Explaining "Stolen" Gigabytes in Windows
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- Опубліковано 7 бер 2017
- In this video, we talk about Binary vs. Decimal measurements for storage (e.g. Gigabytes, Gibibytes, MB, and MiB).
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It's pretty simple, ultimately, and a lot of people seem to be missing the point:
Decimal: 2^10 = 1024
Binary: You're looking at 1000 instead
Hard drive vendors use decimal format -- their products sound bigger that way. Windows uses binary format (units, basically), as does nearly everything else in a computer. Because vendors define their drives using decimal units, the size of the drive sounds larger than when Windows inspects and outputs with binary units.
e.g.
500GB MANF spec = 465.661~GiB in WINDOWS spec (GiB, again, is binary gigabytes)
Math is in the video.
Binary definition of GB is not correct according to SI standards so Windows is wrong in that regard. Linux and Mac on the other hand correctly differentiates between GB and GiB.
I'm sick of people saying that "dude hard drive manufacturers are ripping us off!". NO they simply follow the official standard. People will say shit like "but... but computer always use base 2". So what? You simply not measure them with something that starts with kilo, mega and giga for god's sake. Is it that hard to write GiB instead of GB in order to avoid confusion and stick to the god damn standards without which we will not have PCs at all (when we talk about PC we refer to the original IBM PC which is also a STANDARD)?
What's next - people will need full explanation of what standard is?
Gamers Nexus so, with this new knowledge, next time you review RAM or mention a video card's VRAM, will you be using the "incorrect" but common term "gigabyte" (which is what it says on the box!) or the technically correct but uncommon and annoying to pronounce "gibibyte"?
Hi do you guys have a video my PC shows 16GB ram only 11.9 available is there away to go in and change to have more available Thanks -- Also First 65 or Older
+Rosen Dimitrov Honestly, referring to standards is somewhat of an ear-plugging argument in this case, because large industry organizations define it both ways (JEDEC standards, for example, establish 1 KB = 1024 KB etc. as correct, which is why that is the standard in the memory industry, where JEDEC standards are ubiquitous. Meanwhile IEC and SI both go the other way. You can argue about which organization has more weight but it's ultimately a somewhat pointless discussion.
I just really find it baffling how many people keep saying "computers count in groups of 1024 and RAM is manufactured in blocks of 1024... therefore, a group of 1024 bytes *_must_* be called a "kilobyte" and not some other name!", as if that actually follows from the premise...
Hard drive vendors use SI because it looks bigger but computers use binary that's why IEC was used 4GB of RAM is still 4x2^30(4,294,967,296) and not 4,000,000,000 bytes
For those who don't know where the binary prefixes came from:
kilo + bi = kibi
mega + bi = mebi
giga + bi = gibi
tera + bi = tebi
peta + bi = pebi
Nice 😉
Nvidia used base 4 to display the VRAM on the 970s hue.
3,5 = 4
yeah and their 200$ gpu costs 250$
0:40 the thermaltake sticker is not centered correctly - TRIGGERED!
They could have at least centered it on the review samples. Hard to get sexy b-roll with a wobbly decal.
RepsUp100 goddamnit, I was just listening to the audio but of course I had to go back through the video to watch the off center sticker whirl around and tornado my entire world. why? do I secretly hate myself? fml
*UNSUBSCRIBED*
theaudiocrat ikr so pissed
Lumitopia rotflmao
That was the most confusing way of saying:
1GB = 1000*1000*1000
1GiB = 1024*1024*1024
or
1GB = 1,000,000,000
1GiB = 1,073,741,824
Yeah, loosing the original 24 seems insignificant. But the higher the capacity, the more its going to eat into.... carry on the calculation for TB/TiB and PB/PiB and see.
Guess who would use that title ''Are harddrive companies lying to you?'' yep u guessed it LTT
I love when you bring Sips on the show
Is that intro a dig at what LinusTechTips has become? I hope so.
Scionyde it is
It's the same shit I unsubbed from Linus for, so he has a good point.
LTT was always a joke.
Whatever they do to promote their videos, you cant argue 3.8m subscribers compared to 100k...
And i wouldn't say that they have more informative information compared to Gamers Nexus, quite the opposite. So they must be doing something right?
I think that ltt is so successful because their videos are entertaining. Gamers nexus has a lot of great info and research but his voice is very boring and the camera is just fixed.
Simple - a 1 TB drive is sold as 1 000 000 000 000 bytes, hence the tera- prefix, in decimal. Then if you consecutively divide by 1024 three times (to kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes) you get down to the 931gigabytes Windows is showing you.
That's how I do my conversions. Same for going from bits to bytes by dividing by 8.
It's simple math for a simple system, and all these "standards" are trying to make it something other than being simple.
I always thought this had to do with partitioning and losing therefore some data. I never realized you actually got the exact amount that was specified. I think this was an interesting video and it taught me something useful.
You're not wrong, Robin. When a drive is formatted, a file allocation table is created. It keeps track of the bytes/sector, sectors/ track, and notes each location where a file is stored. It basically writes a map to your drive so it knows where to go to fetch data that you ask for. That's the reason that if your FAT, FAT32, or NTFS file gets scrambled, the drive 'forgets' where your data is stored. That map takes up space on your drive.
This discussion was all well and good as far as a description between base 2 and base 10, but they glossed right over the fact that even if we didn't have that difference to contend with, the storage space taken up by the file allocation tables written when a drive is formatted, will also take up room that you can't use for your data.
It's not why do computers (Windows, but it applies to Linux and Mac) use binary; that's a given. Computers are binary internally. It's why drive companies use decimal when referring to computer components sizes. It's so they can sound like they have a bigger product. The HD companies have gone south for marketing. All other computer products use binary based sizes. Frustrating!
I think that was the starting point why they used decimal numbers in the first place. Wherey even went to court because if that.
Nowadays with the availability of unioque decimal and binary prefixes the confusion should actually go away.
this is done a LOT by internet providers etc and it's annoying and scammy especially for programmers who pretty much think binary. They use multiple standards from bits per second, bytes per second, digital (1k=1024) , decimal (1000) etc.
I always thought de difference advertised v reported was because the file system (fat32, Ntfs, eXfat...) took some space, interesting...
The file system and formatting does take a portion of the space, but it's a fraction compared to the conversion rate difference in what should be a binary-calculated system (hint: various flavours of Linux - particularly in the *Buntu family - report storage in Metric whilst Windows shows the true Binary value of the storage).
There is nothing true in the way Windows tells the disk size.
I love you guys, this is one of the MOST informative channels on youtube! @Gamers Nexus .
Thanks for the PSA to the newbies. Congratulations on breaking 100k subs, I subbed around maybe just under 50, and you've doubled that real quick, as slow as the climb to that point may have been, it's really nice to see the recent jump. Well earned.
You guys are awesome. I never took the time to figure this out but I always wondered why the disparity between the announced and windows reading of the Gigabytes.
awesome video guys both of you good work!
i like learning about random stuff like this instead of always benchmarks and such. great job guys
"Marketing is always kind of lying," there's your t-shirt.
This was a great video. Thanks guys!
A small suggestion when holding up paper or taking a overhead view of something written out, using a pastel blue colored paper can be much easier to read when writing with black ink and it does not reflect as much light as white paper. Also very useful when doing interviews really helps with being able to read note cards. I've done it for all my presentations and speeches since I noticed news casts, sports and late night talk shows doing it, it really helps. Keep up the good work.
Thank you for this explanation! Been wondering about this for years!
I was raised with 1024K being 1MB, all the home computers and PCs said as much. if they had made this 1000 the MiB then fair enough, but to the very fact that they made the 1024 the MiB and the 1000 the MB says they were trying to hide something, especially from the more clueless out there. I've known storage manufacturers have been doing this for years, but it just seems shady that they changed the naming method in a way that seems only to make is so that anyone complaining doesn't have a leg to stand on. Its like if the government changed the local currency so that the something like 1 dollar was 99.5 cents, and changed it so it was the new legal standard even though everyone knew a dollar was 100 cents, then when anyone complained about being short changed, they would then be pointed to this change, and that the 100 cent dollar is now called the dolilar, but you were only promised dollars. The capacity is not what I have an issue with as windows will still report the size correctly, its the shady naming in a way that only seems to try to justify their claims of selling less as more (and we all know as sizes grow, that's even less each time for more). If they sold it as 1TB/931GB with an explanation in the small print, then i'd be fine with that, then you are getting exactly what you would expect to get and no need for shady naming.
thats fucking crazy you only have that little bit of subs u should be way bigger! you guys are the most noticeable in how much you guys know in the PC market
Enjoyed this video
i tought Jesus was taller :p
I thought he was black.
Jesus was Jewish.
He just looks taller nailed to that damned cross.
@@bryanr9082 He got the first marketable high in history!
Western Digital and Seagate have settled (big $) cases about this.
fun fact; Hard drive manufacturers were actually taken to court with a class action lawsuit in the USA over advertised disc capacities, and they won, because their defense was they use decimal format, and they said it's not misleading due to semantics, and I believe they argued in the infancy of computers decimal was the standard. but binary was adopted for it's convenience in programming and a lot to do with addressing RAM. In Linux you can configure which is displayed, MB and MiB for decimal and binary respectively.
Microsoft / Windows is one of the parties at fault for the confusion by using decimal notation.
wow ! that intro was a nice jab on Linus's face xD ..love it
it's a rip off as computers are binary based and ram is accurately based on this system. You buy 1gigabyte of ram you get 1024 megabytes. Also data is stored based on binary therefore it should not be converted to another unit of measurement for advertising purposes. It all comes down to 8 bits in byte, those bits start to grow exponentially.
The whole Binary/Decimal issue wasn't much of a deal back at the time of 720KB 3.5" floppy disks as they were 720x1024x8, but when the 1.44MB 3.5" floppies started coming out they were 1440x1024x8 as the "megabyte" was classed as 1000 Kilobytes (and the Kilobyte was 1024 Bytes) at the time, and drive makers didn't bother changing it aftwards.
Since then drive makers (optical discs (CD, DVD, BRD) and magnetic disks (FDD, HDD) along with flash memory chips (SSD, USB sticks)) have done levels of 1000 past the Byte (like how we now use "Billion" for Thousand-Million (which used to be known as a Milliard), instead of the older Million-Million (what's now "Trillion"), so that 4.7GB (4.7x1000^3) DVD you bought is actually 4.38GiB (4.38x1024^3) of data storage meaning you're technically getting short-changed on actual storage capacity (before the drive formatting and partitioning take their chunks out of the capacity).
I feel like less of a dick seeing other people notice that. Idk how they have so many subs.
Michael Hatch hey sent you the request in origin,you didn't accept,still looking for another squad member who'll play a good support
It wasn't commentary on anyone in the tech space. Just sort of the global media right now.
He looks like a student looking up to the teacher whenever he looks over xD Great and helpful vids everytime.
Reminds me of high school CET class guys. I love it! Greetings from Ben Nelson ;)
I like dealing with MiB and GiB. Easier to think about when coding because you can stick with one base system. If my memory serves me right, dealing with tracks and sectors on drives can be annoying because the drives will store in numbers like 4KB blocks, but page tables in memory deal with KiB (depending on the system)
gamers nexus i need your opinion i desperately need cpu cooler for my i5 3570 nonk
which one do you prefer deepcool gammaxx 400 (2500 INR) or thermaltake contac silent 12 (2900 INR).
Wow, now I actually get it, thanks guys! Very helpful
Yeah, I thought it was just controllers or something using up a little memory.
Storage, rather.
leaving a comment just so you guys can grow even larger.
Good job guys, keep it up.
(could be better
The only issue is that Windows does one thing and tells you something less.
Linux and OSX count binary and display with binary prefixes.
Hard drive manufactures count decimal and advertise with decimal prefixes.
Windows counts binary but displays with decimal prefixes.
Steve, can we have a review on the Thermaltake Contac 12 cooler plz ? that cooler looks incredible.
This is definitely the best tech channel ever
Steve you are awesome, we all know that. But Patrick made me laugh so much!! Good job both of you! Great video and great content as always!
The title held by me, MIB
Means what you think you saw, you did not see
knowledge is power, and this channel has the power.
The problem is just that Windows works with base 2 numbers, but displays them as base 10.
OSX and Linux do both in base 2 while hard drive manufacturers use base 10.
So 1 TB is 10000 Tb which really equals 931 GiB
I know this is old but why, when I use your formula conversion, my 6TB hdd converts to 5.587 TiB but on Win 10 Pro 64bit, it is 5.45TiB? Or is is there a different formula for Terabytes? Thanks in advance and I loved your video on the makeup of the graphics card, I believe it was an EVGA 1080 ti. Thanks again, hope you do more of those, I would love to learn the engineering of my computer.
I have debated this on so many HDD and SSD reviews on amazon. Always some idiot giving a one star review because he go "ripped off" by the manufacture on the capacity.
*holds up piece of paper* "noone can read the whats on the white paper on camera*
Widows displays both. If you choose properties on a file, folder, or the whole drive it lists sizes as large whole numbers in bytes, ignoring decimal/binary shorthand. When you look at file sizes in Windows Explorer, it's shorted to Mb, Kb, Gb, etc.
Hard drive companies are technically lying to you
Silas Mayes how are they lying? 1 terabytes is 1*10^12. That's just a fact. WI does decides to measure it in a different way but the bytes are still there.
How do you set windows to show the other measurement instead
So what about games that you download? Are those advertised in GiB or GB?
So storage aside. If we used 9 or 10 bits as a byte instead of 8 wouldn't we be able to use base 10 instead of base 2 and skip some of this confusion and make computers a little faster or at least be able to use larger numbers in almost the same amount of memory space?
Do all the methods of calculation work off of the byte-scale? KiloByte,Megabyte,Gigabyte,Terabyte etc. Is there any OS that works off of a bit-scale? Kilobit,Megabit,Gigabit,Terrabit or is that just broadband "speeds"
That is typical, however, there are exceptions. NASA for example has used bits to express amount of data. Non-English speakers have an additional problem that those who translate things do not necessarily know what "byte" means or is and they just translate it as "bit", specialty if it is shortened like MB so when we see "bits of data" used it is always necessary to go to the original source to verify.
Is there a way to select Dec vs binary measurements in Win 10 Pro 64
I always thought that the "missing space" was usually taken up by the system automatically to help control the processes needed to read and write onto the disk.
So in my head it was "oh so I have 1 TB, but the system can only allow 931 or whatever GB to be used by me." Thinking back on it, that doesn't make much sense, but it at least made me not worry about it.
Thanks for the clarification as always, GN!! :)
Like it!! Thanks for the vid
Great video as always.
I guess I learned wrong then, I always thought Kilo-Mega-Giga... were 2^10-2^20-2^30... respectively.
But I have a question, that also applies to RAM, right? So when I have a 8"GB" RAM module, I acctualy have a 8GiB RAM module, right? Since it is 8192"MB", which should be 8192MiB, otherwise would be 8.192GB, right?
It just got so confused, why do our companies overlords do that to us? :(
13:10 What the hell? I was actually thinking about that during the video.
Of course good old face to face conversation is more natural but doing so alienates the audience. Also, facing the camera generally creates a better composition.
I like a good mix. Acknowledge both the person beside you, and the audience at home through the camera. To exclusively pick one or the other usually looks awkward.
can u force windows to show it in TBs instead of TiBs id much prefer seeing 12 TBs instead of 10.9 TBs or is it possible to at least make windows display TiB so its labeled correctly.
Just look at the bytes. If you use bytes you will see that you are getting more bytes than advertised on an external hard drive. I have a 5TB external which shows up as 4.54TB. To a unsuspecting person it seems you are getting ripped off. However, looking at the bytes you would think you would see 5 trillion bytes using the decimal unit system, but you instead see 5.000928... trillion bytes. You are getting around 928 million more bytes than you expected. So, the external manufactures are giving you 928 million more bytes in actuality, for free.
either Steve is short or Patrick is standing on a box. Bad joke aside good video.
Okay, so (just as a point of trying to understand)
Wouldn't the answer be simply summarized like this?
Having to convert (and therefore understand) the conversion from (for example) 1TB to 1TiB?
Also, since systems such as windows and the console OSs use TiB being displayed as TB (as an example), wouldn't that mean whenever you download a game- it too is in GiB and not GB (but just being displayed as such)?
Damn. All this time I thought MiB stood for Men in Black.
So is my 64 MB of cache included in this? Is my 8Gb of flash in my hybrid drive included in the total?
This channel has true nerd cred, that's why I keep coming back. Also, there is a cat sometimes.
is the left high or the right one is short?
So much discussion about a boring subject, that's not a showstopper either. Gamers Nexus nailed it again.
Television (and I assume) monitor makers have routinely expressed video display sizes diagonally, and have always (for legal reasons( clearly indicated they measure their screen diagonally, which always produces a larger number than what you would see. Hard drive manufacturers always express size in multiples of 1000, not 1024. Computers measure disk size in multiples of 1024. So for a drive manufacturer one gigabyte is 1000^3 not 1024^3, and 1 terabyte is 1000^6 not 1024^6.
And the drive manufacturers are both correct and incorrect at the same time. The metric system is very strictly defined, and all prefixes are powers of 10, so in that respect they are correct. However, base units are also strictly defined, and neither bits nor bytes are official base units. The official ISO standard requires the use of the binary measurements and prefixes.
I have a Samsung SSD 128 gb. I used it for a bit and now it says i only have 10 gb left of space but when i open the folder and rightclick on the content it only takes up 70 gb. What the hell !?!?!?
To simplify the math that they did: take the manufacturer's advertised capacity and divide by 1.074 to convert gigabytes to gibibytes. It is the difference between measuring 1024 and 1000.
When you're addressing the audience, you look at the camera. When you're addressing the other person, you look at the person. When you're not speaking, you draw attention to the one who is speaking by looking at them.
If I remember correctly it was Seagate who first started to "cheat" on the capacity, back when 10GB was a standard drive. Soon after all the others started to do it too, as they couldn't compete (selling the "same" capacity for more).
Awesome. How do you know Mr. Stone?
So are the things you download such as games from Steam showed in 'Gigabytes' but are actually converted in Windows into showing how many corresponding 'Gibibytes' the game occupies? In my mind that makes sense.
I got super excited when I seen you uploaded a video, but then I realized it wasn't about the 1700 ryzen spire coolers but still going to watch, just not so excited.
you guys were all over the place. should have tried it again and with slides.
I remember people used to say it was because after formatting with NTFS the file system takes up around 7% which leads to 500 -> 465
Guys, you also have to remember that 1 byte is equal to 8 bits which looks something like 1011.1001 The 1's and 0's being binary code, or as far as a computer is concerned, on or off. So 1 means on and 0 means off. (If you really want to understand this then you need to do just a little research and read) This holds true for ISP's who sell you 50 Mb/s speeds which translates to 6.25MB/s Notice 50Mb/s means Mega bits per second and MB/s means Mega Bytes per second. What I did is I divided 50 by 8. When you understand what a bit is and what a byte is, it is easier to understand the rest (i.e Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, etc.) This information is NOT for GN, but for the viewers that don't necessarily understand this stuff.
That HEY surprised me.
Steve got a body gard :) great video very interesting
That dude is cool, bring him in for more hardware stuff.
Microsoft* didn't choose the binary system.. Computing.. atleast early computing is binary, What other choice was there? If you wanted to send signals you HAD to either 1=on or 0=off
Wow you Blew my mind, This is why I love Maths (2nd reason I'm Dyslexic) thanks for solving one of Lifes big riddles
Wow I've never heard of Gibibytes before this video. Interesting.
When did this whole Kibi, mebi, Gibi start? Ive always understood the concept, but it was always KiloBIT vs Kilobyte, MegaBIT vs Megabyte, etc....
This has nothing to do with bits v bytes. The binary naming convention was created in 1998 and officially standardized in 2008. The decimal prefixes (kilo, mega, etc) were being used incorrectly before then. Per the SI standard, they can only be used to denote powers of 10, not powers of 2.
watched until 5:18 and read'd your comment now i know why
thank you very much
Strictly from the gamers side. (FPS)
HyperThreading. Worth it?
If ever. And when VM would be useful?
This month's funding goal has been reached. Steve was able to pay the closet hijacker enough for the return of 1 t-shirt. Continue your support today!
Is he a giant or are you a dwarf? Why is his shirt dirty? Are you just trying him out? lol... keep up the good work Steve. I like having a second 'voice' in your channel.
_Bits_ are binary, _bytes_ are *octal* , and windows (and most other OSs) counts in octal because the standard for file storage (and most everything else in computers) has been octal blocks since pre-dos era computing. It's the drive manufactures that are being weird.
Here I've always thought it was a difference of different file systems like how ntfs in Windows would be storing your superblocks, inodes, etc vs Unix file systems...guess I was wrong
1 Terabyte - 1000 GB or 10^12 bytes.
1 Tebibyte - 1024 GB or 2^40 bytes.
Also, no hard drive has exactly the capacity advertised. A 1 TB drive, might have 940 GB or a bit more or less. Same for SSDs. Linux uses both notations on specific parts of the system.
Also, why not use a whiteboard instead? It's very hard to read what's on the paper.
No hard drive company would ever sell a drive advertised at 1TB capacity that had less than 10^12 bytes of capacity, they would lose their asses in the avalanche of lawsuits and fines for false advertising.
I seriously thought the bald guy in the thumbnail was Paul from Paul's Hardware
Does Windows do it because of things like cluster size of file systems being multiples of 2 say 512, 1024, 2048, 4096,?
no, windows follows the ISO standard, but they haven't updated the labeling from GB to GiB because customers hate change, would be confused, and would complain.
Incorrect, the ISO standard never said that kilo should mean anything but 1000. If you check the Wikipedia article, the computer use of the prefixes has been a mess. There is no consistent use. The whole metric system was originally created to solve such a mess in traditional units.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
Never said it did Okaro X. As I said, Windows uses the correct ISO standard, ie base 2. However, they have not changed the units displayed in windows explorer. Even though the OS calculates gibibytes and tebibytes, they are displayed with the incorrect labels of GB and TB.
Yup, I wonder in which file the prefixes are stored.
Has to be somewhere with all die other variables for text in the UI.
The IEC should have also introduced explicit decimal prefixes: 'kibo', 'mebo', 'gibo' etc., so that 1ToB would equal 931GiB. That would have removed the current ambiguity of traditional prefixes. It would also make the (inflated) decimal storage capacities used by manufactures slightly more hilarious ("due to higher platter densities, we managed to fit an extra 500 gibobytes").
you should do bytes vs bits too
You actually explained "Mib" incompletely (MiB means mebibyte, whereas if the B isn't capitalized, it means bit). It's usually about bits and not bytes. It's worth mentioning that the base unit for digital info is actually a bit. (8 bits = 1 byte) For example, when data comes over the internet, ISPs and network managers measure the bandwidth in bits, so gigabit ethernet is divided by 8 regardless if you measure the bytes using decimal or binary. The simplest way to explain all of this just show a chart with all the units.
I believe the reason they round down is because its safer than rounding up. You should not report more than is available because if that space gets used you could be overwriting previous data or it might not even be saved, it is like the whole fake usb thing where it is reporting more space than is actually available and it leads to issues. Obviously it wont be as drastic in this case but i think they do it for the edge cases.
i bet the first manufacturer to make drives with a True representation of what's on the box and what's shown in windows will get all the money
great vid, but how about using a tablet or something to capture the math and overlay it into the video? Makes it easier to follow
In a nutshell ...
(1) RAM is measured in base 2, because address spaces are in base 2: 10 bits of address numbers will cover 1024 bytes of RAM. 20 bits of address numbers will cover 1024 x 1024 bytes of RAM (1MB)
(2) Disk drives are laid out in sectors and tracks. Marketing decided to just use 1,000,000 bytes as 1MB (so their drive storage numbers would look bigger). They carried this a step further with 1,000,000,000 = 1GB
(3) Flash drives didn't want to seem small, so they used Disk Drive marketing numbers when advertising their devices.
thnx :)
If I remember correctly there was a huge lawsuit back when 1GB memory cards first became available, and unfortunately the manufacturers won it leading to the confusion we have today.
Also, while SI recommend that we use KiB for base 2 notation, Windows keeps using KB for base 2 for compatibility with older hardware and software that measure drive capacity in cylinders and heads on very old BIOS based systems and also for user familiarity.
To add to the confusion, UNIX-like systems such as Mac OS and others such as Linux follow SI standard notation for capacity and either show capacity in base 10 KB notation or use KiB for base 2, which confuses those who are moving from or to windows with those platforms, and are unaware of this subject.
Its a clusterfuck basically, and there is nothing us users can do about it.
I love how you're dealing with the criticism that you got for your Ryzen review. Gotta admit I can only imagine how many horrible messages you've read.
The reason drive manufacturers continue to use Base 10 sizing is simple. It's PROFITABLE to engage in deceptive marketing that inflates actual product capacity.
Using the term "terabyte" when what you really mean is "one trillion bytes" is lying. Period.
Windows reports drive capacities correctly from both historical and computer science perspectives - with Base 2 magnitude units.
What drive manufacturers are doing is no different than me selling you "an ounce" of gold at the prevailing spot price, only for you to discover that what I sold you is 1 *MASS* ounce unit (~28.349 grams) rather than the implicitly accepted precious metals standard *TROY* ounce (~31.103 grams).
Manufacturers apparently believe it's clever (and advantageous) semantics, as they have yet to correct this tawdry practice. I think it's theft.