose...
@@tested Yep! Surgery next week on Friday (my birthday!). So, yeah, get colonoscopies. They're life saving.
@@wildflower1397 Thank you!
This was brought to by PBS, a public broadcasting service, thanks to viewers like you! NOSTALGIA
So amazing what tech in the hands of good people can do!! Humans are truly masterpieces! Thank you Adam for making it possible for me to see this!
For some reason this one had me yelling at the screen and at the edge of my seat the whole time. freaking amazing. got quite a few laughs out as well. I love when tested leans into science. It reminds me of those shows from the 80s and 90s I enjoyed so much.
Never thought I'd see Adam this up close.
Adam, your genuine excitement about technological advancements is just what I needed today. Please never change!
Been following PillBot’s journey since the beginning. Awesome to see Adam picking it up, go Torrey! 🎉
There are few things in life that thrilled me as much as watching this conversation ensue.
Fantastic Voyage and Innerspace are becoming more and more closer every day. Now, we just need to be able to shrink someone. 😂
Needs more chroma key
This is a side of Adam Savage we haven’t seen before. Awesome!
I think I can speak for the FPV quadcopter community here and say we all want a go!
Can we power loop the liver!?😂
only with the newly introduced doctorate license from the FAA
@@TryAgainFPV inside flying guide🤓🤣
Us fixed wing guys never get anything cool 😆
@@0Rookie0 that's OK, as usual, the rotary wing guy wants to fly through a fixed object to loop a liver.
@@0Rookie0 🤣 but we love you guys anyway😜
There was an old Savage that swallowed a Pillbot. I don't know why he swallowed a Pillbot.... perhaps he'll cry.
"I want you to put all the failures on the wall... because there is so much institutional knowledge of wrong turns here that are intrinsic to the process of getting the thing" - Adam Savage.
guess you gotta throw me up on the wall lol. I jk, but fr this is such a great mindset. Love Adam and this channel. I wonder what kind of personal relationship he has with Tested vs Mythbusters and anything else he's produced? Tested just feels so personal. Even in interviews, Adam's raw and unique personality, talent, and creativity shine thru. It really is an honor to have free access to these videos
Adam I just wanted to say that your one of my childhood hero's and I'm so glad that you made a UA-cam channel doing awesome stuff after mythbusters ended
This is absolutely amazing! I was smiling for the entire video! As a medical technician for laboratory diagnostics and biochemical analysis, everything about this makes me happy. The ingenuity, the camera, that you can control it with a XBox controller XD. Thank you for visiting these people
It’s a PS5 controller…
@@julz_swag 13:31 i doubt the PS5 controller has the X on it
@@doragonsureia7288 what
@@doragonsureia7288 oh I see, he was using the xbox controller at one point, but most of the video it was a PS5 controller.
@@coblerz oh you meanwhen he had the bot in his stomach? I didn't realize
Having worked (on the records side) in a gastro office, the pillcams were super neat. Also stupidly expensive for what they were. There were immediately flushable ones where you gave the patient a little receiver to wear that picked up signals and stored the footage, and then there were the, uh, older ones that came with a little shovel. Still single use, but you had to get the pill back to get the files.
Both were smaller in form factor than this, but also were completely passive.
Damned dyslexia bit me briefly, must be tired. For a second, I saw the bit about the little shovel to get the pill back to get the fillets...
This is the kind of tech which is needed in the medical field. Only pray this is not too costly and beyond normal person's reach.
The cost is definitely affordable, as stated in the video towards the end.
In the video he says the parts list totals about $35
@@drgroove101 The USA laughs in medical insurance company.
@@bjiornbjiornExactly…by the time it comes to market, it’ll cost $100 plus each and you’ll still need to have a Dr visit in order to get it.
Affordable? Dude those will cost pennies to produce. Normal GI endoscopy = sedation, sterile use tubing, gowns, gloves, cameras, screens, anesthesia, etc, etc.
21:43 - "Jack, you're asking the wrong guy. From my point of view, it's about the size of Candlestick Park."
Adam Savage - the human Sea Monkey tank. I love it. :)
If this is what I think it’s gonna be, we’re about to see Adam “pass” a camera😂❤
I wont consider the experiment complete until we see it come out 🤣
One of the pill bots discovered a little craft with a miniature Dennis Quaid inside it.
$35 in parts and I’m guessing medical facilities will charge $3,500. 100x
Not saying medical stuff isn’t overpriced, but there’s a lot more to using an instrument than just the cost of its materials.
More like $35,000.
Gotta have a profit margin.
@@spacemissing That sounds more like it. Haha!
@@SynchronizorVideos I’m just saying for the device itself, not the use or deployment of. Haha
Pill cams already exist. If you don't live in America, you can be screened for around $2500
I had a pill camera recently but it just passes through you and cant zoom in and is just a series of photo that takes a week to be compiled. As a chronically ill person it means alot for you to show this off and give sick people hope. Thanks Adam
Watching this is giving me flashbacks to the movie "Innerspace" from '87. Fantastic stuff! 😆
I was looking for this comment!
1966 Fantastic Voyage...Raquel Welch!
bro using a ps5 controller
Will the pressures inside the body implode this robot?
@@CreatureOTNightNo, dumb question
He’s up to date at least
@@kilbunnyz9186Bruh you didn't understood the referencee
I heard the robot use Starlink connection
So cool! 100% chance Adam retrieved this at home LOL
500%
I absolutely love that the first iteration is literally using a Raspberry Pi (and want it on the record that I was typing this before he actually said it; I saw the pi through the side lol).