Multivariable Calculus Lecture 1 - Oxford Mathematics 1st Year Student Lecture

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  • Опубліковано 17 лют 2024
  • This is the first of four lectures we are showing from our 'Multivariable Calculus' 1st year course. In the lecture, which follows on from 'Introductory Calculus' which our students took in their first term, Sarah introduces the subject before going on to focus on Multiple Integrals in 2D.
    You can watch many other student lectures via our main Student Lectures playlist (also check out specific student lectures playlists): • Oxford Mathematics Stu...
    All first and second year lectures are followed by tutorials where students meet their tutor in pairs to go through the lecture and associated problem sheet and to talk and think more about the maths. Third and fourth year lectures are followed by classes.

КОМЕНТАРІ • 245

  • @VDP207
    @VDP207 Місяць тому +172

    I was just telling my friend yesterday, "you know, it's been far too long since I've enjoyed a nice invigorating Calculus lecture!"

    • @turjjopaul1190
      @turjjopaul1190 Місяць тому

      what is invigorating Calculus

    • @A_A_12_
      @A_A_12_ Місяць тому +3

      invigorating lecture, not calculus

    • @revolution545
      @revolution545 Місяць тому +1

      @@A_A_12_ *invigorating calculus lecture, which is what was originally posted...

    • @Shyguy71588
      @Shyguy71588 Місяць тому +2

      Did your friend look back at you angrily with hate in his eyes?

  • @briteness
    @briteness Місяць тому +134

    It is a real public service for Oxford to make classes available for free on youtube. Exposure to something like this could potentially change somebody's life.

    • @palanthis
      @palanthis Місяць тому +7

      Yeah. Encourage them to take up gardening. lol

  • @leroux-ianni
    @leroux-ianni 13 днів тому +9

    I used to hate maths in the past but watching videos on UA-cam magically I fell in love with it

  • @AllanSitte
    @AllanSitte Місяць тому +18

    It has been 27 years since I took a calculus course.
    Bringing back many dust bin memories for sure.
    And... she is good. A pleasure to watch this presentation.

  • @swizzbeats1212
    @swizzbeats1212 2 місяці тому +339

    Those boards are wild!

    • @aaabbb-py5xd
      @aaabbb-py5xd 2 місяці тому +2

      Um no

    • @AlonsoRules
      @AlonsoRules 2 місяці тому +18

      they are to scare you

    • @aaabbb-py5xd
      @aaabbb-py5xd 2 місяці тому +19

      @@AlonsoRules They scare the peasants

    • @guilhermegoncalves110
      @guilhermegoncalves110 2 місяці тому

      The wildest thing about them is that they're all white. You have to change your retinas after every class.

    • @adi8oii
      @adi8oii 2 місяці тому

      @@aaabbb-py5xd I swear to god! Black boards are the best!!

  • @leonardobrunorende5363
    @leonardobrunorende5363 2 місяці тому +58

    Took my degrere in Mechanical Engineering... NEVER had such a charming math teacher!

    • @Shyguy71588
      @Shyguy71588 Місяць тому +1

      Nothing like getting a degrere. Sort of like getting a degree

  • @JonathanLang-nu2lx
    @JonathanLang-nu2lx 2 місяці тому +20

    just got started on double integrals, this was a great introduction!

  • @differentialtopology
    @differentialtopology 2 місяці тому +105

    One of the most beautiful subjects in mathematics, multivariable calculus. One day i want to teach this and these videos are inspiring me

    • @RajKumar-pj6jv
      @RajKumar-pj6jv 2 місяці тому +10

      cant u dream of something better

    • @differentialtopology
      @differentialtopology 2 місяці тому +55

      @@RajKumar-pj6jv u literally wasted ur life commenting a mean comment. Please reevaluate ur attitude

    • @zaibacademia
      @zaibacademia 2 місяці тому +4

      Calculus, not doubt backbone of mathematics.

    • @kousik8042
      @kousik8042 2 місяці тому

      This video inspires you? Teacher teaching by reading about loud and copying from notes? Get a life dumb

    • @lugia8888
      @lugia8888 2 місяці тому

      @@differentialtopology hes not wrong. you could be traveling or spend time with your kids. instead you want to teach something that is easily available online? dont be stupid. youre wasting your time and hes trying to save you time. dont be sensitive.

  • @markjordan7800
    @markjordan7800 2 місяці тому +15

    no idea whats this is all about I'm just here for the amazing handwriting :) what a enjoy to watch

  • @mathematica7531
    @mathematica7531 2 місяці тому +7

    Several canvas sheets white boards, very helpful to the Professor.

  • @mitchjacobs7603
    @mitchjacobs7603 2 місяці тому +26

    Excellent lecture. I'm teaching a multvariable calculus class this term and this greatly information how I plan to deliver the lectures

    • @blackimp4987
      @blackimp4987 2 місяці тому +10

      not for offending anyone but this way of teaching makes students sleep or struggle to keep up copying the boards. Change rythm, ask questions to your students, emphasize some parts. This has been a constant stream of words thou clear and linear. It's no different than reading the textbook - that's exactly what I did for many classes I had in my engineering studies as it was much more effective and time and energy saving for me studying my textbooks at home than wasting hours for going to my universities, listening to hypnotic lessons not memorizing or understanding half of what I could alone at home.... except for a very few where the professors were very good at merging notions from different texts and had the capability of making things clearer or more interesting - like my professor of linear dynamic systems - or you simply couldn't pass the exams if you didn't pick notes at lessons because they didn't follow a specific textbook.

    • @OxfordMathematics
      @OxfordMathematics  2 місяці тому +13

      @@blackimp4987 As mentioned elsewhere, this is the first part of the process. Lectures are followed by tutorials where students in pairs go through the work with their tutor. There is a tutorial on this channel (albeit a few years old). Thanks for the feedback.

  • @marygaleac
    @marygaleac 2 місяці тому +11

    I have wanted to be a mathematician for 50 years…..2x=10….x is!??….is as far as I got…..I just couldn’t get my head around equations…..or any other maths….later on in life I could pretty much workout a monkey double at evens and 11/4….in the world of bookmaking…..I have read books on most of the greats….mainly before during and after Newton…..or Hooke….contentious topic I know……but this stuff is mesmerising to watch…..I have absolutely no idea what she is talking about but just love it…

  • @logicae4096
    @logicae4096 Місяць тому +3

    Brings me back 20 years as an undergrad in Computer Science and Engineering. To this day I still shudder at advanced DiffEq.

  • @AhmadKhan-dn6yh
    @AhmadKhan-dn6yh 2 місяці тому +12

    Keep this up!! I LOVE THIS!

  • @ohsnapohsnap7346
    @ohsnapohsnap7346 2 місяці тому +2

    Just what i needed

  • @ArtemisiaSayakaRandazzo
    @ArtemisiaSayakaRandazzo 2 місяці тому +13

    The most absurd blackboard I have ever seen, I suppose serves to remind us that SpaceTime is deformable. The lesson is excellent.

  • @Skank_and_Gutterboy
    @Skank_and_Gutterboy 2 місяці тому +9

    I wish I had her in college for this subject. I got some mad German for a prof, she was nuts.

    • @MrBPC76
      @MrBPC76 Місяць тому +1

      Mine was Polish

    • @kenn756
      @kenn756 Місяць тому

      Mine was a donkey in engineering

  • @Ludwig1954
    @Ludwig1954 2 місяці тому +19

    An excellent teacher!

    • @childofthe60s100
      @childofthe60s100 Місяць тому

      A teacher TEACHES - this woman just copies her notes onto the whiteboard. You could have got this from a book!

    • @arsenvokrug4198
      @arsenvokrug4198 15 днів тому +1

      @@childofthe60s100I’m quite happy for her to have her notes to hand. 1) She wrote them in the first place. 2) It saves any annoying omissions that she would have to correct later, disrupting her flow. 3) She speaks quite naturally when amplifying the content of her notes.

  • @patrickthibault8119
    @patrickthibault8119 2 місяці тому +2

    Interesting writing on sheets.

  • @johnAshpool
    @johnAshpool 2 місяці тому +58

    In the 21st century, I think chalk and blackboard are still the best writing platform.

    • @dragomirtsonev319
      @dragomirtsonev319 2 місяці тому +2

      Absolutely.

    • @kudzem
      @kudzem 2 місяці тому +2

      I absolutely hate chalk and prefer whiteboards but it's a matter of preference I guess

    • @jesuisravi
      @jesuisravi Місяць тому

      this whiteboard thing would be OK if she were using a pen with a broader tip. As it is here, with the marker she is using, it is hard to read.

    • @aa2339
      @aa2339 24 дні тому +1

      3blue1brown is the future

    • @ZaWarudo69
      @ZaWarudo69 19 днів тому

      I think it’s probably the nostalgia that still holds you to that opinion.

  • @emnaboughizane4940
    @emnaboughizane4940 Місяць тому +2

    Amazing lecture

  • @MLFranklin
    @MLFranklin Місяць тому +5

    I need to show this to my daughter and show her that it's not just nerds like me that do calculus. It's normal nice looking people that do it, too.

  • @user-rv7fl3nd1x
    @user-rv7fl3nd1x 17 днів тому +2

    😊..me recuerda el ingreso a la facultad de ingeniería de la "universidad nacional de mar del plata ". (UNMDP) ARGENTINA. Greetings from mar del plata argentina😊...

  • @pdr0663
    @pdr0663 2 місяці тому +8

    Sorry to be a pedant, but shouldn’t they be “slivers”?

  • @futureteacher1
    @futureteacher1 5 днів тому +1

    لإيجاد المساحة عليك بالتكامل 🙂‍↕️

  • @magouero
    @magouero 4 дні тому

    Thank you Madam for this very clear presentation !

  • @hybridepigenes
    @hybridepigenes Місяць тому +11

    why am I watching this!

  • @hainguyenle2006
    @hainguyenle2006 2 місяці тому +4

    Nice 🎉 can’t wait to next lecture

  • @muntadheradil9393
    @muntadheradil9393 2 місяці тому +2

    That’s awesome 🤩

  • @MrBPC76
    @MrBPC76 Місяць тому +5

    I am very perplexed by the boards she is writing on

  • @user-wr4yl7tx3w
    @user-wr4yl7tx3w 2 місяці тому +10

    Is there a playlist for this series?

  • @MyScotty7
    @MyScotty7 25 днів тому

    This is year 1! Its crazy mathematics

  • @user-rv7fl3nd1x
    @user-rv7fl3nd1x 17 днів тому

    Gracias a su compatriota SIR ISAAC NEWTON 😊..❤

  • @alexos8741
    @alexos8741 2 місяці тому +5

    - How many whiteboards will you need?
    - Yes

  • @joseluisrodriguez2605
    @joseluisrodriguez2605 2 місяці тому +2

    Excelente

  • @iGasteiz
    @iGasteiz 2 місяці тому +3

    Is there a mistake at minute 30:15 in the video? It seems there is an error in the transcription of the limits of integration. It incorrectly uses a1 and a2 as the limits for x, which should actually be a1 and b1 for the correct lower and upper limits, respectively. Similarly, for y, the limits should be a2 and b2 instead of the b1 and a2 that are shown. Could you please clarify?

    • @jeffryborror4883
      @jeffryborror4883 2 місяці тому +1

      You are correct that her specification of the rectangular domain is inconsistent with the limits on the integrals. Rather than changing the integrals, it would be clearer to write the domain as [a1,a2] x [b1,b2]

  • @MrMusicM67
    @MrMusicM67 2 місяці тому

    Anyone know what marker she is using?

  • @xl000
    @xl000 2 місяці тому +2

    What exactly is she writing on ?

  • @valentinvetements
    @valentinvetements 2 місяці тому +1

    The fundamental thing is to know how to use these formulas with multiple variables and if it is possible to improve the operation in less time and less step if in the case of the lack of data the achievement of the result is variable depending on the conditions

  • @Md.ShabujMia-wu3ou
    @Md.ShabujMia-wu3ou 2 місяці тому +4

    Excellent Teacher ❤

  • @hemil__
    @hemil__ 2 місяці тому +1

    Arigatto senpai ❤

  • @mumumumah
    @mumumumah Місяць тому

    Just wondering - are questions not allowed at Oxford, or were students told not to ask questions since this is being recorded? (Were students even present? Never heard a class this quiet.)

  • @bernie5178
    @bernie5178 23 дні тому

    J'aime bien les tableaux coulissants !

  • @FifaMobile776
    @FifaMobile776 2 місяці тому +1

    ❤❤❤

  • @bellinivernon
    @bellinivernon 2 місяці тому +2

    Que bien ... !

  • @koee4400
    @koee4400 2 місяці тому

    I don't get what's the scaler field PSI and how to compute in that integral (Ψ dxdy)?

    • @amritlohia8240
      @amritlohia8240 2 місяці тому +1

      What timestamp in the video are you referring to?

  • @cheongdaniel8696
    @cheongdaniel8696 2 місяці тому +1

    Great lecture! One question, for example 2, why is f(x,y) = 1? Can anyone provide a clear explanation?

    • @amritlohia8240
      @amritlohia8240 2 місяці тому +2

      Because if you work through the definition of a double integral with f(x,y) = 1, you'll see that it just sums up the areas of all the infinitesimally-small rectangles covering the region without multiplying them by anything (since multiplying by 1 leaves a number unchanged), and so it calculates the total area of the region.

  • @vedantkumar1101
    @vedantkumar1101 27 днів тому +1

    ‌I wanna a lot of vedio in Chapterwise in Mathematics. Because I need.

  • @DJMARCOAV1
    @DJMARCOAV1 21 день тому

    Interesting , thanks

  • @georgeh1352
    @georgeh1352 2 місяці тому

    Umph, just mastered single integrals when double integrals pops up!!

    • @JupiterThunder
      @JupiterThunder 2 місяці тому

      I did the first type of problem at school aged 16. Additional maths O level. That was 40 years ago. Now it's so advanced it's done at university😅

  • @Heather-nk6bv
    @Heather-nk6bv 2 місяці тому +3

    Nice

  • @RagHelen
    @RagHelen Місяць тому +2

    It appears to be quite common for teachers in the English speaking world to write whole sentences on the board.

    • @ngc-fo5te
      @ngc-fo5te Місяць тому +1

      Not just English speaking world do that.

  • @sharmatvpresents616
    @sharmatvpresents616 2 місяці тому +2

    Xllent

  • @wysad3
    @wysad3 Місяць тому +1

    If only Sarah could be in every school teaching maths, I felt I understood even when I didnt, if she could teach me from fundamentals all the way through - Please digitize Sarah

  • @Vito-yp5wh
    @Vito-yp5wh 15 днів тому

    Thank you.

  • @Okamine
    @Okamine Місяць тому

    Ah yes the perfect video for when I'm about to sleep 😴

  • @michaelkoch6863
    @michaelkoch6863 2 місяці тому +1

    Ja gut. Es sind die " Basiscs " ( Riemann Integration in R^2 über Normalgebiete ect ect) aber trotzdem gut vorgetragen.

  • @Michael43713
    @Michael43713 Місяць тому +2

    Why not preprepare all this on slides to save keeping writing on the boards all the time?

    • @ngc-fo5te
      @ngc-fo5te Місяць тому +3

      As a retired lecturer I always found writing led to a better lecture - you tend to go over things at a more sedate pace.
      Lecturing from slides often leads to rushing things - and also a board has more room for asides.

    • @TokyoTransit
      @TokyoTransit Місяць тому

      how can you show 9 slides at the same time?😊

  • @mindsetTunner679
    @mindsetTunner679 2 місяці тому +1

    #mathematicsbypankajkumar

  • @ErikS-
    @ErikS- 2 місяці тому +1

    I have seen my share of university classrooms and auditoria...
    But never have I seen such a huuuuuge whiteboard.

  • @IsmailPbx
    @IsmailPbx Місяць тому

    Do we get access to the lecture notes?

  • @andreasmaaan
    @andreasmaaan 11 днів тому

    That unwieldly cascade of flaccid whiteboards is diabolical.

  • @DellHell1
    @DellHell1 2 місяці тому +6

    Those boards should be black and the board marker should be white. Basic human factors.

    • @richardbryanesq
      @richardbryanesq 2 місяці тому +2

      Is there such a thing as a white magic marker? I've never seen that.

    • @adrianwright8685
      @adrianwright8685 2 місяці тому +1

      Really?! Perhaps you should inform the printers of books, magazines and newspapers.

    • @markjenkins8242
      @markjenkins8242 2 місяці тому +2

      Plus writing other colors, like red or blue, on a black board wouldn't show up very well.

    • @atomic4650
      @atomic4650 2 місяці тому

      Nah, green boards contrast better.

    • @DellHell1
      @DellHell1 2 місяці тому

      @@adrianwright8685 you are comparing apples to oranges.

  • @h10horseinfo
    @h10horseinfo Місяць тому +2

    Great video....didn’t understand a word but I'm sure it will help my shopping. Could a kind person tell me in simple terms what practical use this has....It’s another world to me but I'm glad there are no pathological cases!

  • @pmosh1
    @pmosh1 2 місяці тому +2

    When she erased the marker with her finger @35:50 🤯

  • @user-ev5uh8zo6j
    @user-ev5uh8zo6j 2 місяці тому

    So easy. My name is Hyun woojin.

  • @javierfigueroa8862
    @javierfigueroa8862 9 днів тому

    Sitting on my forklift ignoring all my work duties watching this because why not

  • @ErikS-
    @ErikS- 2 місяці тому +1

    Imagine as a professor to write full all these whiteboards...
    ... and find out at the end that you used a PERMANENT marker

    • @markbrown585
      @markbrown585 Місяць тому

      Did that once! You then eliminate all permanent markers from the room so you can’t make that mistake again…. It’s easy to do while you are focused during the lecture.

  • @strangercydonian
    @strangercydonian Місяць тому

    where can i get access to the online notes?

  • @RedBar3D
    @RedBar3D 2 місяці тому +15

    those boards are such a weird choice for one of the most prestigious universities in the world

    • @michaelcolbourn6719
      @michaelcolbourn6719 2 місяці тому +4

      In what way?

    • @kassiogomes8498
      @kassiogomes8498 2 місяці тому +4

      They are great. What are you talking about.

    • @RedBar3D
      @RedBar3D 2 місяці тому +6

      ​@@michaelcolbourn6719 Most mathematicians that I know of prefer chalkboards. Also, the way these boards wobble when you write on them makes them look cheap.

    • @MuhammadUmar-zb6hf
      @MuhammadUmar-zb6hf 2 місяці тому

      I dont think boards really fo matter now dont they?

    • @Alexander-iq5yq
      @Alexander-iq5yq 2 місяці тому +6

      @@RedBar3D I prefer to inscribe clay tablets

  • @jeffmilroy9345
    @jeffmilroy9345 Місяць тому +1

    Advanced mathematics was contrived simply to determine where a cannon ball will land given sufficient gunpowder.

  • @saifullahashique
    @saifullahashique 2 місяці тому +3

    other lectures?

    • @differentialtopology
      @differentialtopology 2 місяці тому +5

      Patience is a virtue, a virtue that leads to beautiful mathematics :) soon we'll be gifted with the next video :D

  • @0riigiinal-fx8me
    @0riigiinal-fx8me Місяць тому +1

    Love her style

  • @eyebidder
    @eyebidder 10 днів тому

    I once took a course from Einstein...it was all relative to me.

  • @quarstrongforce
    @quarstrongforce 27 днів тому

    Too fast for me even with the writing down. (1) dydx?

  • @Chiavaccio
    @Chiavaccio 17 днів тому

    👍👏

  • @chico15analitico15
    @chico15analitico15 2 місяці тому

    Virtual pizarra deberían hacer

  • @jej3451
    @jej3451 2 місяці тому +4

    21:37 "slivers", not "slithers", haha

    • @MLFranklin
      @MLFranklin Місяць тому +1

      Yes. Maybe it's a Freudian because the integral sign looks like a snake.

  • @Nur_Md._Mohiuddin_Chy._Toha
    @Nur_Md._Mohiuddin_Chy._Toha 19 днів тому

    👍👍👍

  • @user-dr8bm6bt3m
    @user-dr8bm6bt3m 27 днів тому

    Niceclassmathmatics

  • @sydneyhart
    @sydneyhart Місяць тому

    Where’s Dan?

  • @childofthe60s100
    @childofthe60s100 Місяць тому +3

    Typifies the definition of "A Lecture":
    "A process by which the notes of the lecturer get into the notes of the student, without passing through the minds of either."
    No wonder students these days are talking about poor value for money.
    She could have handed out copies of her notes and gone for a brew!

  • @AchryaPrashant
    @AchryaPrashant 2 місяці тому +1

    At first sight I read this as multiverse calculus 😂😂😂😂😂😂

  • @DadgeCity
    @DadgeCity 2 місяці тому

    Interesting that she says slither when she means sliver. I suppose this is an example of hypercorrection.

    • @jeffryborror4883
      @jeffryborror4883 2 місяці тому

      i noticed that too. Thought maybe it was a Britishism but I looked it up and it seems not.

  • @KAFKUBA
    @KAFKUBA 18 днів тому

    Where was she at my college

  • @norwalkian
    @norwalkian 2 місяці тому

    Don't miss her other lecture, "Feeding your very, very hungry lion by hand"

  • @jdaniel3185
    @jdaniel3185 2 дні тому

    I lost 2 universities because of limits integrals derivates who i stoped to understand...at 46 is to late to start to understand..

  • @marcelogaldames2306
    @marcelogaldames2306 10 днів тому

    Genial

  • @vedantkumar1101
    @vedantkumar1101 27 днів тому

    Now I am going to third year. And I have no any sufficient classes. 😢

  • @huissenm8752
    @huissenm8752 2 місяці тому +3

    got fooled by the curves.

  • @EnderWorrior
    @EnderWorrior 2 місяці тому

    iss aache to meri jee ke teacher hai jo bina dekhe sab kuch karate hai

    • @calculus8399
      @calculus8399 2 місяці тому +1

      Maybe

    • @kousik8042
      @kousik8042 2 місяці тому +1

      ​​@@calculus8399laude Tera Oxford Harvard... Wo 100 percent sahi bola... Jee teacher hamare desh me ..muh me rahta he topic ...ye chomu notes dekh ke padha rahi

    • @bruhsusaltamash8141
      @bruhsusaltamash8141 2 місяці тому

      Jee teachers explain toughest concepts to you like you are five

    • @kevink7529
      @kevink7529 2 місяці тому

      Isse ache to Mera 12th Ka teacher tha. Ye Kuch bhi Nahi Sikha rahi bas copy paste hai

  • @S-xc
    @S-xc 5 днів тому

    Doesn't one of these students explain to me what is happening? What is this? Is it a philosophy in mathematics? I am just a simple student from Iraq. I was looking for arithmetic sequences and derivative rules.

  • @amyers01
    @amyers01 2 місяці тому +1

    Good stuff but I’m like, “Pull the board down instead of up”

    • @kassiogomes8498
      @kassiogomes8498 2 місяці тому +8

      But then the students wouldn't be able to take notes because the board would disappear.

    • @markbrown585
      @markbrown585 Місяць тому

      Its nice to have it still visible later on

  • @YoungMeasures
    @YoungMeasures 2 місяці тому +8

    Her i’s have no dots on them!!

    • @richardbryanesq
      @richardbryanesq 2 місяці тому

      Think of all the time saved around the world if we didn't add a dot to an I, or an apostrophe. Enormous time savings; enormous.

  • @user-ff5pd8ro2k
    @user-ff5pd8ro2k 5 днів тому

    I can't believe a teacher needs to read her papers to write down such a simple maths in the board. Is that an University or a child school?

  • @yaseensaid5962
    @yaseensaid5962 2 місяці тому +1

    How can I want to study medicine in this university ???

  • @user-ni2ku9nk4w
    @user-ni2ku9nk4w 2 місяці тому +1

    Ни слова без шпоры, а если бумажки потеряет, то?

  • @scottychen2397
    @scottychen2397 Місяць тому

    Dear Lecturer,
    As these integrals are of a rather elementary nature, obviously the problem sheets exact this aesthetic property : but it might make more sense to use them as a way of building up to something interesting -
    (1) an Earl-styled inapplicability of fubini’s theorem
    (2) a calculation relevant to the explication of time dependence found in a study of maxwell’s electromagnetism - as opposed to having just one example in the corner of some problem sheet #7 or something
    (3) the generalization to not just a more involved multilinear coordinate system - but to OPERATORS! One finds in a study of quantum mechanics.
    Im not saying its obvious how this jump is going to be taken care of… but there’s room i believe for more inspiration in this particular course.
    Nor am i suggesting an actual way of building up to this ‘peculiar’ form of generalization…
    Its more general than spherical polars in my opinion however
    This way, if or when you make glaring mistakes-of-avoidance in your symmetry arguments - theres a greater domain of correctness to ‘catch’ this. Instead of it being kind of hidden in the corners of the collective mind

  • @bfybfy438
    @bfybfy438 Місяць тому +1

    Powerpoint would have ruined this lecture!

  • @eyebidder
    @eyebidder 10 днів тому +1

    should have used a machine to project on a screen what she is reciting instead of writing every word...