Lunar Starship VS Saturn V, Max Size of Black Holes, ISS Replacement | Q&A 245
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- Опубліковано 14 тра 2024
- Why can't Starship reach the Moon without refuelling? How big can black holes get? What space station will replace the ISS? How big do Lagrange points get? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show.
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00:00 Start
00:26 [Andoria] What are my thoughts on panspermia?
06:02 [Vulcan] Which upcoming Earth-based telescopes are most exciting?
09:54 [Risa] What would it take to send a telescope to the SGL focus?
12:36 [Aeturen] Do supermassive black holes have a max size limit?
12:58 [Vendikar] Should money spent on habitable planets be spent elsewhere?
16:07 [Remus] What are my thoughts on China vs ESA and NASA?
21:07 [Janus] How did science communication change over last 30 years?
26:16 [Cait] How big is a Lagrange point?
30:00 [Betazed] How to communicate with Proxima Centauri probes?
31:24 [Cheleb] How will we replace the ISS?
33:33 [Nimbus] Can we achieve interstellar travel if we really want to?
34:55 [Belos] How accurate is the habitable zone around stars?
37:32 [Lyar] Starship vs Saturn V
41:31 [Zalcon] Does international rivalry produce real space progress?
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You are free to use my work for any purpose you like, just mention me as the source and link back to this video. - Наука та технологія
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I meant to say LabPadre.
On science communication and misinformation;
I think the anti electric vehicles misinformation is the most focused or pronounced example, it's a subset of the climate denial misinformation which it's self is a subset of the whole anti or distrust of science thing.
A big problem I see often is when a scientist who is not at all good at science communication fronts the media. I have listened on our national radio station interviews of scientists who are the best in their field where I a complete layman could have relayed the topic far more precisely.
I feel science communication for the general public should be better emphasised in all scientific study. Scientists should know their limits and not front especially for short form interviews with any interviewer that uses the term "in laymen terms". No mr tax funded radio man I want you to do your fricken job and get to the nitty-gritty details of this scientific research! Also bad scientist for accepting such a interview, know your limits.
@@theunknownunknowns5168 - "scientists who are the best in their field where I a complete layman could have relayed the topic far more precisely" yet you proceeded to post 3 different comments in replies. What a schmuck.
What's the evidential difference between being alone in the universe and intelligent life being so rare that on average only one in a billion galaxies has it? It just needs to be rare enough that we have no evidence yet. Maybe in another couple billion years....
Universe Today is my most trusted source for space news
Awwww yeah! Lagrange points. Wouldn't be a question show without them.
ZZ Top would be proud
For commercial space stations, there are Star Lab, Orbital Reef, Axiom, Avast, and Sierra Space, all under development. Star Lab just selected Starship as its launch vehicle.
You are the core channel from which I link more specific, narrower channels to
You are good at "playing nice" with many more specialized smarties
You got to know how vital to have people who sustain balance of mind these days
About the maximum size for black holes. Dr Becky did an excellent video on that called "how massive can black holes grow" about 4 years ago. You are not necessarily wrong with your answer but there definitely are some limitations on how big black holes can grow in certain ways.
Basically black holes can grow through a few different mechanisms. The most well known is through creation, the second biggest is through merging with black holes. It turns out that the acretion mechanism is a very efficient way to grow for a black hole, but this process stalls at about the size of the biggest black holes that have been found so far. The reason for that is that at around that size the vent horizon exceeds the maximum stable orbit possible around that black hole and the material around that black hole experiences more gravitational attraction from the other material around that black hole than from the black hole itself. At that point the surrounding material does not automatically fall into the black hole, that will only happen if it approaches the in a trajectory that crosses the event horizon and that is far less common.
Mergers between black holes could still result in bigger black holes, but I am not sure if two black holes that big could still merge, I suspect not.
I suggest you watch the video from Dr Becky, because she gives a far more clear and detailed explanation.
Thinking about it, once the accretion disks are close enough to gravitationally interact with each other, it presents a mechanism for the black holes to indirectly disrupt each other's orbits. This wouldn't be particularly fast, but it would also disrupt the "last parsec" problem.
@@absalomdraconis my question has always been what if they hit head on like no slight bit off 100% dead-straight on, the 2 biggest that we know of .....
accretion Is almost no efficient fór growing since thé moře a bh eats thé moře energy Is getting spewed away
Dr. Becky is great, esp. on black holes.
Best yt channel for space news and interviews! keep it up Fraser!
I agree!
For sure....!!! And the way he presents himself and the topics is so wholesome....we....(the lil one and I) have space time together!!! So awesome!
He is woke....
Finding life out there is so ridiculous. If it were there, it would need to be close enough to see it both in space, which is extremely vast, and in time, which is even more vast. But you never know, perhaps we stumble on something some day.
Space is more vast as it is possibly infinite but time for sure had a beginning.
@@filonin2 so you're saying that there was a point in time when nothing happened before?
@@slo3337 Can u go north at the north pole ? flawed language
i get excited by seeing a new fraser vid! i love this guy. ever since i watched him say to some boffin, essentially, "i think you will find my audience is clever as buggery. make things as complex as you like". i never fail to be thrilled when someone points out my cleverness!
37:45 It might be helpful to mention to anyone asking this question that starship could take a tiny payload to the moon without all the prop fills, but to send 100+ tons will require a full tank.
37:32 is actual start of question :)
Sure if it actually could fly. As of now not a single successful launch.
@@Jameson1776 👺 < you forgot your mask ;)
@@roqua and you your muzzle.
@@Jameson1776 : You and your myopia.
Your site is one of my go to trusted sources, so, yeah, you've achieved that.
Hey, thank you for featuring my question and just like I mentioned on the live stream, you've encapsulated the journey of space communication very accurately.
As far as being the veritable in this domain is concerned, I firmly observe that you and the Universe Today team have strong roots in keeping this as a principle in your operations. I and many others certainly receive descriptive, informative and knowledgeable material about science through your manner and process of science communication! Very grateful and thankful for that!
I missed the last livestream but I simply cannot wait for the upcoming Prof David Kipping interview!
The interview is wrapped up. I think you'll love it.
@@frasercain Going to literally take time out just for this. The notification bell won't let me miss it! Currently tuned into the livestream.
i think we are learning today with these space questions responses that space is never divorced from real world politics and that directly affects our year to year efforts.
Janus. You're right that sorting through the noise and clickbait is a growing problem in science news. And just news generally. I'm grateful to have some solid sources available for free on UA-cam, and one of my go-to channels is this one right here.
I’m new to your channel and I just wanted to say how much I enjoy the work you do.
Fascinating topics for discussion. I really enjoyed the previews of the new upcoming astronomy telescopes and what new data they might add to our body of knowledge.
You have such an amazing channel. Thank you. :)
The point about journalism and the noise in the system and confusion is a really good one. I think those of us who have been really passionate about science and have educated ourselves, even to a good layman’s point, sometimes unfairly judge the public and think things like “how could people believe in source X about this or that outlandish news etc”. But honestly this is mostly ego and if you really sit down and realize that to the average public persom it’s really not always very obvious what is a good source and what is garbage… it’s kind of scary the damage all this noise can do.
Totally agree with you on the Fermi Paradox!
Big Lebowski reference. I knew I liked you 😊
Dude!
Remus. I like your take on cooperation over competition.
Janus! Youre my favorite space news reporter. I do look forward to every new video
Vendikar
Loved your answer to this question 👍
Janus. That's why I recently bumped my Patreon contribution
Thanks a lot!
Thank you as always for such a great show. Janus
I appreciate your news. Thanks.
When it comes to life in the entire universe, across all space and time, I believe that it's more common than we think. I even believe that intelligent life is fairly common. But when I think about all of the factors that seem necessary for a civilization capable of producing detectable technosignatures, I believe that we're unique at this point in time in our observable section of space.
vulcan, hands down. the knowledge we gain from every new observatory is immense. if we had nothing else, just that would be priceless. would love to hear more about the plan for an observatory on the moon.
Talks about his question on Star Talk and a few hours later its on the show in a recap - you must have friends in high places
Oh, hah, that's awesome. :-)
I vote for you to do a very brief recap of the answer to the question of the week when you talk about it. I hate it when I dont remember or missed an episode and want to know the answer to the question you just brought up!
Maybe we can put a link to the previous episode?
ESO recently posted a video of ELT's upper frame moving for the first time. Jaw dropping.
Mr. Cain. Thanks for your videos! Could you please do one about Loop Quantum Gravity? I would like to learn more about that. Thanks
I'm thinking that there is a size limit. It was a good question and was dismissed in short with a no.
Great, now I'm going to have to get more stationary.
Janus best question/answer tonight.
On the China question, politics aside: While I love collaboration, we shouldn’t underestimate the importance limitation has to creativity.
As current telescopes become obsolete how are the observatories refurbished? Ground up or replacing optics/instruments?
Mostly instruments, less so optics, very rarely ground up. The fact is that technology from 1910 is mostly enough for the actual pointing, most of the benefit comes from stuff "down stream" of the primary mirror, and the mirrors themselves only need to be replaced if they're damaged, or absorb the wrong frequencies, or are getting replaced with "dynamic" mirrors to compensate for atmospheric disruptions.
So, almost entirely equipment gets replaced, very little past that actually produces benefits.
thank you@@absalomdraconis
@@absalomdraconisFor mirrors, the issue is whether the reflect the new wavelengths of the new detectors. Sometimes the old coatings can be removed and recoated.
Thanks!
Vandikar: For the most part I agree with you. But I think humanity would find is responsibility to spread life more quickly and take it up with great fervor if/when we notice someone else out there... Just seems to fit our psychology more if it's a competition vs "just an obligation/responsibility."
Where / what video did you answer the question about extremophiles on Mars?
Hello
Question: What do you suppose the environments of Mars and Venus would look like if we swapped their orbital positions?
best way i can describe l1 and l2 is its the area where orbiting the sun swaps to orbiting the earth, its the balance of being stuck between either.
Hi Fraser,
How bad is the pollution generated by all the solid rocket boosters being used?
Thanks.
Hello, Fraser. Great content as always 💪 My question is:
Could scientists be full 100% sure if a certain asteroid will hit Earth in the future, like they do in the movies? Or is there always a small possibility that collision will just be a near miss? Thanks
Do all the planets is elongate their orbit at the same time? If so is it the combination of an alignment?
Hey, Fraser. Question: if a solar sail gets us to the solar gravitational lens location, do we have a few moments to hope it's lined up on something before we zoom on past? Or is it more like a few months? Or is there a mechanism by which we can circularise the orbit and then have a constant solar-lens telescope sweeping around the universe? How many hundreds of years would an orbit that far out take?
Once it reaches the lens, it's there for years and can continue observing.
Idk the math but I feel that aiming this telescope at a different than first planned target might be incredibly energy intensive, not to mention once you get orbit velocity going there may not be much time for observations
Glad you're not the only one who always thinks of that comic of the flat Earth getting hit and flinging the dinosaurs into orbit.
Janus
I always wait for Fraser’s opinion and JMG
Question. If black holes evaporate faster the smaller they get, and black holes can only accrete matter at a certain maximum rate. Is there a point where the energy being absorbed and the energy being radiated would equal each other?
Could Vera Rubin detect nearby stellar mass black holes through gravitational micro lensing?
To be fair, the Apollo space program was born from competition with the USSR. So competition isn't always bad...
why is Jupiter so radioactive?
Because it has a very strong magnetic field. It traps solar and cosmic radiation concentrating it.
big boi has big magnetic fields
@@meesalikeu yeah pretty much.
Fraser according to your knowledge and experience what would be the best professional match for a BSc in forestry passionate about space and astronomy? Thanks and keep going!
What about helping to set up dark sky preserves?
I watched a Kosmo video recently discussing the local void and it got me thinking....What would the night sky look like on a planet that's in one of the few galaxies on the inner edge of something like the Local Void? Would the sky be as packed with stars as ours is or would it be more sparse or have large dark patches?
I would say that SMBHs *do* have a maximum size. Not because of some inherent limit to their mass, but because of the amount of mass that they could potentially swallow before expansion carries the rest of the universe out of range.
Your thoughts on the Fermi paradox are exactly the same as mine, except I don't think we should want to spread life unless it's easy and there's a habitable planet nearby.. Enjoy the here and now.
my favorite question wasvulcan.
[Remus] About panspermia; the probability of life from a starsystem (i dont know if you noticed, we haven't found many earth like planets yet) that just happens to somehow crash into another life supporting planet, is much much lower than the probability that life simply arose on a planet which has all the right conditions for life. Also as a side argument; life had to start somewhere. It might be panspermiating all over the galaxy, but its a fact that it arose somewhere. So, sorry I wont be convinced. What I do find is a charming idea, is that WE attempt to panspermiate some distant planets with solar sail micro probes, since it's entirely possible that warp-drives are impossible. And on that note, I would say that the probability of some aliens that have done the same with earth is greater than it happening on its own.
that's just an argument from ignorance. show the probabilities for life 'simply arising' on any given planet vs life being ejected into space and eventually hitting another habitable planet. the reason we haven't found many earth-like planets is simply that we can't see them yet, and space is big. the key word is 'yet', and we aren't done. sounds like you prefer to believe in life evolving, then becoming intelligent, then developing tech advanced enough to cover unimaginable distances to populate another planet, rather than chance and unimaginable amounts of time doing it the easy way. that one is definitely a no-brainer.
Question.
Assuming at some point in the future humanity gets to the stage where it sends out larger spaceships to the outer solar system, kieper belt, interstellar, etc with people on board regardless of if these are research or colony ships, mining vessels or whatever else you can think of; at what distance, duration of mission, etc do you think it becomes prudent to add armaments to these vessels?
I mean we do not know what we will find when we get out into interstellar space, is it going to be prudent to be armed or helpless? What are your thoughts on this? I don't mean going full on covering a ship in weapons, but something discrete, just in case.
After all, the Proxians maybe reasonably aggressive towards us given that it was only two generations ago countless light sail missiles travelling at 0.2C obliterated their global solar arrays plunging them into darkness for the twenty years it took to replace them.
Hello Fraser, i have one question: why do the most powerful earth-based telescopes get to be built in the southern hemisphere? Is it only because of weather conditions? Subsequently, do we get less interresting observations of the universe from the northern hemisphere? Cheers from Belgium!
The high desert in Chile is pretty much the best place on Earth for a telescope. Hawaii is also great, but there are political issues going there. There aren't places as good as Chile in the northern hemisphere, but the Canary Islands are okay.
Vendikar - Love the channel , could a supernova destroy a planet causing panspermia ? Or is it asteroid impacts only ?
long time watcher first time asking, but how do you slow down the light sail ? feel wierd to think we could send a telescope to the SGL to take only a couple of pictures before it go out of the SGL sweet spot
You don't need to slow it down. The SGL lasts forever as long as you stay exacly in the cone.
Indeed. However if you can't change direction, you can't choose what to focus on. Will you be condemned to wait for something to fall into focus? And then only have a couple of good shots at it?
That's the downside, you only get one target per spacecraft.
Does all the behavior of gravity and general relativity still work if:
instead of mass attracting other mass, "empty space" had an outward pressure on mass and tried pushing things together?
There is a piece of your background ambience that sounds just like my phone reminder tone, and it triggers me throughout and entire episode 😩
Since singularities are infinitely small, is it possible that they never actually merge? Consider if you will, the conditions of extreme time dilation inside the event horizon of a traditional black holes. Could there be swarms of primordial singularities which are actually responsible for the black holes we see today?
Question here: Shouldn't we be focusing more on space habitats instead of setting up colonies on planets?
Its way more easier, have a lot of potential and a lot nearer allowing for short travel times.
Any news about the movie ISS coming out soon ?!
If our solar system are made by dust from earlier suns/planets/systems, perhaps the panspermia not only seed life between planets, but also from the last whatever that dust was, in a distant past?
Great question!
Since we have no data yet to show that there is other life in the universe, it would be the best wisdom to assume that ours IS the only planet with life in the universe and take our best shot - take the responsibility, maintain our Earth, keep life going. And sure, we want to explore other systems, understand more and look for habitable worlds as we are able with new technology and science. Curiosity and the excitement of discovery will keep driving us to find out.
I couldn't have said it better.
Remus: Regarding the CAS-ESA cooperation, the Einstein Probe, an X-ray space telescope, was launched on January 9th.
Of course! I totally forgot about that.
Cait - lagrange point questions are always interesting, and this one made me think of another one:
The mass that can be captured by a lagrange point needs to be negligable compared to the other two bodies. But given that L4 and L5 are stable, many smaller bodies can collect at those points (eg trojans and greeks with jupiter).
Could the L4/5 regions collect enough material that the combined mass would have an effect on the parent objects, or is there some other mechanism that prevents too much stuff from accumulating?
Panspermia- check out the old movie “The Andromeda Strain “
So what are some of those trusted sources that you could share? I need more reliable sources of space news and explanations in my life.
more reliable than what?
Scott Manley
Marcus house
Everyday astronaut
Angry astronaut
Sabine felldenhauser(?)
Brian cox
Brian Greene
The space race
Two bit DaVinci
@@daos3300
Context, interpretation
@@daos3300 than those clock baity air voiced ones
One very important thing that needs to be done is cleaning up the orbits.
Then we build those giant wheel space stations that make so much sense. 🥴
Oberth maneuver? I wonder if Dr. Slava Turyshev is familiar with the Picard Maneuver.
The question about the maximum size of a black hole made me think:
Given that:
-If all the mass of the observable universe was inside a black hole, then this black hole's event horizon would roughly be the size of the observable universe.
-From here to the end of the observable universe, space expands at the speed of light.
-The escape velocity of a black hole's event horizon is the speed of light.
Would a black hole the size of the observable universe (or Hubble horizon I guess) effectvely start to shrink because the expansion of space is getting faster than its event horizon's escape velocity because of the acceleration of the universe's expansion?
The expansion pressure of space is so low that it only creates expansion in areas not impacted by steep gravity wells…
PBS Spacetime has a good video about that: ua-cam.com/video/jeRgFqbBM5E/v-deo.htmlsi=ufRgZS3IoHnf_obb
Good question. Imagine a smaller black hole, 1000 million light years across, so that at the event horizon the gravitational attraction from the central mass is overcome by the expansion of space (the gravitational gradient over most of that distance would be practically zero). I'm not sure what would happen but I think it would not be affected. A larger black hole, maybe above 18 billion light years across would be large enough that the event horizon is accelerating away from the central mass faster than light so that might be the limit, but that limit would simply be the total amount of mass in that volume anyway.
Isn't Gaia the space Vera Ruben?
Panspermia: the Why Files has recent interesting episode , and Hecklefish was remarkably constrained. Is he well? 0:47
When it comes to Nimbus, I think we may start seeing interstellar travel developments begin to kick up when we find habitable, planets around other nearby stars, such as Centaurus. Even more so if we actually find active fife on an exoplanet, and much more again if we find intelligent life on one of them.
With Ingenuity's science, do we better know how, instead of using friction to slow down a ship entering Mars' atmosphere, to use a propeller? Like a propeller plane working in reverse?
Then dissipate the energy recovered from the propeller, in electrical form I imagine.
I thought panspermia was the original mission for Captain James T Kirk on Star Trek?
33:24 ua-cam.com/video/Mf7vPy_H94Q/v-deo.html Sections of the Axiom Space Station are already being constructed and I believe the first will be launched in 2026. The deal has been signed with NASA to attach it to the ISS during construction, and it should be ready for separation before the ISS retires.
I'd say that was concrete but I understand some would not believe it till after it happens.
Also Orbital Reef is pretty solid (sly inside joke there 😉)
Question: Should we consider assigning one of the planets as a bacterial colony? Make life interplanetary that way
Saturn V 13 for 13 ! Starship 0 for 2 !
Shh you’ll hurt the muskrats egos.
That's just like, your opinion, man
- Lebowski
If we open a see through portal (like in the game Portal) to a parallel universe, with a totally different laws of physics, where the speed of light is twice as fast than our universe, will the light from that parallel universe travel twice as fast in our universe, as it goes through the see through portal?
you answered your own question
if we want to spread life in the universe, then we should seed it ourselves!
If we can't find any out there, definitely.
Considering the temperatures that will be reached, when a rock slams into Earth with enough force to take another rock and fling it completely out of earth gravitational influence, are you really sure that life is going to make that hot trip?
They never did find that manhole cover.
Not to mention the brute force of the shockwave from an asteroid big enough to launch another rock completely out of orbit.
Can microscopic life survive that much force?
I personally do think that being alone in the universe or close to it is a good explanation for the Fermi paradox. I don’t know about truly alone alone, statistically that’s prooooobably unlikely? But like I’m the entire observable universe maybe there’s only 4 or 5 civilizations our level of advancement or more type alone. I do think though that it’s much more likely that more primitive life might be out there in much larger numbers just that the odds for getting to civilizations are so low that it’s almost next to zero.
@frasercain Mr. Cain. Thank you so much for your wonderful channel. I look forward to your newest video every week. I have written a 2-page paper that I think explains some of the big questions in Cosmology today. Questions about the Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter, the Big Bang, and why the James Web telescope is finding galaxies that are too big too early. I believe all these questions are answered in my short 2-page paper. I would love to have your opinion about it, you may need to explain to me why I am an idiot! Please help me find a way to send my paper to you.
I'm not a scientist, so I can't help you. But I did an excellent interview with Geraint Lewis who wrote a book about how to do it: ua-cam.com/users/liveRaQb-EoE80I?si=ePs-jXmFGbcF2Zyk&t=1167
So I have a question; I've heard the quote countless times that "A black hole with all the mass and energy density of the observable universe would have an event horizon the size of the observable universe." So in my head, I try to imagine all the galaxies out there collapsing into SMBHs, and then those clusters of black holes combining with each other... At every stage up the scale ladder, there's further collapse... So how the hell would this event horizon be so massive? Please and thank you, I'm losing sleep over it. =P
You'd also need to include all the dark matter, dark energy, radiation, etc.
Im just a journalist so i dont have an opinion…. Thats real journalism. 👍
is it?
That $350B for the decades of rockets is a lot until you realize it was also 4% of the entire 20 year war that didn't really do any good. So there's that
what would it cost to build a second jwst device?
About the same. Everything was manufactured once. There's no Webb factory. 😀
The Octopi won't need coal - Their ability to extract oxygen from water will allow them to use the waste gases (ie- hydrogen) in innovative ways, such that they will likely discover fusion in their civilisation, around the same stage of development when we discovered fire. So, comparatively, by the stage where we developed air travel, their civ. will likely discover interstellar travel, etc...
Nice
Niwcee
It will be interesting to see China on the Moon in 2029. I’ve heard they plan on opening a fully functional international lunar base by 2035.
29:52 Kordylewski clouds. ‘Nuff said
Oh, that's really cool, I've never heard of "ghost moons" before. Thanks for that.
@@frasercain Np! I think it’s the kind of thing you never really consider but once you hear about it you’re like “Oh yea that makes sense”
Could we build a planet using the asteroids in the asteroid belt? Specifically, by pushing asteroids together
So panspermia depends on life having originated on another planet, and then being transported here? Anything is possible, but doesn't that just add extra steps to the question of the origin of life?
panspermia is the idea that life can be transported, either within a solar system, or across solar systems, within a galaxy, or perhaps even between galaxies. it's one possibility for the origin of life on earth, the extra steps depend on how life may have evolved on another world before being launched into space vs the process of evolution here.
Problem with other life outside earth is its so far away,we will never know.