212 - The Neuroscience of Obesity | Peter Attia, M.D. & Stephan Guyenet, Ph.D.
Вставка
- Опубліковано 1 чер 2024
- Watch the full episode and view show notes here: bit.ly/3ydzKti
Become a member to receive exclusive content: bit.ly/3HJBptT
Sign up to receive Peter's email newsletter: bit.ly/3zYuuuN
Stephan Guyenet is a neuroscientist focused on the neuroscience of obesity and energy homeostasis. He is the author of the book, The Hungry Brain and founder/ director of Red Pen Reviews. In this episode, Stephan explains how obesity has changed phenotypically over the course of human history as well as what might explain the dramatic increase in prevalence of obesity in the last few decades. He talks in depth about the role of genetics, the brain, and hormones like leptin play in the regulation of fat mass. He dives deep into two common theories of obesity-the carbohydrate-insulin model and the energy balance model and provides his take on which theory has stronger evidence. Additionally, he provides insights on how we’re hard-wired to think about food and the consequences of modern foods designed for maximal pleasure. Finally, he goes through the factors that affect body weight, set points, and provides takeaways for people wanting to take advantage of what we know about the brain’s role in regulating our body weight.
We discuss:
0:00:00 - Intro
0:00:08 - Stephan’s neuroscience background and his focus on the nuances of obesity
0:07:17 - How obesity has changed for humans throughout history
0:14:45 - The association between obesity and adverse health outcomes, the “obesity paradox,” and confounders when relating BMI to longevity
0:25:49 - The sharp increase in obesity across demographics
0:33:52 - The hypothalamus and its role in obesity
0:45:32 - The role of the hormone leptin in obesity
0:53:24 - The genetic component of obesity
1:05:48 - Understanding the tendency of humans to store fat through an evolutionary lens
1:13:32 - The hedonic aspect of food, and how the brain reacts to modern, highly-rewarding foods
1:26:46 - How we are hard-wired to think about food
1:35:16 - A review of the “Carnivore diet”
1:50:06 - The energy balance model, carbohydrate-insulin model, and unifying the theories around adiposity
1:58:41 - Body weight set points: a hypothetical comparison of two individuals
2:07:26 - Takeaways for people who want to lose weight and keep it off
2:16:34 - Evidence that favors the energy balance model of weight gain
2:26:54 - The synergistic effect of fat and carbohydrates and observations that a low-fat diet or a low-carb diet can cause weight loss
2:34:46 - Red Pen Reviews
--------
About:
The Peter Attia Drive is a weekly, ultra-deep-dive podcast focusing on maximizing health, longevity, critical thinking…and a few other things. With over 45 million episodes downloaded, it features topics including fasting, ketosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, mental health, and much more.
Peter is a physician focusing on the applied science of longevity. His practice deals extensively with nutritional interventions, exercise physiology, sleep physiology, emotional and mental health, and pharmacology to increase lifespan (delay the onset of chronic disease), while simultaneously improving healthspan (quality of life).
Learn more: bit.ly/3OcTzXg
Connect with Peter on:
Facebook: bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDFB
Twitter: bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDTW
Instagram: bit.ly/PeterAttiaMDIG
Subscribe to The Drive:
Apple Podcast: bit.ly/TheDriveApplePodcasts
Overcast: bit.ly/TheDriveOvercast
Spotify: bit.ly/TheDriveSpotify
Google Podcasts: bit.ly/TheDriveGoogle
Disclaimer: This podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional healthcare services, including the giving of medical advice. No doctor-patient relationship is formed. The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast is at the user's own risk. The content on this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they have, and they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions. I take conflicts of interest very seriously. For all of my disclosures and the companies I invest in or advise, please visit my website where I keep an up-to-date and active list of such companies. - Наука та технологія
In this episode, we discuss:
0:00:00 - Intro
0:00:08 - Stephan’s neuroscience background and his focus on the nuances of obesity
0:07:17 - How obesity has changed for humans throughout history
0:14:45 - The association between obesity and adverse health outcomes, the “obesity paradox,” and confounders when relating BMI to longevity
0:25:49 - The sharp increase in obesity across demographics
0:33:52 - The hypothalamus and its role in obesity
0:45:32 - The role of the hormone leptin in obesity
0:53:24 - The genetic component of obesity
1:05:48 - Understanding the tendency of humans to store fat through an evolutionary lens
1:13:32 - The hedonic aspect of food, and how the brain reacts to modern, highly-rewarding foods
1:26:46 - How we are hard-wired to think about food
1:35:16 - A review of the “Carnivore diet”
1:50:06 - The energy balance model, carbohydrate-insulin model, and unifying the theories around adiposity
1:58:41 - Body weight set points: a hypothetical comparison of two individuals
2:07:26 - Takeaways for people who want to lose weight and keep it off
2:16:34 - Evidence that favors the energy balance model of weight gain
2:26:54 - The synergistic effect of fat and carbohydrates and observations that a low-fat diet or a low-carb diet can cause weight loss
2:34:46 - Red Pen Reviews
whole plant based diet best
Ever noticed how genuine experts aren’t afraid to say, ‘we don’t know’?!
For real
I didn't notice that
Yes, these are scientists and not experts. Scientists always don't know. Science attempts to prove itself wrong.
EXACTLY my point about the bureaucrook politicians in power.
WHEN's the last time you ever heard one of them say, "I don't know how to solve for homelessness, but we're going to install bi-weekly town halls and get busy brainstorming."
The current system is such a bad way to live.
The mark of a mind thats trained how to think not what to think
As a formerly obese person, I have accepted that I need to be “on top” of my diet for the rest of my life. It’s hard though. Definitely hard sometimes. It’s a lot of work in the kitchen.
same here
I find it a whole lot easier to stay on top of my weight since discovering keto/low carb. I just wish I knew 50 years ago!
I bypassed Atkins many years ago because I believed the low fat crap. Regrets...
@@jellybeanvinkler4878 on Keto I was losing too much weight. It was good at first but eventually I had to add more calories and I preferred to add them from plants rather than doubling my animal foods.
@@jellybeanvinkler4878 Its tough because we all seem to be a bit different. I went hard into Keto for about 3 months and not only was the food prep mind numbingly lengthy but I gained weight the entire time and that was while also intermittent fasting. For my stupid body high protein low calorie seems to do the trick and has been the only reliable tool ive found for me.
@@jellybeanvinkler4878 This discussion clearly states low-fat OR low-carb are both great by themselves for battling obesity. The problem comes when certain genetically predisposed people mix moderate-fat AND moderate-carb together.
I'm very grateful to Guyenet. Five years ago I finally lost the extra 70 lbs I'd been carrying around for decades, and kept it off, and it was mostly due to the insight I gained from his blog and his book. Nothing magic, no "weird tricks" ... just close attention to what actually drives overeating and how you can head it off.
Could you share some tips?
@@nakkiel7 Sure: the name of the game is maximizing satiety within the constraints of a reduced calorie intake. So the obvious first items to cut are liquid calories (which contribute almost no satiety) and items with ridiculously high calorie counts. What you *don't* want to cut, if you can help it, is favorite foods that make you feel like you've really had a meal. You need to have at least one or two really satisfying meals during the day, or the wheels come off the project.
@@dalefavier2949 Thank you for the info. Does he have an active web page or blog? I am only able to find the web page with his name that hasn't been updated since early 2021.
@@jbbbjj I think he hasn't been adding much on the web lately. A few years ago I thought he paired up with someone else to have an eating program which was pretty much mostly whole foods because of what Dale said about satiety and the body's adjusting its setpoint lower when most food is not ultraprocessed , but I'm not sure what happened to that. I think these people don't understand what they're up against with most people wanting to lose weight. Just because the diet is the best one doesn't mean people are going to stick to it long term nor go through the weaning process in a smart way. Dale F is the exception.
Thanks for that!
I’ll go for reading his book.
When I was a kid in the 70's, only a narrow selection of yummy cheap treats were available at most grocery stores. Moms were often still stay at home so budgets were often very tight with blue collar families. About the time insanely sugared & colored cereals choice exploded, the choice of many other cheap treats also exploded as did the number of fast food outlets. I recall learning at college in 80's that many kids binged on cereal & ice cream which my family didn't allow, thankfully.-- I educated my kid well about treats, that stuff isn't a meal, it's just a treat. Read labels. Never eat a whole box of anything, etc.
Same in my family growing up. Also there was no soda allowed except for special occasions. Pounding down soda is a bad habit that usually starts young. Not against an occasional soda, but kids don’t have the inner voice telling them to slow down. I see some parents loading up their grocery carts with soda and SSBs and the kids pay the price. I think limiting them when kids are young and impressionable would go a long way in setting better habits around consumption.
I am so grateful that my family could not afford to buy so many treats and processed food and stuff! We had a big garden and chickens and ate veggies from the garden, eggs and occasionally meat and I haven't seen breakfast cereal till I was 20 😂
Shop the walls in a grocery store, not the aisles, except for toilet paper lol. Whole foods, not the boxes and bags in the middle
“Credentials are not a reliable correlate of information quality” so true and a powerful statement. I always learn something from your PC’s but this one was confirmation for me in so many ways.
Re: large increase in LDL-C on carnivore (and ketogenic) diet see Dave Feldman's ongoing study
Stephan and Peter do a great job conveying how complex/nuanced obesity really is. Great discussion
Question for Peter - which is the better biomarker for cardiovascular disease LDL-p or HbA1c? There is not even a contest here. If you control for HbA1c at a healthy level, LDL-p becomes almost irrelevant. 50% of people who die from cardiovascular disease have 'normal' LDL-p. The 50% who die having 'elevated' LDL-p will be almost 100% insulin resistant. Think of that! We have been barking up the wrong tree for 50 years and seem to be redoubling these efforts every decade..
It's so true! I have felt this response and it took several times of losing weight before i recognized that my body didn't like the weight loss! It is an intense panicky feeling that is near impossible to ignore. My doctor acts like I'm making excuses and there isn't a lot of help. I so appreciate the content of this podcast!
Try doubling your protein and tripling your daily fiber intake. We gotta trick the brain into thinking it got enough calories without actually overeating.
Having the wrong physician is toxic to your health.
Walking rather rapidly at least 3 hours per week boosts you feelings of well-being.
when talking about the heratilbility of obesity you didnt adress the heritability of eating behaviors and habits formed. Its almost impossible to not adopt eating behaviors and food related-reward behaviors from your parents after being raised by them for ~18 years. I looked through studies on this and they adress it but the data on adoptees who wouldnt be conditioned by their parents, or twins who grew up apart is extremely limited. So either im missing something or the genetic heritability statistic of 0.7 is heavily confounded with the nurture side of things, unlike the other examples given, autism and schyzophrenia
My FAT girlfriend had the audacity to claim that her weight problem is genetic, to which I responded "No it's not. Your grandmother taught your mother how to shop for FrankenFoods, cook FrankenFoods, and eat FrankenFoods 4+ times a day, and then your Mother taught you. Don't exist on Industrial Cereal Grains covered in glyphosate, CAFO meat and dairy, and fry the shit out of everything and then blame the latest two generations of your ancestors for your hypertension and morbid obesity. You don't even use your muscles in any way during the day except to reload soda pop into your beer fridge".
They control for learned behaviors, like in twin studies.
Those correlational studies always control for shared environment
Paul Saladino has not been a carnivore for years; he eats about half carnivore and half fruitarian... in his videos, he eats huge amounts of pineapple, melon and other fruit. And he also eats honey. His latest mantra is "Don't fear fruit!" So whatever the merits of, or problems with, the carnivore diet, he's not really a good example.
He also eats rice now. I think he can be classified as a "hyper-carnivore", which is someone whose diet is roughly 80% animal-based.
@@jzen1455 Have you seen Paul's recent videos? He eats huge amounts of fruit these days... his plate is often covered with big chunks of pineapple and mango and melon and other tropical fruit... sometimes way more fruit than meat. At least it appears that way in the videos he's published recently; maybe that's not how he always eats.
I'm not putting him down; he's entitled to change his mind, ad he's been open about doing so. But I think it does confuse some people at new who are trying to understand the carnivore diet.
Shawn Baker is an example of someone who is following an actual carnivore diet.
#RANDLECYCLE ... oops?
I can respect that about Saladino. He isn't afraid to make changes and is open about it.
At 23 minutes Peter says, "your fate was sealed the minute you reached that high BMI, so forget about it, just keep eating that haagen daz". 😂💯🙋🙏Classic stuff rofl...then adds, "that doesn't sound right." I love it 💕
1.5 x playback speed, y'all 👍🏼
I’m someone who has been lucky enough to have lost 150+ lbs, through lifestyle changes.
I’m not necessarily looking to be a lab rat, but there is rarely if ever a mention of studies of people who have successfully achieved similar results. Do they exist?
The evidence supporting the risk of elevated LDL is just not that strong. Yes, it may be possible to reduce CVD with statins, but at the same time this raises all-cause mortality. The simple reason is that LDL is a critical part of the immune system. Reducing LDL decreases the effectiveness of the immune system. So, tell me again why I should consider a statin?
Completely agree. Where’s the hard core science that supports that statement?
I read a book re 33:52 ish back in 1980 called How to Lower Your Fat Thermostat. I was very influenced by that for years. It recommended an hour of exercise per day and a low fat diet with lots of "complex" carbs.
This worked for me!
I watched my mother stay obese on an hr a day and complex carbs.
She never lost anything until she's was so dysfunctionally bedridden from complex carb chronic pain, bedridden, went keto & lost 150lb.
@@azsunburns There is still so much we don't know. I eat complex carbs only - rice, potatoes, oats, vegetables, fruit - in high quantities, well above my estimated maintenance calories, and didn't gain a pound. For the whole cherry season, I ate 2lbs of cherries a day...!! In addition to everything else.
@@azsunburns I'm so happy that she finally did that! I am a big believer in keto now.
I appreciate the info presented on behalf of those who have legitimate struggles due to their body not responding like other typical dieters. I take issue with trainers and coaches who think it's will or compliance. They are clueless. Many of those with weight issues know how to be laser focused and ultra compliant but struggle to achieve what "normal" ppl can with less effort. For those, it often began in childhood. No one else in the family may have an issue with weight. Not attributable to lifestyle then or now. Even when successful at taking off weight, once hitting "goal" it's like climbing a greased pole. Let up on discipline just a little-go sliding down ever so slowly. It's exhausting, gaining is demoralizing.
Weight loss is more psychological than anything. Yeah we all know about "calories in. calories out" and to lose weight you have to eat less. But it's much more complicated than to just eat less. If it were that easy, obesity wouldn't be as prevalent as it is. The US is a nation of trauma mixed with all sorts of hormone disruptors in the environment that lead to compulsive eating and obesity.
Check out a company called Central Athlete out of Austin (but they do a lot of remote coaching) I have been working with them for several years. A lot of focus on both fitness and nutrition. They are discussing the role of blood work/lab results specifically regarding this issue. good info...
Your body is built to store fat for the bad times. I have done well with keeping weight low with keto. I have been on keto for 4 years. My insulin resistance is in remission l.
thank you for this amazing interview!
I think it's a good time to have Dr. Saladino on the podcast. Dr. Saladino says he has evolved beyond his own book. I would like to hear both sides discuss there points. It would be a good discussion. I think his energy and your stoic demeanor would be a nice balance.
Begging for this. Frustrating review here. Let the man defend himself.
Me too!! I honestly don’t know how it hasn’t happened yet…I feel like they would get along very well, especially because they’re both so likable. Both are into archery and hunting, eating game meat, both spent time in Austin, both have a successful podcast…please!!!!
@@faimohkihfaimohkih8223 Not only do they both live in Austin, Joe Rogan is a mutual "friend". It would be an interesting conversation. Peter seems to drive within the boundaries of science and Paul likes to push the boundaries. Maybe a face to face could pull them closer to their edges?
Probably because Peter understandably has zero interest in guiding the majority of his patients nor himself towards a carnivore diet. Or some random meat + fructose fad diet with zero scientific backing. Peter prefers science based imo.
@@uelude the term “science based” is pretty problematic because it is not well defined. Theres nothing worth discussing that is 100% backed by scientific literature and everything is just gradations of available supporting evidence. Peter himself experiments with ketogenic diets and prolonged fasting, even though there is little to no human evidence to support any benefit in longevity of such practices. Yet there’s plenty of evidence and foundational knowledge in our evolutionary biology, biochemistry, and of botany, along with significant and anecdotal evidence to at least entertain the idea of a carnivore diet having some benefit to humans under certain conditions. To argue otherwise is a truly myopic way of looking at human health and disease as affected by nutrition.
Thanks for talking about this topic. It is very motivational to hear about the health risks of being obese. It helps me run away from it
Randy you need a
Ok puppies plove
Ok sounds like it is
Ok
1:45:23 yeah but statins, eze and pcsk9-inhib do not normalize it bc its a energy flux problem that has to be met by vldl synthesis in the liver (rather than a clearance problem). the reductions you get from increased clearance is just not powerful enough to meet LMHR phenotype some people have on a low carb intake diet like carnivore or keto, but you probably know that by now given the more recent LMHR phenotype case studies ...
Peter to your comment about ribeye. I think a lot of it has to do with chewing steak. I’ve noticed that after finishing one steak that I had to spend time chewing my appetite was actually less then it would be having chewed less. Sounds weird I know but i think that plays a role in why we could eat more baked potatoes then you could steak.
I doubt you could eat much more calories of potatoes than steak...1 kilogram (a little of 2 pounds) of potatoes is about 750 calories.
I've been waiting for this one for a while! Particularly because you've had Gary Taubes on ;-)
Why are scientists still using BMI instead of the vastly superior height to waist ratio?
Metabolic disease is better tied to the height to waist ratio and it's less confounded by muscle mass from working out.
I think a big factor is that BMI is extremely quick and has been used for centuries, so if you want to be able to compare to older data you have to use it, and also all this data is already available, height and weight is already recorded routinely, so you have access to data for almost the whole country without having to do any trials
@@swegatron2859 That's a circular argument: It's the "routine" that's the problem, so saying the reason for poor routine is poor routine is bad logic. Secondly saying we can't use waist size because 1800s didn't is a ridiculous argument; if all science worked on that level we'd still be pulling people brains out their noses with hooks.
Lastly the idea that waist size isn't measured by medical professionals is wrong, besides healthcare professionals many scientists studying metabolic diseases also do exactly that.
Some of the leading metabolic scientists swear by study design using height to weight for a reason. The sooner the rest of the scientific establishment catches up with this basic empirical reasoning the better. Obviously using a metric that is blind to a culture of gym goers putting weight on pecs, shoulders and upper back is going to be highly inferior to waist size when studying a culture where fitness and working out is directly tied to metabolic syndromes, it's almost as if some people 'want' inferior data, but the reality is it's just refusal to change. There are many graphs proving my point, and top research scientists often use waist instead of 'weight' when designing studies around obesity. It's stunning how to this day though there are obesity or metabolic syndrome studies and editorial still pushing BMI when waist is extremely easy to measure and patently more accurate and less confounded by very common variables.
And by all means use both! Most obesity or metabolic studies using subjects who work out and those who don't should be recording and publishing waist for aforementioned reasons, not to mention improving discussions conclusions and future studies.
So enjoyed this very informative.
LDL-C: when I tried HFLC eating (VERY rigorous adherence:
When you suddenly use body fat for fuel and lose a lot of weight quickly your lipids go crazy trying to catch up with the massive changes you’ve just made. It can take months after reaching a stable weight for the lipids to normalise. They will be different to before being fat-adapted, but they will be exactly what your body needs at the time. What’s more dangerous - a BMI of 30+ and low LDL-C forever, or an LDL-C of 300+ for six months (and now a BMI of probably
@@asarcadyn2414 Fortunately, I don't have to choose from either of those two. I have HDL and TG in mid-50's and LDL mid-70's, with BMI right at 25.
Veg & carbs are not inherently problematic. Sugars and excess consumption of finely divided carbs are the issue, and drive insulin resistance. With an HbA1c running typ 4.8-5.1, I'm good, and I can do fine on modest fat intake.
@@CeeJay1979US How much sunlight were you getting? Taking enough sunlight to maximize conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D would bring it down during the summer months (depending on your latitude) and store the Vitamin D up for winter with a normal and expected increase in cholesterol over the winter as the D is drawn down and no new being made. Then, the D synthesis starts again in spring and the cycle starts again. We keep measuring dynamic processes and expecting them to be the same year round... (Side note: what an absolute gift to get such knowledgeable and thoughtful discussions about health and fitness and research. Thank you, Dr. Attia!)
What about the effect of the gut microbiome on appetite and satiety signals?
Factory farmed animals are given antibiotics to kill off all their gut microbes because it allows them to gain more weight quickly.
Smaller plate. Visually fill at least half with non-starchy veggies. Helps with the need to finish what’s on your plate and feel satisfied of your need more bulk and chewing :)
Amazing podcast
It's almost impossible to not get fat living in the US. You can't walk anywhere and cheap and hyper processed "food" is ubiquitous.
I couldn't imagine a better environment to get obese quickly and definitely. No amount of willpower can win a war like that.
The solution for the individual is to change environments. Move to a pedestrian-friendly city if possible could be a good start.
65% are lean
After 14 months on a strict carnivore diet back in 2015-2016, including beef only for several months, I lost zero weight. I then went back to it during the lockdown period for several more months after gaining a few pounds, and again lost nothing.
I do think it was a huge contributing factor to my elevated estrogen levels and urine fibroids, however.
Try the starch solution. Much more sound scientifically.
@@zed5129 You know nothing, zed5129
@@erastvandoren I live on starch and am vegan but the former carnivore in me is daydreaming about eating meat for breakfast lunch and dinner....!!!
Question: I understand that elevated LDL is a risk factor but is it a causative factor for heart disease on a carnivore diet or do we know ? I'd like to see an interview with Ben Bikman on lipids. There are very qualified and intelligent people on all sides of this diet science. It seems murky on what the best is if there is a best.
Check out Mike Mutzel-High Intensity Health here on YT. He just did a video on lipid panel results and dietary cholesterol.
Feldman and Attia have argued
"They're not sick because they're thin. They're thin because they're sick." Why not assume the same can be said about obesity? "They're not sick because they're fat. They're fat because they're sick."
The causal arrow probably goes the other way for many obesity-.related diseases. An insulin resistant patient will become obese because fat cells are less resistant to insulin than muscle. They will also feel fatigued and lack energy, and they will begin developing cardiovascular disease, making exercise difficult. Then their doctor will tell them they are sick because they're fat and lazy.
Excellent point
I've been hyper-carnivore since January of 2022. My strength and muscle gains have been phenomenal especially for being 39 years old. I've gained about 20 lbs since and my body fat has gone from from ~12% bf to ~15%. My testosterone level was 795 ng/dl in the summer of 2020, but I'm almost certain I've managed to increase it with the help of diet change and increased training volume. I was plateauing and slightly regressing in the gym late last year but ever since I upped my meat intake, my lifts went through, and I've gone through a sort of second puberty with noob-gains-like progress.
Anabolic steroids work really well for lean body mass and strength. Heart health and longevity...not so much. Not saying carnivore diet will kill you like abusing AAS will kill you, just pointing out that (unfortunately) vitality/strength and heart health/longevity are not coterminous.
Natural training and steroid induced gains are nowhere near equivalent. Lean body mass, all things equal, is strongly associated with lower all cause mortality.
Steroids fuck up your body's homeostasis and cause changes that your body would never make on its own (like a massively enlarged heart)
Start reintroducing foods if you have started this fad because you had digestive or AI issues. Biochemically there is no teorethical possibility that carnivore diet will not lead to detrimental health consequences . Maybe after 1 year, maybe after 5 years. Maybe I am not as diplomatic as Peter but I can, as nutritional biochemist, say that it will most certainly kill you. Maybe in 20 years. But, hey that is science, I am not an expert in ideology and religion based on anecdotes so maybe, just maybe there is a carnivore angel that will create all SCFAs in your body instead of your gut microbiome.
Great podcast episode
On there being special times when we are vulnerable to gain I would suggest women have times after pregnancy and into menopause when they gain despite feeling that they have not changed diet or exercise. As a primary school educator you see a change around ages five or six in some children when they suddenly start to put on more fat than their peers.
This feels like watching two people who are really stoned and in a very bad mood.
Any plans to have Saladino on the podcast ?
Attia wouldn't. Saladino will probably destroy him in a debate. Especially about LDL cholesterol.
Lmfao
I have been doing carnivore for about 5 months. Feel great lost my Covid 20 pound. My LDL went up about 20 points right now it is 156 and my Primary really pushed statin this time. I asked for more information. The statin side effects really concern me. I am 68 and want to keep my muscle mass and want a quality life not just longevity. Statins can impair muscle growth? I am also confused that T2 is a huge risk factor for Heart disease and a statin side effect can be onset of T2? Statin side effect memory loss and confusion? These are scary side effects. I do not want to take the statin unless there is better evidence than just LDL. My primary did refer me to a cardiologist. I hope there are some test I can done like a CAC to show if I have atherosclerosis.
Hello Rick! You can do LDL-P, which is a much better predictor of heat diseases than LDL-C. It will show you LDL particle number, size and % of oxidized LDL. It also shows you your insulin resistance score, which is a good indicator of your metabolic health. You can talk to your cardiologist about the result and make a decision together.
Yes get the CAC score. Best way to tell what your plaque burden is
You might benefit from increasing monounsaturated fats and reducing saturated. A certain portion of the population will negatively affect their lipid profile with a high fat diet if the fat is more saturated and less monounsaturated.
Whatever you do, stay away from the statins! Sugar contributes more to inflammation and plaque buildup than dietary cholesterol intake.
Glad to see some tepidly positive discussion of carnivore. In general, meats have been overly criticized and plants overly lauded. Work remains to be seen if high ldl in an otherwise healthy context is as bad as it is in obese and metabolically unhealthy individuals. Dave Feldman's study in the next few years will hopefully provide some interesting info in that regard.
Well, we know that genetically determined ApoB has a major effect on cardiovascular disease regardless of diet. So I’d find it hard to believe there wouldn’t be elevated risk just because one is metabolically healthy. It therefore seems rather that metabolic disease is the second whammy on top of having high ApoB, and that by becoming metabolically healthy that portion of the risk is reduced, but if ApoB remains high then that portion of the risk remains.
@@Seanonyoutube I disagree, there's already some evidence that in the context of high HDL and low triglycerides, elevated ldl has a very small impact on cvd, and maybe even balance out in all cause mortality the protection against infection.
I'm referring to Framingham when stratified by highest hdl/lowest trig group.
Many who are diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia I believe are actually Feldman's hyperresonders, and the gwas studies on ldl are so polygenic as to cause concern for their validity.
We shall see though in coming years!
The problem with medical intervention, except for acute cases, is that you are NOT likely to get the metabolic overhaul and long-lasting emotional capacity and rearranged socialization to keep improving until you're on point.
It's more a psychological/philosophical issue.
Concerning elevated ldl on a very low carb diet and the variability of this effect on individuals: check out Dave Feldman and his work on lean mass hyper responders to better understand this phenomenon. He’s close to publishing results that probably point to the raise in ldl as a function of fat transportation in a primarily fat burning metabolism. Higher ldl in a carnivore system may be entirely normal and not an area of concern.
Regarding the 41m/1h10m on the importance of the hypothalamus and how fat (38 MJ/kg??) is more energy dense than any Hydro-Carbon battery (1 MJ/kg).. is it lower to diesel (46MJ/kg)?
Dr. Attia,
You need to discuss obesity in the framework of metabolic health. In my 30's, 40's & 50's, nothing I did ever affected my weight.
Only when I began photobiomodulation did weight began to decrease.
I like listening to stephan!
Its no surprise that processed and in particular ultra processed food took off in the 60s and have risen more than 140% since then.
The connection to obesity seem very clear when considering what Peter said regarding we being primed for obesity in a calorie surplus environment.
And considering how coca cola and other companies try their damnedest to put the blame on the individual it seems obvious they know whats up..
I'm thinking that one possible factor for the increase in obesity during the period of 70s to 80s could be the cessation of smoking cigarettes that occurred.
During that same time cheap and plentiful “junk food” was also increasingly available and marketed…. Both correlated with that time period. 🤷🏻♀️
Hour:minute 1:23--Peter says he doesn't like sugar or butter alone. I DO!, And have since a child. I used to get a spoonful of sugar and I like real butter. Maybe it is salted butter I like butter. I will eat the cake icing that is almost pure sugar, while some people won't. But... I DO like ice cream better. Note: I became obese, BMI of 40.29, as an adult (BMI=23 in high school). Lost 90 lbs. doing keto diet in 2013, and now have a BMI of 27. Can't get below 180 lbs. no matter how hard I work on it--so this "Lipostat" is fascinating. How can I lower it?
Paul Saladino mentioned that the hypothalamus has a nutrient sensor rather than a calorie sensor and when we get adequate nutrients, our desire to eat natually goes down.
But I don't remember which episode it was.
What percentage of hospitalizations today are attributed to preventable health conditions?
I really want to say a big thank you for bringing up the issues of keeping weight off. Sorry this will be long..really LONG but I want to tell you my story. I have PCOS and I have been a big yo yo dieter. I'm glad to hear people talk about set point weight also as I noticed over the years that my set point weight was moved up from around 125 to 135 to 205..at the time I didn't know anything about set point weight but I noticed after a few times of gaining and losing weight that my weight kept going back to 205..give or take a few pounds. The last time I dieted back down to around 180 for the first time I noticed the terrible almost what i would assume would be similar to drug like cravings..not that they weren't there the other times after I lost so much fat but I just didn't put it together in my head..I just assumed it was my willpower
.
So right before the pandemic I had dieted the three summers before and for three summers in a row I gained the weight back in the winter. I ended up having a bad pap test the summer of 2019..in the fall I had a biopsy of the cervix and I ended up having cervical cancer..while she was getting a biopsy I asked her to biopsy my uterus and by luck the spot she hit in my uterus she also found an early uterine cancer..not cervical cancer that had spread..a different cancer. I did end up asking myself what was going on with my immune system that didn't clear HPV from years ago and also started growing the estrogen driven uterine cancer. i obviously can't prove it but I believe the weight gain and weight loss for a few years in a row before the cancer played a part in it. Doing some reading I did see some stuff out there that it can be bad for the immune system to yo yo and of course with the uterine cancer ..losing fat and gaining fat changes estrogen levels.
So for two years after my radical hysterectomy I was so scared to even try and lose weight because what if my cancers were brought on by all the yo yo dieting. This spring I decided that I can't stand the weight and have lost 40 lbs and I'm not going to lie..I worry that am I going to make my immune system worse and will I awaken cancer stem cells left over..very scary times for me. But to get to my main point of all this is that after being compelled to research to why I could go many many weeks and have no problem staying away from foods that aren't the best for me or even having those foods once in awhile with no problems to having drug like cravings and not being able to buy one good day and then eventually putting all the weight back on but once I got back to the 205 I noticed those strong cravings would stop....finally that lead me to go looking for information and I had no idea that body actually wants me to gain back the fat and has all kinds of complex processes to help make that happen..I read a lot about the hormones Leptin and Ghrelin and other hormones. These are all things that you don't hear weight loss professionals talk about much or you didn't in the past and I had no idea that any of this happened but now it all makes sense. I have no idea how i'm going to fight my body from gaining the weight back this time but knowledge is power and now that I know what was happening and why I was all of a sudden getting these terrible cravings after I would lose so many lbs..I can be more prepared to fight it. Even being older now..having no ovaries..having PCOS which they say is a lifetime disease even tho I don't have ovaries anymore..I have no problem losing the weight...I think professionals have to do more research and get more information out there on how to keep the weight off..I know they don't have all the answers but so happy that more professionals and people like you are talking about it. I do plan on having a lifetime approach to this and eating more whole foods..less processed foods and realizing it's important to keep exercise in my life and not just during a "diet" I know my body thinks it knows more than me as it wants to protect me from "starvation" lol but I know the fat is not good for me for many other reasons so I will beat this. Thank you Peter !!!!
if you would rule the subconscious paths of your brain youd die in 3 days
what you want is mitochondria dat dont fart in your face .
healthy mitochondria raises your metabolism appropriately .
i noticed my enemy is grains and sweet tastes , so combine thos and its Armageddon for my brain
sodas are the garbage truck that cant leave your brain ,so i drank soda yesterday and today after an workout ,guess what i feel like an mild hadack for 5 hours now , thank you cheep sweet watery goodness company that makes billions on this crap
no flower and sugar mix, no all kinds of flower stuff
potatoes are ok tomatoes are good bacon is good ice cream is ok for me i have it 2 times a day
Thanks for sharing your story!
I wonder how you took the weight off multiple times? Just "starving and suffering?" As Liz Taylor called it...
And I can't figure how someone without ovaries can suffer PCOS?!
I too, have yo yo'd all my life. Twice I've been up to and just over 200lbs. At 17 years, I (regrettably) started smoking and lost 25 lbs, down to 120. I tried to quit for the next 12 years and when finally successful had gained, and continued to gain. Then the death of my younger sister set me off and shot up to 200lbs. Eventually dieted that off with Nutrisystem (😱). But I have found, if not really cutting calories, to like under 800 per day,I can't lose. Easily gain on the standard American diet of 1000 cal per day.
Always gained with each 8-10 day period, for sure. Then starve every few months to drop the 20 lbs I inevitably gained. Tried vegetarian diet into my 50's for health. But that was when I met my next 200 lbs of body weight. AND gave myself a big fat kidney stone, to boot.😔
Finally read Dr Fung's Obesity Code at 63. So 3 years ago I fasted and followed a keto diet for a year, losing over 50lbs! It was way easier than any other dieting I ever did. Still had to stay under 800 cal (and I tracked every bite and beverage!). Plus I fasted. A lot, towards the end, to get that last 20 or so off. Many 3-5 day fasts. But much less hunger and suffering through cravings!
I have recently heard about this yo yo dieting causing a shortened lifespan. That is bad news. 😶
But I will keep IF/EF in my life now, and hopefully that would ward off cancer. I do believe I may have suffered undiagnosed PCOS all my life. Never produced children.
@@jellybeanvinkler4878 hey..you have had quite a journey also. As for PCOS..many doctors and people that know more about it have always said that the name isn't a good one because not everyone with PCOS even have the tiny little cysts on their ovaries ..it's actually a disease of the endocrine system not of the ovaries... so there are many other glands in the body that make hormones ..hence removing the ovaries doesn't cure the disease. I haven't tested in awhile to see how my other hormones are... like my testosterone since having my ovaries removed ..partly because I feel like most doctors don't really seem to know much about PCOS..would have to find a specialist.
No I actually lost 40 lbs this time eating around 1400..i did fast a few full days during that period but I also had some days where I ate over 2000 calories. That's a shame you have to go so low to lose weight.. it would be good if you could get your resting metabolism tested. It's really better nutritionally to be able to eat at least 1200 calories a day so you are getting in all your nutrients you need. Have you looked into reverse dieting ..I think that's what it's called... a way to get your metabolism up so you can eat more without gaining weight. Also lifting weights is really important for keeping muscle mass as we age and it also enables you to eat more because with more muscle mass your metabolism is faster. I do agree that IF and fasting longer can be a great tool for losing and keeping weight off and I will continue with that also.
Being a weight loss expert, I'd like to add a component that may be missed. Weight loss is complex and we can't rely on weight loss genes soley. Excess fat causes a slew of genetic expressions. we also have different types of fat stores. Most now are not readily recognized by the hypothalamus. A lot to learn about this disease but iwe just need to start thinking about the foundational components of health and allow the body do what it's meant to do.
I am not done listening to this Podcast, but I have to take issue with many of these so called experts - Peter Attia being one of them. I adore him as the expert in his field, but man, the side affects of taking statins (to reduce LDL) is really underrated. I consistently read and hear that overall, the adverse side affects only affect like 5% of the statin-taking population. My personal experience shows that about 90% of the people that I know, had some adverse side affects that in some cases, were debilitating. Most of these were men, and the main side affect was in their muscles - pain and weakness. Many could not sleep well, due to this. One had a sever underbite of the jaw develop and another one experienced kidney failure within about 1-3 weeks after taking a statin. He is now on dialysis and is awaiting a kidney transplant. Let me point out also, that these friends and family members that I personally polled, are athlete and in great shape (or were in great shape, prior to taking a statin. The only reasonable argument would be that the folks I know are taking a specific statin that is more likely (than this 5% I keep hearing/reading) to have an adverse and more severe side affect. Peter consistently shakes his head at the notion that people avoid statins. Wake up Peter! On a positive note, Peter is one of the few that talk about Apo b and Particle Testing as a more accurate measurement than the simple LDL calculation/formula (one doctor on his show stated that there are about 7 different formulas that can be used to measure LDL and with that, results can vary greatly between these methods). The last beef I consistently have is Peter's lack of knowledge on the cost of getting any blood test done and its availability. He makes it sound like getting these specific type blood tests (Apo b and Particle Testing) is a simple test "your doctor can order". Well, I asked my primary care doc to order these and he said he cannot. He said a cardiologist has to order them, and in his experience, they will not. What gives? My opinion is they aren't well versed enough in the science behind the results. Stay in your lane, Peter, or get further education on these topics as you offer some great info/data on the topics you speak about that you know intimately, and miss the mark too often on these details.
Eh, if we’re going to be anecdotal, as an RN who’s worked in many areas of many hospitals, statins are exceptionally well tolerated.
In regards to your doc not wanting to order those tests, fitness and nutrition is something most medical doctors struggle with, especially when it comes to keeping up with new concepts. Clinical doctors especially have their feet firmly planted in medicine 2.0. This is why research is so important and why Doc Attia’s experience on both the clinical and the research side, as well as being a lifelong athlete, makes him such a great resource.
I just listened to the shows highlighting HDL and LP little a and I'm more confused than ever and concerned because I have extremely high HDL and family history of heart disease high blood pressure high LDL cholesterol thrombosis. Only one doctor a naturopath wanted to test me for family history with a blood test but my insurance would only cover a contrast heart x-ray so bizarre. I'm just glad I have very low triglycerides. Anyway not super impressed with this guest. He seems to talk a lot about what he says he's not sure about. Too hesitant so the show maybe just premature as his book is probably.
Hope to see Peter Dobromyslkyj (perhaps also Peter and Stephan in a discussion together).
❤Great Podcast ❤
Fruitarian and raw till 4 are ways of eating that many follow successfully. Those diets aim for ten percent fat. You can eat a lot of fruit and rice and potatoes. It’s restrictive of course but no problem with palatability. Protein is also low so most calories come from carbohydrates, sometimes with added sugar. Might be worth looking into that community? Weight loss is usual unless people drink sugar all day.
I was born in 1962. There were 2 fat kids at my school that I knew of; myself and one other girl. I had been obese from infancy and I think she was similar. Now many, many kids are fat, and that's been true for decades now.
Hypothalamus,thermostats,leptin,lipostat,set points get up,starvation response,craving,down regulate energy expenditure ,weight loss is difficult to do and to maintain.Leptin in fat mass.Leptin impacted by short Calories loss.
Severe obesity with or without comorbidity >35
Morbid obesity >40
Hello from Denver
What about the neuroscience of people who struggle to gain weight? I've only been fat when I was 2 years old and younger and have been thin ever since. My BMI has veered into the low end of "overweight" since I've started powerlifting in 2014, but my weight has maxed out at 170 lbs for a couple days in 2018 and has been in the low to mid 160s since then with the exception of the pandemic when I gradually lost weight down to a low of 138 late last year, but I've since returned to the 160s. My appetite has been low most of my life. What can I do to stimulate Ghrelin production besides ingesting THC? I wish I could continually consume 3000+ calories a day and bulk up to 180 and maintain from there.
Didn't you just say you're "hyper carnivore", 15 percent bodyfat, and gained 20lb in the gym since January due to "2nd puberty-like-noob-gains".
Doesn't sound congruent with this post you just made.
Regardless.. If you want to put weight on, ditch the irrational fad dieting.
At 1:09:56 peter says there’s no hydrocarbon that comes close to the energy density of our fat. That sounded dubious, so I looked it up, and it appears to be incorrect. Gasoline has an energy density of 10 kcal/g, compared to 9 kcal/g for fat.
His statement about batteries does appear to be correct, though, as batteries have a much lower energy density than hydrocarbons.
Not a big deal as it’s just a small side comment in a 3 hour conversation, but still felt it was worth correcting.
The statement was correct, if you go back and listen he was comparing batteries to fat "or any hydrocarbon for that matter" (fat is a hydrocarbon). As you pointed out fat and gasoline have similar energy density, which is much higher than that of batteries. This is because hydrocarbon fuels allow atmospheric oxygen to serve as a large ambient energy storage - most of the energy released in combustion comes from O2's double bond.
Yeah I think you're right. I thought his intent was to compare fat with other common types of energy storage. But after re-watching I agree he was comparing batteries with hydrocarbons (including fat). A bit of a strange tangent to basically go out of his way to crap on the energy density of EVs and battery tech relative to other fuel sources - but correct nonetheless.
You just described the Randle Cycle without realising.
Standard 'balanced' western diets trigger this effect with carbs and fats available at the same time.
'Insulin Resistance' is just another attempt to explain the same effect.
Great conversation! I'm understanding Stephan's views/research much better now.
This also updates my own views.
1) Imbalance between energy uptake and energy release in fat cells. (purely hormonal, no brain involvement.)
2) Modern foods reduce perception of how much energy is eaten. (brain involved, but through signals it receives that don't properly represent the food eaten.)
3) Once overweight or obese, all signalling is faulty due to resistance to the signalling molecules. (both in the body and in the brain.)
I think something that is still not understood well in all models is the energy in protein. Protein is both structural and usable for energy. I think about 25% of protein can be converted into usable energy. The other 75% of protein is used structurally, and thus can not be used for energy expenditure. On top of that, structurally using protein requires energy. And as a result, protein digestion + structural use, requires more calories than can be extracted from it.
I agree that the brain is mostly just an organ that creates behaviour. It can perhaps also measure how much body fat we have and act on that information, but if that is true, it's not a driving mechanism in absolute values of body fat. If the sensors that feed that information give faulty data, the brain isn't doing anything wrong. It's just acting on bad data. (like when a plane crashes because its altitude sensor says it's 1000 ft higher than it actually is. It's not the autopilot making a mistake, it's the altitude sensor that's giving bad information.)
Is it the fat cells that are producing a source of lepton at a steady rate, so the more fat cells there , the more lepton there is? Can we find the function or protein or the marker that is producing the lepton.
In order to synthesize it or to block it
Meat based diet for 3 years thanks to Dr. Kevin Stock and meat health academy. I maintain under 15 percent body fat and pretty muscular.
About the review of the carnivore diet. Why are you so worried about the ldl cholesterol? I don't think there is any mechanism in which ldl can cause damage to the endothelium?
I hope you can share some logic about this topic one day, because until now it is missing, which means you are making logical fallacies and that would than be in all your topics. Which makes all you information dubious.
Would love insight on how to best support my weight loss clients. Change set point - possible? How to best influence the brain to lose weight via gut, environment, mindset… change the brain to change eating behaviors.
LOVE ice cream. Lol
Ok honest question - Peter Attia is obsessed with lipidology but has he not seen the all of the data indicating the higher your LDL-c in the absence of underlying vascular/metabolic pathology, the longer you live??? I understand you can’t always elucidate this underlying pathology but does the data really suggest lowering apoB in the setting of beautiful blood pressure, excellent body composition, non smoker, avid exerciser, low fasting insulin, low TG, no dysglycemia, low hs-CRP, no family history, zero CAC, normal homocysteine, etc has any improvement in outcomes? What about 4S trial, no statin benefit with low TG and high HDL-c, lowering isolated, elevated LDL-c didn’t do jack in the statin trial with the most absolute risk reduction of all statin trials? Is the thought that our liver biology just spits out pathological particles because we are eating a lot of saturated fat to punish us? Statin or abandon carnivore/low carb? Pfffft - someone help me understand!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Signed,
Disappointed ☹️
They are going to be very embarrassed in a few years time.
@@asarcadyn2414 I must be missing something.
@@AZ89231 I am agreeing with your excellent analysis and question. I too have asked Dr Attia why LDL-C would attack a perfectly healthy body. Crickets.
Could dopamine addiction also play a role in affecting appetite and satiety?
The University of California Television uploaded a presentation about food addiction and opioid receptors were discussed.
The one food in nature that combines fat protein and carbs in a similar ratio is milk.
A food nature designed for a body in a state of growth.
There are studies that show increased fat storage when carbs and fats are combined as opposed to isolated. "Insulin is the key that opens the door for the fat to be pushed in"
There is never been a food environment where large quantities of rice potatoes steak olive oil and macadamia nuts in the stomach at the same time existed. No idea what the interactions are aside from macronutrient thought.
But at least we know these foods are "real" while I scream is not.
Soft bread with butter is my nemesis. Its worse than candy or chips/crisps. I just cant have it home 😅
How does the baby boom demographic relate to the increase in BMI increase?
Excellent chat. I think the raised LDL needs discussion. My own attitude is LDL is number 14 of risk factors for cardio vascular disease and there is evidence statins do more harm than good
LDL , you always say is the cause of heart disease. The question is ,how does it cause heart disease? What causes LDl to be part of the equasion ? These unanswered questions mean that we dont know the cause .Logic is available but not being used here.
cause.
Great
So I now feel lost Peter, I need to loose 100lbs, no idea what to do now, any followup with where to go next Peter?
What are you lost about? Eat nutrient dense whole food. Let your insulin go down with only eating meals and no snacking.
Be mindful about that and you will see results.
Less calories in than out and exercise.
Give yourself a year. Lose the weight and fight the rest of your days to eep it off. The fight is doable.
water, sunlight, exercise, sleep and eat plants & animals.
1:14:15 The "taste areas / tongue map" myth, like much of what GPs were taught, has long been debunked as nonsense.
Even the ancients knew about the mind-body connection.
Please provide a single reference that shows the CAUSAL relationship between high ApoB and cardiovascular desease. By definition of “causal” all observational studies are excluded and interventions with confounding factors are also excluded.
Please check "Nutrition Made Simple" channel on diet and cholesterol, he has many references like the one you requested. Apart from that an extremely good science based channel from an actual top researcher. Don't fall for the traps of those few carnivore proponents (who are not actual researchers) as they themselves cannot provide conclusive evidence for their diet (they often refer to epidemiology themselves or outdated badly designed studies). Instead they resort to questioning a few selected studies here and there while the preponderance of evidence is overwhelming. Don't get confused by their noise :-)
The lipidologists just proclaim their beliefs are correct, like preachers on TV.
@JET MECH it it were so crystal clear, no one would be asking a question.
@JET MECH it would be if you had deeper understanding
@JET MECH As you puff your chest and misunderstand simple comments...
I love your work, Peter.
However, this is the first discussion that has provoked some "notes":
1:38:37 Plant toxicity is a minor thought in carnivore circles, but is not a core tenet.
A more common theme is that "plants are not necessary".
Muscle meat, eggs, animal fat (including marine), collagen (cartilage, skin, gristle) , and organ meats provide almost all of the nutrients that we _know_ that we need. Maybe some dairy for calcium.
Most carnivores supplement electrolytes, including potassium and magnesium.
What about polyphenols and other phytonutrients? Evidence is plentiful but weak. Many carnivores will eat a salad or other veggies occasionally, but do not focus on them.
What about fiber? Stephen Phinney points out that the BHB from eating low-carb feeds the same gut bacteria that eat butyrate from fiber fermentation. In other words, fiber may be unnecessary. Evidence? Not strong either way (beyond Virta). Needs more study... much more.
It is true that SOME carnivores reject veg because of slightly-toxic lectins. As you say, current thinking is that they might provide some hormetic benefit. Maybe.
What about vitamin C? There is some in liver, and it appears that we need less if we do not eat plants. Needs more study, but nobody reports scurvy from carnivore diets.
So, really, it comes down to evidence. The evidence that a ribeye, an egg, and a can of sardines provide most of the nutrients we need is strong (and highly satiating). The evidence that we _must_ eat plants is weak.
1:31:49 As you say, it is hard to overeat on fatty meat (ribeye). For many carnivores, THIS is the main benefit: *_carnivore is the most satiating diet you can eat._*
(The effect is more than just "uninteresting food".)
1:50:06 Carb/Insulin vs Energy Balance? It isn't "either/or".
*_Insulin must be low enough to allow fat burning, while calories must be cut._*
It isn't rocket science.
2:19:00 "They are not mutually exclusive"
Insulin model is complete bullshit.
That’s a nice summary of counterarguments, thanks! 👍
You're going to have to explain the sweet tasting urine comment 😆
Why don't you bring Paul Saladino? He would happily answer to all those questions regarding cholesterol. You most probably didn't watch his videos because he addresses everything regarding carnivore diet with really convincing data.
With reference to the point about ice cream being brain irresistible - ever tried breast milk - (tried my own as curious) - it was amazingly sweet!
OMG
Mature human milk contains 3%--5% fat, 0.8%--0.9% protein, 6.9%--7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents
I would suggest that nature knows what it is doing and that babies are hard wired to go for sweet things, cholesterol also features in breast milk - but not formula, which incidentally is far less sweet.
@@kathrynmathews4654 are you saying formula is less sweet even though it is made mostly of sugar?!
(Never tasted human breast milk... and can'tremember the taste of formula.)
@@jellybeanvinkler4878 My main point was that 'my' breast milk tasted so sweet which surprised me, and with a bit of lateral thinking possibly as sweet as ice cream - so it didn't surprise me re Peter's comment about his six month old daughter's introduction to ice cream, and both Peter and Stephan finding ice cream difficult to resist. I was a health professional specialising in early childhood in the community in the UK. I have also tasted some formula milk - because curious to know how sweet it was and was surprised that it wasn't as sweet as my breast milk - I haven't located a a percentage breakdown of formula, nor have I tasted them all, and I'm sure they're all different as there will also be variations in breast milk - but the percentage breakdown of breast milk above will give you a general idea - high carb/lactose. Apparently human breast milk has about 200 sugar molecules, cow milk has only around 50 - l'm sure an internet search will show you that I'm not alone in thinking breast milk is surprisingly sweet! Babies generally have a natural inclination to like sweet food, and perhaps that is why adult humans have that ongoing inclination too - some sort of survival response which the food industry has well and truly got the hang of.
Very cool observation!
My sister is only one In family with this issue.
How is 'spicy' not the sixth thing humans can taste? Any American who has visited Thailand would take exception with this (limited) list of five taste components! 1:13:40
Spice hits pain receptors - it is not a taste sensation.
5 months carnivore diet and the only weight loss was the initial few pounds of water. No need or desire to lose weight so that's fine with me.
Eating only 5% of carb in my diet would be terribly hard! Yeah, I would eat a lot less and enjoy it a lot less, too. I"d have to he really in trouble healthwise to do it.
0:53:24 - The genetic component of obesity
Ice cream is my drug of choice and because I seem to have an extra special concentration of obesity genes (I've been obese since shortly after I was born), I can't eat it very often.... I do enjoy the sugar free version but even with that I have to be really careful. It's so fucking annoying!!!
On the carnivore diet: do you see an increase in cardiovascular disease; heart attacks? Genuine question.
'Available data seem to suggest that KDs are able to provide a reduction in blood pressure values but do not induce significantly different changes compared to non-ketogenic diets.'
Ref: Ketogenic Diet, Physical Activity, and Hypertension-A Narrative Review (Nutrients 2021)
'Based on the available literature, KD may be associated with some improvements in some cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and HDL cholesterol levels, but these effects are usually limited in time.'
Ref: Effects of Ketogenic Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies (Nutrients. 2017 May)
I wish Peter pressed him on the what if they force feed chimpanzees and also why would Obese people fare worse in famine?
These seem like very logical questionings
Disappointed that Red Pen Reviews are influenced by outdated dogma on saturated fats being bad. Otherwise a great concept. I did gain from some of Stephan Guyenet's insights though.
You can gain weight doing keto if you eat a lot of things like keto ice cream. You have to not eat any processed food whatsoever. Only all natural foods.
I wonder if artificially flavored food like keto ice cream have the same effect on the brain.
They don't
Tirzapetide put semaglutide (at least at 1mg) to shame in its obesity and diabetes clinical trial.
oh lawd... set your playback speed 1.5
Can you have too much iron on the carnivore diet
I also
Love ice team 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉