Anitta and the First Anatolian Empire (Highlights of Hittite History)
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- Опубліковано 26 чер 2024
- In this "Highlights of Hittite History" video, we take a look at Anitta and the rise and fall of his short-lived empire, the first of its kind that we know of in ancient Anatolia. Anitta essentially set the ball in motion for future Hittite kings to expand outside of Anatolia and into the wealthy states of the ancient Near East.
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Yay Anitta! So great to see Hittite history get more of the coverage it deserves! A few notes about name normalization. The "s", "sh", and "shin" (the 's' with the little hat on it and is pronounced like English "sh") are all the same consonant in Hittite, we just aren't quite sure how to pronounce it, and normalize it into the alphabet. The cuneiform consonant used is always the "shin" (pronounced "sh") consonant, although most scholars now think it was probably pronounced just "s" by the Hittites. It's unknown why they used the "sh" consonant if they pronounced it "s", since the "s" consonant could be written in cuneiform, and the Hittites bloody well knew it.) So "Kanesh" is "Kanes" is "Kanes (with a 'shin')" (or, to complicate things, it could be "Kanis", since 'e' and 'i' aren't usually kept distinct in Hittite writing. And then all the same variations for "Nesa". Also, the "e" vowel is pronounced like a hard "a", and the "i" vowel like a hard "e", as in German. Although to complicate things, you are absolutely correct that in English we pronounce "Kanesh" with soft a and e vowels. The reason for that is: because.) There is also no "th" sound in Hittite. That's a result of normalizing the writing into English. The "h" is a laryngeal consonant (probably sounded like coughing up a hair ball) that doesn't exist in Indo-European languages anymore. So the "t" (which was probably "d" when internal to the word) is separate from the "h". "Pit-ha-na" rather than "Pith-an-a". To complicate things even more, the double "ss" in "Kussara" not only has the same "s" problem, but the fact that it is again the result of trying to normalize the cuneiform into the alphabet. A doubled consonant might represent a syllable break - or not. "Kus-sar-a" or "Kus-ar-a". And the final "a" is a Hittite language vowel tacked onto the end and not part of the original Hattic language name of the place, which was just "Kussar". (But scholars do definitely write it using the Hittite form 'Kussara'.) The normalization of Hittite words can be a nightmare. For instance, "Hattusas" (the final "s" is the nominative case ending, which sometimes is and sometimes isn't included by scholars) has been normalized in the past as "Khattushash", which hurts my eyes to look at. (The "Kh" trying to represent the laryngeal consonant.) And "Kussara" as "Kushshara" (more eye pain). Anyway, back to the "s" consonant. If you can use the "shin" sign, I'd stick with it, since that is the consonant actually used in Hittite cuneiform, regardless of how it was actually pronounced. That means if you write "Hattusa" (with a 'shin') you should also write "Nesa", "Piyusti", Salatiwara, and Purushanda with "shin"s. That "h" in Purushanda, btw, is the laryngeal consonant, so it is "Purushanda", _not_"Purusanda". Technically, you should write "Kanesh" wit a 'shin' too, but that would just confuse everybody. Everybody has gotten used to "Kanesh", so that's a good one to make an exception for.
Haha I laughed when I read your comment because I was trying so hard to correctly say these names because I've heard and read them pronounced in different ways. Same with spellings. In past Hittite videos, I've also used other spellings. I'll think out this more ... Trevor Bryce uses "Nesa" and "Kanesh" in his works so I might just resort to using that, as 70% of my Hittite/Mitanni sources are written or compiled by him.
So in your opinion, what''s the best way to say "Šuppiluliuma?" haha maybe I shouldn't have asked because I practiced saying his name until it rolled off my tongue naturally - would be heartbroken if I'm saying it incorrectly!
Haha thanks so much for the info, I really appreciate it and love hearing/learning from all of you.... more HIttite history to come in the near future!
@@HistorywithCy Take heart when asking yourself whether or not you are pronouncing something right: you probably aren't, but it's not your fault. :-) After all, the people who study it for a living can't pronounce any of it with certainty. And over the past 150 years or so of Hittite scholarship, written in multiple languages, the normalization of these words has changed. And the Hittites themselves were inconsistent in their spelling. But cuneiform kinda-sorta does at least make it kinda-sorta-but-not-really certain where syllable boundaries are, since cuneiform is a syllabary rather than an alphabet.
Bryce can correctly use both "Nesa" and "Kanesh", since both forms appear in the texts. It was actually debated at first whether or not those two names referred to the same place. Most people use "Kanesh" because that's what we call it for the Assyrian Colony period, which was the most important period for the site, and the best known today. "Nesa" is the Hittite version of the name. This has led to speculation that the actual pronunciation was something like "Knesh" with "Kn" being a single consonant sound which the Hittites had trouble pronouncing. Cuneiform signs are basically consonant-vowel combinations, so there is no way to write two consonants together at the beginning or end of words. You can't write "K-ne-es", so they wrote "Ka-ne-es". (Incidentally, the word for Troy, Taruisa, had a similar problem, and was probably pronounced Truisa. And there is no - o - vowel in cuneiform, so that -u-, which some people sometimes write as a - w -, could very well have been pronounced as an - o -, Troisa, which is getting us very close to the Greek spelling of the word.)
As for Suppiluliuma, there's another complication with his name: Hittite cuneiform doesn't distinguish between the "b" and "p" consonants. (The same problem exists for "g" and "k", and "d" and "t". If you pronounce these combinations to yourself, you'll notice that the only difference in these pairings is whether or not you engage your vocal chords. These are "voiced-voiceless pairs".) While it isn't certain, the last I heard, scholars leaned toward the rule that if one of these consonants is internal to the word, it is voiced, and if it is at the beginning or end of the word, it is voiceless. As mentioned, the initial "s" was probably pronounced as an English "s" rather than "sh". The significance of the doubling of the "p/b" isn't easy to know, as it could just be the consequence of the three cuneiform characters used: Su-up-pi. Although the fact that they wrote it Su-up-pi rather than Su-pi probably means that the "p/b" goes with the first syllable: Sup-i rather than Su-pi, although just say whichever is easier for you, since we can't really say for sure and the doubling might also indicate a slight emphasis of the syllable break - Sup-pi. I naturally find myself saying it "Sup-pi", since that's how my ears always heard it in school when I was studying this stuff.
For the pronunciation of his name, it helps to know it's etymology: "Suppi" means "sacred, holy", "luli" means "pond", and "-iuma" means something like "belonging to, he of". So it would be "Suppi-luli-uma", or by syllable, "Sup-pi-lu-li-u-ma", meaning "He of the sacred pond". (All the "u"-s being pronounced like English - oo - in "moon".) I'm afraid I don't remember any rules about syllable stress. Personally, I stress the first syllable, "sup", but really that's just because that's how English speakers like to stress unknown words. It is, incidentally, the only actually Hittite language royal name of a Hittite king I can think of. The rest are mostly Hattic in origin, with a couple of Luwian etymology, like Muwattalli (good luck finding a normalized spelling of that when it comes to the - tt - vs. - t - and - ll - vs. - l -. And abandon all hope ye who enter into the Mitannian capital Wassukanni.)
But, if the voiced/voiceless rule is correct, his name would be pronounced "Subbiluliuma". You can actually find it spelled that way in older scholarship, although more currently people prefer to write it "Suppiluliuma". I admit, I'm one of them. "Subbiluliuma" just looks weird to me. (As if the word didn't look weird already!)
To make things even MORE confusing, sometimes the 'shin' actually is pronounced 'sh', if it's a foreign (Hurrian or Akkadian) word. The god "Teshub" really is 'sh', since it's the Hurrian name of the god, not the Hittite.
And as a note for grins and giggles, how we normalize Hittite words today differs from how Roman names are normalized for Classical literature. In Hittite (today, anyway), we leave off the nominative case ending -s. But it's included in Classical literature. Imagine coming across the name "Juliu Caesar" instead of "Julius Caesar".
From googling, it seems that what you call "hard a" is the English diphthong "ay", as in "okay". Is that right? Do you have a source for the Hittite/Akkadian "e" vowel being pronounced that way? As far as my linguistic knowledge goes, everyone outside of the Anglosphere seems to be able to pronounce a long "e sound" without turning it into a diphthong. It makes English speakers sound funny when they pronounce the "long e sound" that way in languages like Japanese or Latin, for example.
Fricken Cy coming through with the goodies
Thanks so much, appreciate you stopping by again! Happy New Year and all the best!!
The vids just keep getting better and better, man!
Thanks my friend, I really appreciate it! Happy New Year and all the best for 2020!
I love how you are devoted to constantly improving your content.
Thank you! I try to make each one just a little better than the previous...glad it's paying off! Happy New Year and all the best for 2020!
The Hittites are my favorite !!!
Yeah, they're story is super interesting! More to come!
@@HistorywithCy how come you left so much out,,If intersted...Rothman, quoted said...''All that was known in Mesopotamia came from Armenia and that Armenia is the absent fragment in the entire mosaic of the ancient world's civilization's construction. according to Anthropologist Mitchell S. Rothman regarding the extent of discoveries and specially on the quality of horse bones proved, According to him, that it was from the Shangavit Armenian 6000 years ago that the culture of that area spread around to the ancient world...
Professor Jensen also says. ‘For almost everything that is known in the Hittite language is Old Armenian in form..Historian Sayce 1845-1933) also consider Hittite and Armenian to be one and the same’. what some historians say...H.V. Hilprecht(1859-1925) a Clark research professor of Assyriology and scientific director Babylonian expedition at the University of Penn. argue that the Hittite tongue is Armenian and the Hittites themselves were of Armenian stock...according to Ellis (1861) through language analysis we observe that under the names of Phrygians, Thracians,Pelasgians and Etruscans spread westward from Armenia to Italy and Elis claimed that the closest affinities of the Aryan element are the Armenians ..other historians that agree are..Hellenthal, Busgy, Brand, Wilson, Myers and Falush...let me quote Merrick (2012) All religions are descended from and ancient Vedic cosmology described in the Rib - Veda, originating in Armenia near Mt. Ararat at least 6800 ys ago and the basic concepts of a transcendental mountain extending into space and populated planet Star-gods were developed...he further says...This Astrotheology then migrated with Armenian Aryans to found the Sumerian Ethiopian/Egyptian and Indian civilizations and religions...from Language as a fingerprint Setyan...
My history, thanks for video from Anatolia 🇹🇷 ☪
Fan of your channel. Your visual and musical approach makes these videos very great introductions on all of these ancient cultures.
Hittites are pretty enigmatic to me, since they kind of stand out in the continuum of history and don't have a lot of clear cultural descendants in following generations, like the ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians, or Myceneans. And I suppose there is no way as of yet to verify whether or not they are at all related to the people of Catal-Huyuk. Since their language is Indo-European, they might just be migrants to Anatolia, superseding previous populations. As always, looking forward to your future videos. Keep up the great work.
Thanks so much for stopping by, I really appreciate the kind words. Most scholars of the subject believe that they came much after the peoples of Catal Huyuk and similar sites. As for their descendants, they probably mixed in with the other populations that arrived over the centuries - Greeks, Romans, Turks, etc. I"m sure there is some Hittite blood in most of the the peoples who currently occupy Anatolia/Turkey/northern Syria etc.
Thanks again for stopping by and hope that your New Year has gotten off to a great start!
THANKS for the ancient history lessons ! God bless you
Thank you, I appreciate the kind words and same to you! Hope that your New Year has started off well!
@@HistorywithCy I shared significant data, yet you ignored important works and only commented on people complimented or said they like your work.. ..why ?
@@hikeoganessian9729 contrary to popular opinion, I can't respond to every comment, and I only respond if I have something to say or add to the conversation. If comments are not civil, offensive or if I sense that someone is merely trolling, then I won't hesitate to ban them from commenting. Thanks.
Thanks Cy great video I always learn something new 🌵🙋♀️🌵
Thank you, I'm so glad. Hope that you 2020 has gotten off to a great start!
Happy New Year Cy!
Thanks, you too! All the best for 2020 and the decades to come!
after watching this vid i thought i'll sub, but i was already subbed.. :D i'll definetily watch that part 2
Thanks so much, I really appreciate it! Happy New Year!
@@HistorywithCy happy 2020s to u too!
How is named the effect of filling a portion of the map with a color? And how do you do that? I need to learn this to help me with editing. Also, nice video :)
Hi! I'm just using the Adobe suite of products, specifically the effects in Premier and also Photoshop and Illustrator. So far it's worked for me. Thanks for stopping by, I really appreciate it and Happy New Year!
awesome content
Thank you!
Molto interrsante, grazie tante! Tanti saluti,
Grazie, felice Anno Nuovo!!!
@@HistorywithCy
Grazie, tanti auguri, Buone Feste e Felice Anno nuovo!
Hello and thanks for your videos, I looked at all the anatolian videos and I was expecting a mention of Chinar, a town located not too far from Urkesh and mentionned few times in the Bible. It seems that it has no archeological importance, but I would like you to confirm it is true. Does anyone mention this place in ancient texts?
What was the name of the storm god which Anitta mentioned?
Interesting
Thank you!
Love the videos. Question if tin was such a hot ticket for the bronze age with very few deposits available. How could so much bronze be smelted? Even with reclamation and scavenging after was ect.. at lets say 40% to be fair.
As excited as I am for videos on the Hittites, I am still hoping for more on the Elamites.
Hi and Happy New Year! Oh, you'll love the next video then - Babylonia vs Elam in the story of Hammurabi. As for the series, the Elamite one is actually ahead of the general time line - the main periods left there are the Neo-Elamite and later Persian period. They're coming soon though, stay tuned!
@@HistorywithCy I absolutely will!
In Jewish history, the Elamites kidnapped Lot who was the nephew of Abraham. Abraham gave chase and recovered Lot and put the Elamites. Even in the Christian New Testament there were Elamites in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost when the disciples of Christ spoke in other languages.
@@Dr.Pepper001 I could not care less about the pseudo-historical information in the Bible. It's roughly as historically accurate as the Iliad. I'll take the word of real scholars over misremembered folktales.
@Dr.Bright Your wish is granted... new program/podcast on the Elamites out now...enjoy!
It's a bird
It's a plane
It's the Hittites!
Babylon: "Fuck."
Hahaha SPOILER ALERT! you know what's coming in a few hundred years for Babylon! Stay tuned and thanks for stopping by, as always, I really appreciate it!
Technically, the oldest known Hittite king might be a ruler named Pamba, sometime in the 23rd century BC. According to a much later text dating to about 1400 BC, the Akkadian king Naram-Sin conquered a coalition of 17 kings, which included Pamba ruler of Hattusa and Zipani ruler of Kanesh. It's unknown if this tradition is true though, since there is no other evidence for it. And then there is a long string of Hattic rulers, for which we can tentatively reconstruct the connections with their Hittite supplanters. Anitta, followed by his son Peruwa. There is a Zuzzu, probably of Kanesh. The major settlement period of the Assyrian trading colony at Kanesh was destroyed by a king of Salatiwara, probably during Zuzzu's reign. There was a "Chief Cup Bearer" named Tudhaliya in Zuzzu's court who might have become a ruler in Hattusa. Chronologically, this could be a Tudhaliya who is mentioned as the father of PU-Sarruma ("PU" is a logogram - it's masking the name of some deity). Since Cup Bearers were normally of royal blood, Tudhaliya might provide a blood line connection between the rulers of Kanesh and the kings of Hattusa. Maybe. There may or may not be a Huzziya ruling in Hattusa somewhere in this period, although this might have been a king of Zalpa. PU-Sarruma had a son Papahdilmah who turned against him. So PU-Sarruma passed over him and named his son-in-law Labarna as his successor. PU-Sarruma's servants and chief officers didn't like it, so when PU-Sarruma died, they put Papahdilmah on the throne. Labarna didn't like _that,_ so he waged war against Papahdilmah and won. And there, finally, we are in the line of Hittite kings. With all it's problems. :-) BTW, when you get to Telipinu, don't buy the hype. Yes, after overthrowing his own predecessor, he wrote a lovely text outlining how the Hittite succession was to occur. But his own son didn't succeed him, and the kingdom didn't stabilize. Instead, he was succeeded by his son-in-law. And the instability continued.
Yeah, this is supper interesting and I want to go into such detail, perhaps in a podcast. There's so much I want to talk about on this channel.... might be easier to talk about such details in a podcast.
Thanks again for this knowledge, I really appreciate it!
😍😍😍
Thank you, appreciate you stopping by!
@@HistorywithCy Enjoying every single one of your episodes.
Holly shit!!!! 1750’s bc??? Just disappeared??? Anatti/pre Hittite surviours are the Hyksos!!!!!!
how do you have so few subs ?
Hi, thanks for stopping by! I guess I'm currently in a niche topic so not really mainstream. Maybe that'll change in 2020!
Happy New Year!
@@HistorywithCy being niche is not only problematic because there are fewer people interested, but also because it's harder for your fans find people to share your videos to.
have you tried talking about your channel on discord history servers ?
What about Georgian tribes? As we know, the only Georgians who lived in those days in those places and survived to this day
Hmm, that I don't know about, at least not from this time period. Thanks for stopping by, I really appreciate it!
@@HistorywithCy Georgians are the only autochthonous people in the region, it is a pity that no one is talking about it, it was to Georgia that the Argonauts went for the golden fleece, and it was in Georgia that they came up with grape wine 8 thousand years ago. The Mushki tribes, the country of Diauehi, all of them were next to the Hittite kingdom and were Georgian.
A bit off topic but did the cannanites really sacrifice their children? Bc all I could find is conflicting conclusions on different website on did the Carthage sacrifice their new born or not and not much on the cannanites them self other than Christian websites justifying the killing of cannanites
Because the original records are minimal and the romans/greeks/enemies are our primary sources it might be hard to ever resolve this argument
Personally I feel its not so out of the realms of possibility but just contradictory to what we feel when we think of Mediterranean civilization which is why its shocking. If they didnt sacrifice their children maybe children who died early due to the infant mortality rate were their 'sacrifice' to the gods
From what I've seen I'm guessing there's no incontrovertible evidence of that, but it wouldn't show up so much in the Bible if it hadn't been a thing.
Remember, the Israelites and Judahites *are* Canaanites, and a large part of the purpose of the scriptures is to break with past traditions. When they mention Ahaz making his son pass through the fire, it probably happened. The entire chapter Ezekiel 20 basically admits that these sorts of things *were* Judahite/Israelite traditions.
The Abraham narrative, as well as several others, pretty clearly contain quite a few late additions, either Josianic, Exilic, or post-Exilic, and I believe that among these is that Abraham's father, "Terah," used carved family idols, "Teraphim," in his religion, and the story with being about to sacrifice Isaac and being told to spare him. Both of these are likely meant to relate to issues that reforming Judahites would encounter in their relationships with their parents.
Daniel Briggs thanks for the answer but how come every time I look up the cannanites in UA-cam many of the Christian treat them as a separate entity and view them as evil therefore justify gods command on killing them? ua-cam.com/video/tFdGCyQqM1U/v-deo.html
Hey man, l emailed you, not sure if it went through or not
Hi and Happy New Year! Ok I"ll check...thanks!
@@HistorywithCy You as well
Hmmmmmmm.......
Is Anitta a descendant of Aratta?
Hi and Happy New Year! Do you mean the Sumerian myth? I don't think so... it's probably just a coincidence that their names sound similar.
Thanks for stopping by, I really appreciate it!
@@HistorywithCy Thank you, and I hope 2020 is a fine year for you, sir! I love your YT channel!
I was referencing pretty much everything potentially Aratta, from myths from Sumer, to possibly the Jiroft, and Ukrainian archeological sites.
Hope you have a fantastic day, and thanks for the great video!
will you delete my comments Cy..
Well, I haven't deleted your tens of comments over the past few weeks so far. As long as you keep your comments civil and are not attacking anyone personally, I generally allow people to comment as they wish. If comments get out of hand and are offensive or if I sense someone is trolling, then I have no problem banning them. Thanks.
"Loyal to his Anatolian overlord"? I thought they were ALL Anatolian...
Hi! They are, just his new Anatolian overlord - or lord of central Anatolia to be more specific. Thanks for stopping by, I really appreciate it and more to come!
@@HistorywithCy Thank you! Was this part of the world more powerful than Mesopotamia or Egypt at that time?
@@yngvebalmsteen9174 they were relative to each other
Hitties are Asian origin right?
Hi, thanks for stopping by. They are believed to have been of Indo-European origin, most likely coming into Anatolia from the Caucasus region or the Black Sea.
Take care and stay safe!
@HRE no
When you read the text shown onscreen within quotation marks, you don't need to preface it with "And I quote."
Hi, thanks for your comment and feedback. I understand, I do it so that those who are perhaps only listening know that there is some sort of transition...I don't want them to perhaps mistaken them as my own words.
Thanks again for stopping by, I appreciate it...all the best for 2020!
So much for the integrity of the "Storm god".......oh well......no different from ALL the gods man has ever believed in.......after thousands of years we still haven't learned?!?!.....duh.
Thanks for your comment and stopping by, I really appreciate it!
@@HistorywithCy No prob....I'm addicted!
Hybrid giants of the Nephilim
He sounds like an Egotist, the son, Anitta
All names are Indian/hindu why? More history evidence is required
Well, they're Indo Europeans, so there is definitely a link between each other
be gone, sleep!
Haha it's hard to compete with sleep but thanks for making it through the video! All the best for 2020!