How Tube Amplifiers Work, Part 2: The Pre-Amp and Power Amp
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- Опубліковано 27 вер 2024
- In this Part 2 of a two-part video series, we will follow the +325VDC current as it flows to the tube plates. Then we will study the nature of the guitar input signal, and apply this signal to the grids of the tubes, following it through several stages of amplification until it reaches the speaker voice coil. The presentation is primarily conversational rather than technical and utilizes analogies and basic language to explain the chain of events that occur within the amplifier circuit.
CORRECTIONS: My voltage and power values for the secondary of the output transformer are incorrect. The voltage should be around 4.5V and the output power should be around 2.5A, resulting in secondary power output of about 11.2W....matching the primary winding power. In reality, due to heat losses in the OPT, actual output power from a single 6V6 tube to the speaker would be in the 6 to 8W range.
Components such as coupling capacitors, output transformers, speaker voice coils, etc. will be encountered along the way, and will be discussed, as will concepts such as plate voltage, plate current, and output tube biasing.
If you enjoy watching videos featuring classic vintage tube amps, jukeboxes, exotic electro-mechanical devices, and simple, basic technical presentations, then please subscribe to my channel. You will gain immediate access to almost 100 videos, and (if you activate the service) you will be notified each time a new video is posted.
Thanks for watching !!!
I wish I had found Uncle Doug years ago. I've learned more here in 21 minutes than I have in the last 10 years. What a fantastic teacher!
Wow, thanks, Red. We really appreciate it :)
My thoughts exactly!
This is why some teachers get boxes of dog treats, cat toys and capacitors... and some don't :p
Excellent! First instruction video I did not have to stop or rewind to understand. 👍
Brilliant explanation indeed!
Uncle Doug you have made two principles very clear, 1) How vacuum tube amplification works and 2) The importance of having high quality educators like yourself. Much thanks.
You're welcome, Paul.
@@UncleDougDon't forget the value of living with the dog (Rusty) who taught Chuck Berry how to play!
@@edwardebel1847 Chuck insists that HE taught Rusty.....but we all know better :)
This was better explained than 95% of what I have seen.
Thanks, Sarge. We're glad to hear it :)
I've read several books on tube, radio, and amplifier technology and came no where near the clear understanding I got from watching these 2 videos. You should be teaching teachers.
Wow....thanks so much, Jack. When I am learning a new subject, an essential part of the process is to break it down into basics that make complete sense to me. These videos are a (hopefully clear) presentation of those basics. I'm glad to hear that you found the videos to be helpful :)
and teaching amp book authors how to write lol
I have serviced many many tube amps like Fenders and Marshalls etc. And now I understand exactly how they work. Do any of your videos explain phase? Absolute polarity?
This is exactly what I came here to say.
god bless you sir. i can't thank you enough.
Since I started watching Uncle Doug, Rusty, Jack and the stray cats I can browse a tube manual and make sense of what I'm reading. My father would be pleased to know you guys are helping me take care of his collection of electronics repair equipment from his career as an electronics technician. He passed in 2015. I kept all of his gear.
That's great to hear, CR. We're glad to be of assistance :)
Awsome man ..I hope my son takes care of these guitars and amps I've been building...
Rip
YOU are a Jedi- Wizard Educator and a sweet soul for sharing this information!!! THANK YOU!!!!!
You're quite welcome, B :)
My first time here.. I truly appreciate your presentation. I am an electric guitar player for may decades. Life diverted me away from my love of 'tubes'... But, as a 25 year engineer for Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Your ability to present complicated reality that cannot be seen, to the level that all can understand is remarkable..
Thanks so much for your very kind words, Don. We're glad to hear that you enjoy our videos.
most people dont do such a great job at explaining things like this on youtube. thanks.
Thanks, Dj. Please watch our other videos for all sorts of interesting presentations.
As I sit here watching this I keep thinking "this is absolutely brilliant". I've learnt more from these two videos that from anything else I've seen, mainly books. You have an incredible knack of explaining things in an easily understandable manner. I can't wait to see the rest of your videos.
Wow, thank you, FK. We're glad it was helpful.
Wow, what a tutorial. You’re an excellent teacher and your analogies are actually really good. I learned so much from these two parts about tubes.
That's great news, AD. Thanks so much :)
Wow, the fact that I comprehended all this makes me feel deep joy. Thank you for your great work!
You're welcome, GA :)
Perfectly executed in parts 1 & 2. And on a side note, I am a huge fan of the way you present yourself through vocabulary and diction. So many guitar / gear channels are either nonstop foul language or paid ads. Thank you for keeping it classy and thoroughly educational while more interesting than any other explanations I've seen. 👍👍
You're welcome, Oq.....and thanks for your very nice comments :)
OMG not only are you a great communicator but the way you explain it is so easy to understand. I only wish I had come across your channel much sooner.
Thanks so much, SB. Welcome aboard :)
AC and DC can travel on the same wire. That’s the biggest piece a novice can’t forget. Thanks Doug.
Yes, they coexist, like ice and water, but never mix.
What an amazing instructional video, clear and concise with real world examples. Thank you so much for all your effort making these!!
Thanks, Z1. You're welcome :)
My new favourite human being. He's the "This Old Tony" of guitar amps.
Thanks so much, Ezra.....I guess ;)
Really well explained. Easy to understand for everyone with no formulas and maths involved.
Thanks, EG. Glad you enjoyed it.
Great playing and amazing and simple explanation! Thank you sir.
You're welcome, Mike.
The explanation of ripple current alone gave me understanding into something I had always heard of but had no clue what it meant. Thanks.
You're welcome, RB. I'm glad the video was helpful :)
I'm an engineer who was graduated back in 91 and I have watched those videos before and maybe a previous comment was added, can't really remember. The point that crossed my mind here was that professors at the university (during those dark years!) had never explained those topics the way Uncle Doug is doing here. If they did they would had made my life easier decades ago. Many thanks and I would suggest that you do the same on other classic amps, put it on your website as a course to be purchased. Not only the knowledge is there but the systematic approach is out of this world.
Wow...Thanks so much, TA. We encourage viewers who wish to help support our channel to become patrons on Patreon.com. Meanwhile, the videos will continue to be available on YT.
8 year old video... Extremely relevant info! Thanks Uncle Doug! You've cleared up a while bunch of questions and fog I had about amps and audio in general. Lotsa pieces just feel into place! 🔉👍 Nice guitar work from Rusty! (probably gone now but never forgotten! 😔)
Glad to hear it, KL. Thanks so much :)
I really wish I had watched this before I built my home-brewed Champ. It took me a couple of tries to get it right. Thanks, Doug!
You're welcome, Aly. Glad it was helpful :)
Great lesson sir!
It would be great a complete course and how distortion occurs in amplification process!
Learned a ton. How you describe the way tubes function makes it very easy to understand. And now I know why vacuum tubes are also referred to as "valves!" Thanks.
I'm glad the video was helpful, Devon :)
You are an outstanding explainer!
+oscar arevalo Thanks, Oscar.
Best 40 minutes I've ever spent!
Thank you so much for those two videos, you're the best, man!
You're welcome, Emil, and thanks for your very nice comments :)
Thank you so much, Uncle Doug! You've helped me understand something I've wondered about for decades!
You're welcome, SC. Glad to hear it :)
Another fantastic video, even a lay person like me can have fun and understand your explanation in extreme clarity - Thanks again U Doug and Rusty
You're quite welcome, Mudy. Rusty and I really appreciate your kind assessment of our work :) ^. .^
Uncle Doug :)
Great explanation Uncle Doug, your sharing of your wisdom is most appreciated!
You're welcome, Eric.
Super teacher, has to be one of the absolute best explanation I’ve ever heard.
Thanks, WW. Glad it was helpful :)
Great video series. Thanks for breaking it down for us.
You're welcome, Greg. We're glad you liked it :)
Hands down the best tube explanation out there. thank you
I've owned tube amps for twenty years and never even knew how tubes worked or what they did. Yesterday I read the owners manual for my mesa boogie amp and it had a section on tubes that used drinking irishmen going to the bar as an analogy for electron flow in a tube. Pretty funny. That led to a few other videos and then this one. It's satisfying to finally have at least a working idea of how a tube amp works now. Beautifully explained. Thank you Doug!
You're quite welcome, Torrey. We're glad the videos are helpful.
Man, I wish this existed back when I was trying to teach myself how to build an amp. This was a GREAT little series and you really provided good analogies to what's going on, especially with some of the finer detail of why, where and how. Thank you for doing this! I'm looking forward to biasing, phase inverters etc. :)
Nice to see Rusty again, I always feel everything's under control with him around :D
Greetings, Sarcast, and thanks for your kind appraisal.....glad you enjoyed the videos. You're right about Rusty, his high energy and work ethic are always inspirational :) ^. .^
Rusty! You are really rocking out there dood. Must be time for a treat after that performance.
Probably the best series on guitar tube amplifier circuits there is
Wow....thanks so much, SP :)
Wow I was never told AC and DC can share the same wire. Thanks
Greetings, TJ. Rusty and I love the cat icon. Yes, they can happily coexist within the same wire.
Uncle Doug I’ve been running separate lines for dc signals; now I can save all that time and material.
Well technically they combine into offset AC signal. So if you have 1V amplitude AC going about 0V and you feed in 5 volts DC its going to go back and fourth between 6 and 4 volts, as if 1 V AC going about 5V DC.
It would be a 1v ac peak (2v peak to peak) signal offset from zero by 5v.
@Gregster DC offset AC.
Perfect detail, Thank you for all your time !
You're welcome, NF :)
God bless you Uncle Doug. I learned more from these two videos than I learned in two years. I've had a Pilot 232 stereo tube amplifier sitting on the shelf that I've been picking away at restoring for about 2 years now, but I kept shying away because I didn't quite understand it. You've given me the confidence to saddle up and finish the project. Thank you.
Thanks so much, SJ. We're glad the videos were helpful, and wish you good luck with the repairs.
I appreciate these videos and your channel so much. Thank you thank you
You're welcome, KB. I'm glad the videos are helpful :)
I’ve wanted to understand how that worked for over 40 years. Thank you sir!
You're welcome, Greg. Glad it was helpful :)
Back To The Future, Rusty - Go Baby Go!!!
You do a very good job of explaining the technical parts of the components and there relationship to each other and you do it without sounding like a arrogant Richard Cranium what a guy
Thanks, Terry. I simply try to explain things in a way that I too can understand.
Kickass!
Thank you. I did valve + amp theory in 1970 when I was 16. Transistors were just on their way in at the time. So, never ever got to grips with thermionic valve theory. After all these years yuor videos have cleared a lot of it up.
That's good to hear, Joe. We're glad the videos have been helpful.
I loved this so much. Very easy to understand. You are a great teacher. Do you think you could ever explain a Neumann U67 ?
Fantastic, clear explanation. Plus a talented dog. My standard, Frodo, played blues on his guitar, and he used to sing the most soulful, sad lyrics, you ever heard; he would sing when I played my guitar, or piano too. Poodles are so clever.
Indeed, Paul, animal musicians are underappreciated.
David Stanley, your comment came without any reply capability, so I'll answer up here. The AC signal would indeed pass back up through the 150VDC wire.....if it were not for a 100K plate resistor (that you can see in the original schematic at the beginning of this video). I will post a video in the near future explaining it in detail, but for now, just consider the plate resistor as a sort of 2-way dam that controls how much DC reaches the plate and also forces (by its resistance) the signal AC to go to the next stage, rather than to ground. I left the PR off of this diagram to keep it as clear and simple as possible.
I didn't see the original question, but I think this is exactly the answer I was also seeking...
The AC guitar signal would want to traverse the 150V DC lines at the 12AX7, but the plate resistors prevent the signal from passing...
I also assume that the AC traverses on the 320V DC line coming out of the 6V6 back towards the branch for the 12AX7 plates - but the filter caps and resistors would eliminate this signal / "ripple" :). Is that a reasonable assumption?
This series was fantastic. Thanks so much for the excellent explanations. (Glad I saw in comments on other channels to check out your content!)
This is the best, clearest explanation of amplification I’ve ever heard! Awesome! ✌️😃🎸
Thanks, Mac. Glad to hear it :)
Zac Volmer, your comment had no reply capability, so I'll answer up here. The standard input jack on all guitar amps is 1/4", but if you're building the amp yourself, you could install a 3.5mm input jack instead. However, I'm not sure if a tube amp would be the best bet for phone or computer input, due to impedance differences between solid-state device output and tube amp input. I think you might be better off with a transistorized amp for your purposes.
+Uncle Doug I know I am coming at this late, but I found this video series to be amazing, and all of your videos are so well explained. I have often wondered why a tube amp isn't really used that much for a "digital performer", someone using a computer or such.
Thanks, Chris. I guess musicians who favor the clean sound of IC circuits and transistors aren't looking for the warmer tone you get from tubes. It's all a matter of taste, I guess.
Yeah, I figured it was a taste thing. I play synth processed by a computer/ipad and really enjoy mixing it up with tube amps at the end. Gives it a fun quality.
There's no reason not to play a synth through a valve amp. Consider that early synths are valve operated and all that amplification would be valve driven. I further note that some of my relatively modern synths have a distortion or tube simulator effect that can be engaged. I have a Roland D10 amongst my toys, and despite being tedious to program it does some interesting things, but it's quite thin and sterile sounding. Warmer moogish or just plain mashed up sound can be extracted by the use of a guitar amp. Sometimes I need a transistor buffer (a clean boost, eq, or similar pedal or just a buffered bypass pedal in the bypass mode) to get a good result.
What an absolutely fantastic instructional video together with part one. They are without doubt the best that I’ve ever seen on UA-cam on whatever subject I’ve watched. They are explained so well, with the analogies, that it makes it so understandable. I wish that I had found them years ago.
Wow.....Thanks so much for your very high praise, Martin. We're glad to hear that our videos were helpful :)
Uncle Doug, You are the best. You explained the subject very clearly. Thanks a million.
You're quite welcome, James. Glad you enjoyed it :)
Amazing what you teach us in just 2 lessons, my father was an amp technician and i wish i payed more attention to what he teached me .
but now i have found the same teacher online i'm so grathefull you have the same kind if passion in teaching
so now i have an uncle online after my father died 30 years ago you even sound like him
Thanks so much, RD. I appreciate the kind comparison :)
Rusty B Goode! I really appreciate that video. As a young sailor in the US Navy I was trained in the BE&E school as an Electronic Technician some 40 years ago. But life took me in a vastly different path, not using my knowledge very much at all. But I did play a LOT of guitar. This was very interesting to me and jarred my memory of "trons" so many years ago. You're much better than the dry military method my instructors used!
Thanks, Ken. Glad you enjoyed it :)
Uncle Doug,
Your videos and the way that you thoroughly explain EVERYTHING is extemely detrimental to my approach of self taught electronics.{i can tell you have a lot of experience teaching and your methods are very sound and helpful} I can not thank you enough for your posts and the time that you spend making them. It has given me the chance to go in leaps and bounds instead of baby steps. you are truly the patron saint of electronics teaching. Thank you for everything .
RONALD
Thanks, Ronald. Did you mean to say "beneficial to my approach" ? ;) Regardless, we're glad the videos are helpful.
Wow. Issuing the big "Ohhhhhhhhh..." I picked up SO MUCH from this series... And I never knew Rusty had such chops (so to speak).
Thanks, PC :)
best description I have ever heard of how an amplifier works, if you are not a tutor at Uni they should hire you, thanks very much for this very informative two videos.
You're welcome, Chris. Glad you liked the videos :)
That is the best explanation of a circuit I have seen so far. If you would do this with other circuits too in the same way I would pay a decent amount of money for every Video and I’m sure I wouldn’t be the only one.
Your wishes have all come true, FE. We have posted over 200 related videos and you can become a Patreon patron of our channel......just see the links in the video description of any of our recent videos. Thanks in advance :)
You said it and I did it! I am a happy patreon now! 👍
I so wish there was one more video explaining the grid bias circuitry. A little info sprinkled in about expected voltages and grid currents would make this a triple play hat trick. This was the best bang for the buck (bucks measured in time spent) content I have run across on a truly practical application of tube theory.
Please check out our remaining videos, Tony. Every detail of tube amp circuitry is explained fully. Glad you liked the video.
@@UncleDoug I've been watching some others too. I especially like the video on phase inversion. I still have my 1976 ARRL handbook and it contains a lot of tube information that I struggled to try and make sense of back then. After nearly a half century, I'm starting to grasp what's going on with tube amps. I have more experience with RF tibe amplifiers though. I performed some mods on a yaesu fl2100b amp to cool things down while it's not transmitting and to protect the plates of the two 572b tubes inside. Admittedly, I was just doing things that others had recommended. It's been about ten years, so I don't remember the exact details, but one mod was a relay that did something with the grids when it wasn't transmitting. The plate protection was just some large 1ohm power resistors in between the choke and the anodes. There's some serious power transformers in that equipment. ;) I also gave a homebrew amp using 4 811 tubes. No interlocks or shielding, definitely not a cat friendly device with the choke standing in the middle of four big tubes with no cover. I didn't build it, but whoever did, did a good job with it. The power transformer is a little weak, so it's only good for about 400 watts out, since it can't keep the plate voltage up during high current draws, but the tubes should last forever. If you visit qrz.com and look up my callsign, (N5QMG), you can see a picture of it turned on, in all it's radiant glory.
I have to send you some $. This is just too good not to be rewarded. Amazing teaching, never experienced anything like it. I've learned more about valves in 15 minutes than the last 40 years of being into electronics. Absolutely brilliant. Such a good circuit to use as an example too.
Thanks so much, Mark. I'm glad the videos are clear and helpful. I have links in every video description to enable contributions, if you so desire.
I always knew linear amp theory wasn't rocket science, but I didn't really know the ins and outs. Another well done vid. Thx.
Our pleasure, James. Glad you liked it.
I took a standard Electricity & Electronics Course in College that did not cover vacuum tubes or vacuum tube amps. Thanks for your videos ... you are filling in a lot of the information I missed out on.
You're welcome, Steve.
I found this looking for a better way to explain amps to a musician friend. You remind me of my TV and radio repair instructor in Vo-Teck school, back in the mid seventies. How he calmly explained theory with analogies. The only way possible way to try to explain electronics to an average person. Well done
Thanks, Bill :)
Very enlightening. Perfect explanation for the non-expert. Thanks.
Glad it was helpful, Jim :)
seriously, what a resource!. 40 mins and I have a much better understanding of the tube workings!. Sub well and truly earned!.
Thanks so much, F :)
Champ, 8 years later, you made my physics presentation.
I hope you enjoyed it, Keve :)
The very best lecture I've had, this after some fifteen years of studies in the past. My hat's off to you Sir! In addition here on YT; how often haven't we seen presentations starting from zero, like here, but where the guy then accepts that ppl will drop off by and by - not here, no sir, I'm here to make you understand the lot mate!
Thanks, HN. Glad it was informative.
This series is the first instance in 50 years of banging my head to understand what always has been black magic to me. THANK YOU, Uncle Doug (and Rusty for keeping Uncle Doug in line), for this series. Golden!
Thanks, John. We're glad the video was informative.
Uncle Doug this is fantastic, I can tell you’re a gentleman. I really needed this video to clear up some questions I’ve been dealing with.
Thanks, Ned.....glad you enjoyed it :)
This is the best explanation of tube amp theory I have ever seen, and I have watched a lot of UA-cams and read a couple books. Great teaching Uncle Doug.
Thanks, Bob :)
I learnt a lof, best teaching on YT. Congratulations
Thanks, Ravi :)
I had no idea AC and DC could coexist on the same wire. This explains the rectifier tube mystery that's haunted me for years.
Yep....it's like ice and water......two different forms of the same thing, that do not mix.
Thank you so much, Doug! Your explanations are very clear and easy to understand, even for someone like me who knows very little about electric circuit schematics.
I'm glad to hear that, JD. Thanks :)
This was great, I have some minor electrical training as a gasfitter so this really cleared some things up for me. That dog can sure play.
Thanks twice, Justyn :)
Great drawing, tender voice, clear words - great!
Glad you liked it, EM. I loved your movie.....Robert Rodriguez is one of my heroes.
A fantastic easy to understand explanation of how a power supply and amplifier function.
Glad it was helpful, Peter :)
It's really great video.
I am a software engineer from Korea. You feel like a father. I respect you. I'd like to make a nice tube amp, but I'm hesitant because I don't have the theoretical and h / w knowledge, and I'm courageously watching your video.
Keep watching, B, and it will gradually become clear. We all have to learn and start somewhere.....so keep it up and I'll bet you'll be building amps soon.
Rusty rocks hard .Thank you for opening up my eyes and mind and now understand how DC and AC can co exist on one wire.Thats what always confused me about tube power supplies.THANK YOU. You rock
Glad you enjoyed the video, Randy.
great job explaining the mystery of the Champ - who knew they were so complicated.
Thanks, Mark.
A really interesting watch, especially as I am constructing an Amp from a kit! As a kid I was fascinated with the valves glowing inside a radio or tv set, but didn’t understand how they worked. Your style of presentation makes the magical valve or tube a lot easier to understand! Thanks for sharing with us. 73 Alex.
You're welcome, Alex. Glad you enjoyed it.
I now need to find the time to watch some of your other videos, better than watching rubbish on TV! I am now another one of your subscribers!
@@alexdokic5567 Welcome, Alex. We hope you continue to enjoy our videos.
Doug, you should be teaching in a formal setting. For us that need the crayon drawing approach, you are a gift from God. I can't tell you how much I've learned in the short time ive been watching your videos. Thanks you for producing these videos for us idiots that need the crayon drawing approach. Im sure there are a lot of people that think they know how this stuff works but really don't and will never admit it. I just want to be able to fix my own amps but I'm tube ignorant. But not for long with your help. Again, THANKS
You're quite welcome, BB. Thanks for the very nice comments.
Doug, best explanation I've seen. Makes it very clear. And Rusty was a serious Chuck Berry fan. Fantastic.
Thanks, Larry :)
Rusty's teacher is awesome.
Thanks, Javier. He was an excellent student :)
This video is so well done that you could apply the same concept to BJT transistors! Great video!!!
Thanks, Z:)
Rusty rocks! And so does your video. I love your style of analogies. I am an old 68 and love electronics. Not much experience with tubes so thanks 🙏
Thanks so much for your nice comments, George :)
Wow! So glad I came across this channel and video. I have built about 45 pedals and am researching building my first amp. Now I know what filtering, grids, plates, coupling caps, etc. are.
That's great news, GB. We're also glad you found us :)
Fantastic explanation Uncle Doug. This is coming from a retired electrical engineer. I can never review this stuff enough. The video can be for the total newbee or a guy like me. But guitar amps were not my specialty as an EE so I had a lot to learn. Still do. Love it. My favorite hobby these days. I'm going to save these videos.
Thanks so much, Joe. Glad you enjoyed it ;)
This was fantastic !!! I spent $70 on a book about how amps work and although the author is quite famous, and I don't want to slag him, it was not explained as well as these 2 videos. These two videos made me have a that big "aha" moment where I could bridge the input signal to the output and why you need the two transformers, filters & caps, etc. Huge thank you and will do what I can to support you on Patreon!
Thanks so much, Kel. Please be sure to see all my detailed videos on resistors, caps, output transformers, filtration, etc. I go into much more detail......but hopefully keep it understandable.
@@UncleDoug Already in progress! Cheers.
I'm so glad that I stumbled into your wheelhouse Doug. Two thumbs up.
We're glad, too, Bill. Welcome :)
Great two part series. Learned a basis of ac vs dc and how ac and dc interacts with transformers and capacitors as well as filtering. And I came here to learn about tubes, which I did. Great stuff, thank you!
You're welcome, Anders. Glad you enjoyed it :)
Absolutely shredding that guitar when reading the output voltage. Rock on!
Glad you enjoyed it, Nathan :)
Excellent tutorial, Uncle Doug you are a credit to the teaching profession. I am 70yrs Young and this is the best intuition I have ever encountered. Pour yourself a nice glass of red wine and enjoy, many thanks.
Thanks so much, John. Glad you enjoyed it.
This is absolutely brilliant. If I had had you as a professor in my university emag course, I may have stuck with engineering. Alas I did not. Thanks for breaking it down to my level. Cheers!
You're welcome, Kevin. Thanks !!!
Very well done! I never really understood this until now. The big key that unlocked it all is that the DC bias and the AC signal voltages can coexist in the same circuit and that capacitors and transformers block DC but pass the AC! That makes it much easier to follow the signal path, yet keeping aware that the DC voltage must be in place to make it work.Thanks for taking the time to explain this in a way that is easy to understand!
Thanks. Your summation is right on the money, Z47. You're learning quickly.
I'm an electrical engineer student, and I have to say, this video (and part 1) is just fantastic.
My professors didn't have 1/10th of your insight, clarity, or knowledge.
I honestly felt like I was teaching THEM half the time.
Thanks so much, Marc. Just because an educator is knowledgeable doesn't mean they know how to teach. This is one of the unfortunate lessons you will learn throughout school. For that reason, I recommend that you take the personal initiative to educate yourself. Attend class, take tests, and get your diploma if you wish (for employment purposes)......but don't rely solely on teachers or the education system for your learning.
Thank you for this excellent break down of amplifiers! I've worked on music row in Nashville and for years with a high end AV company and this is the most thorough explanation of amp operations I've seen on UA-cam! Cheers!
Thanks so much, 38M. We're glad the videos are helpful :)
Excellent video! This is the first time I truly understand how this all works, well done sir!
Thanks, Marcel. So glad it helped :)
Awesome explanation. I understood every part clearly. Well done teacher.
Thanks, Ron. That's great to hear :)
This video is a real treasure. I wish I had seen it when I began to build my first amplifier. Thank you so much!
You're welcome :)