I was a US Navy Tradevman (Training Devicesman) from 1965 to 1969 and attended almost a full year of electronics training to qualify for my rating. This is, by far, the BEST explanation of vacuum tube theory I have ever seen, anywhere! Kudos for your insightful and fascinating work!
I cannot overstate what a tremendous asset you are to the UA-cam, amplifier, guitar and electronics community. If only my science teachers in school were 1/2 as good at explaining this as you are. And if only someone who have explained it to me this way 30 years ago. Very grateful for you!
I have looked for a presentation that teaches me a foundational understanding about tubed amplifier theory. I am a teacher who has had to deal with dyslexia for almost 60 years and I have only known of my deficit for about 20 years. I am also a guitarist who loves tubed amps and have worked only at a rudimentary level on amplifier building and repair. Studying books on the subject is slow and helps some, but your presentation with verbal and visual cues is illuminating for me. You break down concepts (of which I have never been able to master nor gain fluency) into simple bite-sized (accessible) ideas and make them "visible" for me. That, sir, is a breakthrough I have not been able to experience on the subject. You are a rare talent and a true teacher of the sort I aspire to become! You not only teach electronics, but you also teach "teaching." You have made a difference to me. Thank you.
Not exactly the same for me but very similar, the rudimentary building and repairing with tons of trial and error mistakes, none of which I even recall now. And thank you Uncle Doug for making this new epiphany possible. I'll be subscribing.
I agree with Patrick. I have been an electronics hobbyist for more than 30 years and have come to understand these concepts on my own, from my dad, and of course from school, but this video is the best I have ever seen and breaking down these concepts. Bravo sir.
@@UncleDoug It is simple to say, What I am Going to Say, what i am saying (with visual demonstration), what we have learnt. (repeat as needed for each extra bit that builds on that), it is less easy to actually do that, which you do well.
I wish Uncle Doug would have been one of my professors in college. His ability of explaining electrical circuit behavior surpasses many of the instructors I've dealt with. Although I am an electrical engineer now, I review these videos to solidify my knowledge by giving my brain a different viewpoint. Thanks for your work.
Thank you so much. This is probably the most helpful and best explained video made by an individual on any topic that I've ever seen (and I've seen a lot). I know you're probably making little to no money off of this, but this is honestly hugely appreciated.
Mark Emhoff You're quite welcome, Mark. Rusty and I are really glad to hear that the video was clear and helpful. Nice comments, like yours, are the only payment we seek or receive.
Doug, @ 16:15 of your explanation: You seem to indicate that scopeing the center tap (which is hooked directly to ground) of the transformer will show you the bottoms of the AC waveform. I guarantee that scoping anything directly hooked to ground will only show 0 VDC and 0 VAC, unless there is something seriously wrong in the circuit. If you want to see the bottoms of the waveform, scope each plate of the tube. When it is reverse biased, you will see your waveform bottoms, which the tube is conveniently blocking for you. Scopeing the filament would show the positive waveforms from both halves of the tube, but you will see that waveform smoothed by any filtering capacitors on the B+ line. So it will be more or less a high DC voltage, with some ripple. You will not see the sum of the positive voltage waveforms, the filter caps will swamp that out. Pete
Greg is correct. The diode/rectifier action is like a switch, only letting the voltage flow in one direction. Basically what it's doing is turning on and off each half of the center tap coil. As the top coil voltage goes positive, the bottom coil is turned off (filtered out by the rectifier), then as the bottom coil goes positive, the top coil is turned off. So, only the positive power of each coil is allowed to pass through and the negative power of each coil is blocked or turned off. If you look at the top coil separately you would see +325v for half the cycle, then 0v for the other half the cycle. Looking at the bottom coil only, you would again see +325v for half the cycle, then 0v for the other half, but in opposite phase. With both coils in action, the -325v peaks of both coils are blocked or filtered out and the +325v peaks from both coils then produce the continuous stream +325v peaks with no gaps as you show in the rectifier output.
Sir ! You are the absolute best electronics teacher I have had the pleasure to experience. Only a master of electronics can simplify the subject with such clarity!
Being a retired Electrician .......and a musician since youth..... This is as Perfect of an explanation of Tube Amps you could ask for.... Reminds me of sitting in class again, listening to my Instructor change my life forever...I didn't know it at the time..... What a fun career, made a great living in Santa Cruz, in the 70's , I got on neil youngs crew and did my electrical thing with full respect from the crew... Kid's , Electricians have fun lives.......keep a log on the fire young Bucks.... critics...find fault in your own pile......
Thanks for your kind words, and for sharing your story with us, John. We need to encourage young people to enter the field.....or else it will become a lost art.
October 2024 and I finally found a 10 year old video explaining exactly what I needed explained. You deserve a medal and lots of money for your service to all perplexed diyers. Thank you so much!
I am an electrical engineer with over 30 years of experience and find this fascinating ! I have always wanted to know more about how valves work but never really had a need to, you just don't come across them very often and even when you need to repair a device that uses valves, it's usually not the valves that are the problem, 9 times out of 10 it's a bad connection, bad control pot or bad capacitor. Those are usually very obvious and easy to eliminate, then if there is still a problem it's easy to take the valves to someone who can test them and then get replacements if necessary. In all my experience I have only had to repair 3 items that used valves so I have never really need to know how they operate. I really like your explanation style, a bit repetitive but easy to follow, so I'm looking forward to learning more from this series.
Thanks so much, Ian. Rusty and I really appreciate your nice comments, which are all the more meaningful due to your experience as an EE. We're glad the videos are helpful :)
Ian, what kind of electrical engineer gets to repair connections, bad control pots or bad capacitors on devices? Sounds very interesting yet quite different from design work...
A lot of EEs work in small design shops, and frequently do repair work along with design to pay the light bill. David Jones, an EE in Australia runs the EEvblog channel, and his lab does almost as much repair work as development. Didn't mean to hijack Doug's channel with info about David's, just say'n, a lot of EEs do repair work.
You're one heck of a teacher . Thanks for making both these videos. Everybody that wants to get into building tube amps like I do needs to watch these. Any monkey can assemble parts but it's so nice to be able to understand just exactly what's going on inside the amp and tubes. It's genius! I'm going to save these videos for future reference
Doug, I can't thank you enough for sharing all of your insight. I have been absorbing as much as possible over the past year. It has been an absolute pleasure. Below I provide my basic understanding of AC and DC, for future students so that they might better understand. Alternating current (AC) and sound waves share a fundamental similarity in that both are oscillatory in nature. AC changes direction periodically, creating a wave-like pattern of voltage or current that can be represented as a sine wave, similar to how sound waves oscillate in pressure as they move through a medium like air. This oscillation allows both AC signals and sound waves to carry information. For example, audio signals can be represented by AC, with the frequency and amplitude of the current corresponding to the pitch and volume of the sound. This is the basis of the term analog, where the oscillation and behavior of the electrical waveform is analogous with with sound wave to a high degree, achieving its final point of accuracy when reproduced by the speaker creating amplified sound waves that are analogous to the source. The peaks and troughs in a vinyl record's groove are also analogous to the sound wave being reproduced, for example. The output of an amplifier is alternating current. In contrast, direct current (DC) is constant and unidirectional, meaning it flows in a single direction without oscillating. Physically, DC power doesn't have a wave-like behavior in the same way AC or sound waves do. However, you can think of steady or constant phenomena as parallels to DC. For instance, the steady flow of water in a river or a consistent breeze can loosely parallel DC, as they both have a singular, unidirectional flow rather than the oscillating, wave-like nature of AC or sound waves (think waves at the beach). If you have a hydroelectric generator, you want as constant a flow of water as possible in order to design a mechanism that generates electricity. With a wind turbine generator, you want to aim it at a relatively reliable direction where you'll get steady, direct wind flow. DC is like cash on hand, good for making things to happen reliably. AC is like money in the stock market, it goes up and down and you want to cash it out into DC (rectification) so that you can use it. The output of a power supply is direct current.
Part 2 of my Doug addled brain: I envision amplification as so: When I was a kid, my brother and I would lay in our beds before going to sleep and play with flashlights. In the dark room, we'd put our hands in front of the filament of the incandescent flashlight and we'd amplify the image of our hand onto the ceiling. In other words, we'd shine a flashlight at our hands and it would cast a far bigger shadow of our hands, and we could play around before nodding off into the glittery galaxy of sleep. This is the basic idea of amplification. You take something small (your hand) You find a method to modulate something technically bigger (light in this case) Now your hand is shaping the light beam, and you are amplifying your hand. In the same way, the cathode is like the start of the flashlight beam, and the plate is the ceiling in your room. The grid is where you pass the AC signal (your hand), and the current flowing through the tube is modulated by the grid. Realistically let's change your hand to a very small current produced by the transducer in your turntable cartridge. The needle passes over the analog waveform recorded in the grooves, and the mechanical energy is converted into a small electrical current that we need to amplify. So we pass those wires, that current, to the amplifier tube's grid. Now that very small electrical current is shaping the much higher electrical current passing through the tube. Now out of our plate we get a signal that is analogous to the very tiny initial electrical signal, but much higher current and voltage. This is amplification.
This is what internet should be used for!! Sharing and learning. Excellent information, perfect structure for educative video. Uncle Doug, your and Rusty´s videos are one of the most entertaining and also informative of any video available in www. Thank you for the time you have sacrificed for educating us. This particular video has been priceless for a dummy like me.
+Ville H You're welcome, VH, and I agree completely with your first statement. I would also mention the benefits of courteous, respectful interaction between viewers and with the author of the videos, rather than the mean-spirited, childish arguments that occur way too often on YT. I sincerely appreciate your very kind comments and the time you have spent watching our videos. I'm glad they were helpful :)
Ten years later I watch this and part two multiple times at reduced speed and make an almost twenty sides dokument. This will be the basic knowledge of understanding the guitar amplifier. Thank you!
I was an electrical engineering student many, many years ago. My teachers did NOT explain tube theory and principles a fraction of how Uncle Doug has done here. Masterful instruction. Many thanks.
Doug, your videos are really helping me a lot. There are some videos on UA-cam that help, but your breadth of knowledge on the subject blows them away! Thanks, again!
Note to Beer Magic.....I'm not ignoring your comments. I am simply unable to reply due to your privacy settings. Please alter them if you would like me to respond to your input.
I agree. I graduated in 1988, and I am surprised NONE of this was taught -- even in the 3 semesters of physics classes. I find this extremely useful background to any EE undergraduate.
its been 9 years since these videos were uploaded...why I didnt find them before is beyond me. Highly appreciate the lecture and the didactics. Tech talk on guitar & amps have been growing on me for a while and these suit the case perfectly. As the guy Jason just mentioned. You're an UA-cam asset no doubt. Thanks Uncle Doug : )
Thank you so much for this series! I've watched and read several explanations of how tube amps work (pretty much always looking at the 5F1), and never got anywhere until I watched this. I think the difference is that all the others I've encountered focus on the signal path, and treat the power supply as an afterthought. So what I see is that the signal goes into the amplifier, and then it goes into a magical forest of tubes and capacitors and resistors, and then music (or in my case horrible noises) comes out the other end. Your videos have demystified that magical forest, and for that I thank you.
Wooow, hold up a second. I was taught the 120V value is the RMS voltage. And the peak voltage for this on one half of the waveform is actually 170V. If you look at it for positive and negative with respect to neutral, the voltage from an AC outlet is actually 340V peak-to-peak.
Yes, @saddle1940, but US outlets are single phase 110/120 VAC rms, so only 155/170V P-P. You would be correct with European or if plugged into a US "240V" outlet, where the split phase has two 120VAC rms phases. It is easier to think of all 1° and 2° voltages as RMS until they are rectified (then it gets more complicated). The DC voltages' average value depend on filtering used, i.e. the size of capacitors & chokes used downstream, but safe to use 325VDC in this case.
Very good description for the vacuum tube rectifier. The "Correction" note at 16:56 has corrected a very series error in the explanation. I have tested radio tubes for about 20 Years at Tungsram in Hungary and I have immediately realized the error about the negative 325 V pulses going to ground. This is incorrect. Best regards, Patricia
You are a natural teacher = clear, modular units + excellent visuals + comfortable pacing + macro/micro lens + layman’s level fundamentals - jargon/formulas. Feels weird to say this but, thanks Uncle Doug!
Thank you Uncle Doug for all the explanations. It's easy to understand and well explaned with simple words for a non english person like me. Merci beaucoup! ;)
WOW!!! YOU REALLY UNDERSTAND THIS & ARE TAKING THE TIME & HAVE TAKEN THE TIME TO WORK OUT HOW TO TRANSLATE IT TO US DISTRACTED IDGITS!? THANKS! You're the Tone Professor! My AMPS=( BROKEN!!!! I'm nothing without them & my wah. I need to shut up & listen again. I gave up after I didn't try! r X( POW!!! THANKS THOUGH. INTIMIDATING. 2 THOSE BEING IDIOTS & TEXTING INSTEAD OF LISTENING.
Thank you for taking the time to conceive, film, and post these videos. Due to my age (55) I have never had any training i tube electronics, prior to my formal education, I had years of electronics training (night school) but only using semi conductors, in my formal education as electrician (which is a three and a half or four year education, where I live (Denmark)) I was taught plenty of now, obsolete technologies, but with your videos, I can understand, and work on tube amps, which will give me great pleasure. Thank you.
0:50 No. AC voltage is not the total distance from top to bottom, and your +60 to -60 isn't even close to 120VAC. AC is measured against the absolute average voltage from neutral; 120VAC hits about 170V in each direction, that's +170V and -170V.
You're right. This error was corrected in the video with notations that are not visible on all viewing devices, Christopher. For a much clearer, detailed explanation of peak voltage vs RMS please see my more recent video postings.
For the FIRST time (I’m ‘69 and getting back into electronics in my retirement), I think I understand tube amplification. I have looked high and low for an instructional video like this that makes sense. GREAT JOB of explaining these circuits. After seeing this video, I looked at some tape deck schematics (old tube type) and actually recognized portions of the circuit and what they were doing. Thanks VERY much!!
Dylan, your question did not have a reply capability due to your YT Privacy Settings, so I'll answer it here. The +325VDC output has passed through the diodes of the rectifier tube. The diodes, due to their alignment, only pass positive voltages. The -325VDC was rejected by the diodes (it was not allowed to pass through) and goes to ground. Think of the power supply as a 325VDC battery, with a positive output (from the diodes within the rectifier tube) and a negative output (from the ground).
hi Doug, im not sure if we had the same question but was wondering why if diode output is +325vdc and ground is -325vdc, why when we look at the amplifier stage it doesnt have +650vdc going to the output transformer with ground as a reference voltage of 0v? when looking at certain components like filter caps connected to ground and the rectifier, will they need to be able to handle 650 or only 325v? thank you for the video!
This is an ancient video, NC. The voltage readings on the diagram reflect the readings you would get if you first measured the voltage between the B+ and ground.....or if you measured between the B- and ground. If you measure the voltage potential between the two secondary output wires of the PT with no load, it will be approximately 700VAC before rectification. After rectification, since only the B+ is sent to the center tap of the OPT (and the filter caps), the output tube plate voltage(s) and the filter cap voltages will be 350VDC to ground. All of this ignores losses due to heat, inefficiency, and the boosting of the smoothed DC to peak voltage.
No, ground has zero charge. It depends on the bias of the rectifier diodes. I you take the HV from the cathode (as in amp HV circuits) you will have B+ if you take the HV from the plates, you will have B-. You need to watch my videos on power supplies and rectification.@@ncnoman
@@UncleDoug will do!, thank you for the answers. your videos are a tremendous resource. i appreciate your time. im hoping to learn about this, maybe build a few amps for educational purposes, so i can one day be able to help people in my area with tube amps. ive got an EE degree but i ended up going into networking. thanks again Doug
Yes, diodes can be substituted for a tube rectifier. Weber makes "Copper Cap" Diode Modules with tube bases that you simply plug into the empty rectifier socket. It allows you to change back and forth from tube to solid state rectification without altering the circuit wiring. There are different modules to replace specific rectifier tubes.
Uncle Doug I'm very interested in trying my hand at building one of these. I've watched some of your other videos and some by others, and I think I understand biasing, basic tube physics, and the fundamental electrics. Is there a benefit from using a rectifier tube over a plain diode? Planning the project, I'm also wondering if I can wind my own transformers and achieve a good result. If I'm asking too many questions, where can I do some further reading?
Many people feel that rectifier tubes provide a more "vintage" tone, while diode rectification is simpler, cheaper, and provides a cleaner, sag-free sound. It's really just a matter of taste, I guess. Re the hand-winding of transformers, I would advise against it, especially on a beginning project. You would probably be better off building a few amps with purchased transformers, gaining some experience first, and then perhaps you could delve into the mysteries of transformer design and construction.
God bless and keep you safe... Thank you Uncle Doug for saying it plainly on UA-cam once. I never tire of review, because I'm old and prefer to review regularly, call it work ethic, good habits, or old age, I keep coming back to the fundamentals to see if I missed anything.
Hands down best explanation and delivery I’ve ever seen on tube/valve amps. I am especially glad you used a paper circuit diagram and not something graphical. Very refreshing and traditional and WAAAAY easier to grok than the RCA manual. The considered callouts on windings in transformers and tube/valve voltage are great reinforcements of critical fundamentals that are much tougher without a practical example. Bravo.
Wow.....thanks for your very nice comments, じょいすじょん . We really appreciate them and hope you continue to enjoy our many other videos that have varying levels of technical complexity.
Sorry to disagree, but two 6V filaments in series add up to 12V, just like two 6V batteries in series would. Otherwise, the 12V filament tube could not function properly.
mdhsahb is correct, in that the filaments are connected in parallel, each powered by 6V. However, you are correct, in that the filaments could be connected in series and powered from a 12V supply.
With respect to Uncle Doug, those heaters are wired in parallel with a 6v supply. If you had a 12v supply, you would wire them in series across the transformer, no central tap. In either arrangement each heater would carrying the same current through the same resistance so the power (I^2 R) would be the same.
@@wildbob If you are going to be white knight a least be sure you are right. It is not a matter of thinking he is wrong he is absolutely for a fact wrong. He has clearly drawn the filaments as parallel with 6 volts, and it's not a simplified drawing as you call it, they could be wired in series on a 12 volt supply just fine but that's not how he has drawn it. And to rain on your parade this isn't the only error in this video, there are several.
Just found this you tube video as my Solid State Amplifier is in the shop so I bought twin 6V6 Tube amp to play on in the meantime. But i wanted to understand why there are so many wires and components on the Tube Amp while the Solid State amp has so few but has many more effects built in. This is OUTSTANDING TROOP! I did get a little drowsy once in a while but I am pretty old and just had lunch. You diagram and explanation was quite understandable and very informative. I am more awake now and want to see part 2. Thank you for sharing your talents. well done.
Uncle Doug, wish I had a mentor like you back when I first explored a career in audio. The good news is that you are here 30 odd-years later. Thank you
I've been using Valve amps for most of my life as a guitarist, I have electronics backround and work day to day in the electrical/electronics field but never really understood the circuitry of valve amp, just a quick bias and that was me. But now I feel I have a good understanding by watching Uncle Doug's videos. I really appreciate you passing down your Valve-tronics skills and knowledge. Great work!!!
Having studied electrical engineering in school long ago, I find it truly amazing what an excellent job Uncle Doug has done here presented this subject matter so clearly and concisely. Thank you very much!
Doug, hands down best video I have seen. I have been into electronics (as a hobby) since I was 8 and i am over 40 now. I have built several tube amps, the champ being one of them, and countless guitar effect pedals. With that said, when building these projects it is just hooking up wires from a picture and you dont have to know everything about how the parts work. I am no expert for sure and have tried to educate myself along the way but always had blanks in the information. For me you have filled in a lot of blanks and for that I thank you. Keep posting!!
+mp224 You're welcome, MP, and thanks for the very kind assessment. Rusty and I are glad the videos are helpful and informative. We have posted over 120 other videos you may find equally entertaining, so please subscribe to our channel and become a member of our YT family. Happy Holidays !!
Dear Uncle Doug, I've been intently watching Mr. Carlson's Lab, Blueglow Electronics, ElPaso Tube Amps, ElectroBoom,and just about everyone else to understand how tube amps actually work and your analogizing explanations on this series and your Phase Inverting video (especially your emphasis on the fact that AC and DC can coexist on the same circuit thus giving capacitors inductors resistors and transformers a reason to exist!!!) finally solidified basic electronic concepts in my head......finally! Sincerest thanks for your efforts in these videos, you are a UA-cam goldmine and I am forever in your debt!!
Wow, thanks so much for your very nice comments, Sal. It's gratifying to hear that our videos are both helpful and informative. You might want to add the Guitologist to your video list......he's a very knowledgeable fellow and excellent musician.
Im a graduated mechatronics enginner, did my job only for few years and now Im a commercial pilot now for 10 years but I was always curious about tube amps as a guitar player. I was never taught this well unfortunately. Thanks for the amazing video.
I’ve played guitar for (call it 48 years) and only understood the glass, but unfortunately was seeing thru it, darkly. This has been a great revelation for me, enabling me to use a bit of windex to clean the dirt off of that glass to the point to where I can now see that there’s a tree on the other side. I still can’t tell if the tree is a pine or a juniper, but at least I know it’s a tree and that it needs trimming and I have you to thank for it! So...thank you sir. A bit more windex and elbow grease and I'll be set;)
We all wish we had someone like yourself as a mentor. Maybe this video is a million times more effective. Couldn't have explained this better. Zero resistance into my brain.
Wow, your metaphor of; "the frying pan (Filament) cooking popcorn (Electrons) thats negatively charged, being sucked thru the chain-linked fence (Grid) to the positively charged Plate, and you can change the porosity of the fence (Grid)" ...is the best way i've heard to explain it. It actually helped ME more fully understand how they interact. Thanks for making these vids.
You're welcome, WS. When I was a classroom teacher, I found that making analogies involving common, familiar things often made the understanding of abstract concepts much easier. I'm glad the video was helpful. I would only add (just to be thorough) that varying the "porosity" of the grid is accomplished when the input signal varies the negativity of its charge (since a varying negative charge will repel more or less of the negative electrons passing through it to the plate).
Ahhh....AHHHH!!... ok, so, the guitar signal actually varies the grids negative charge. And the amount of negative charge the grid has in the first place, (controled by the...cathode resistor?) actually really repels the electrons rather than "let's them pass"?
The grid can have a negative charge for different reasons, depending on whether the tube is grid or cathode biased. This is needed to reduce the current flow from cathode to grid.....like a faucet that is 50% on. The input signal then varies the grids charge (more or less negative, but never positive) as if you varied the faucet from 25% to 75% (for example).....producing an output signal that is many times greater than the weak input signal.
I can't thank you enough for your videos, I went from knowing zero about tube amps to building my own amp from scratch just from watching your channel. You explain everything very clearly and your channel is an incredible resource for anyone wanting to learn.
Just preparing to build my first tube amp, a Fender 5E3 clone and came across your channel while researching. Thank you for your easy to understand explanations and lessons, they've helped no end from both a technical aspect to a huge confidence booster. Thank you.
I'm in my sixties and been playing around with guitars & amps all my life - it's great to finally sit down and listen to the story of how they work! Brilliant - thank-you so much !! regards, from Bristol, England.
I have multiple books and DVDs on tube amps and tube amp repair and this two part series is hands down the most clear and straight forward explanation I have ever seen regarding tube amplifiers. It randomly popped up in my suggested videos today and I wish I had seen this video years ago. Although the other content I've purchase is much more detailed, this is just so clear and I wish I had seen this first before diving into other material. I anticipate rewatching these again. The way this is presented really made a lot of things just click for me. Especially how AC and DC can exist on the same wire in the Power Amp stage. You made this make perfect sense to someone who is merely a hobbyist on the matter with very basic electronic knowledge. Absolutely amazing!
Thanks so much for your very positive assessment of our videos, Kevin. They are indeed intended for beginners who simply want a basic understanding of how amp circuits function. For those who wish for more detailed understanding, I have produced subsequent videos that build upon this foundation, offering increasingly complex insights into the function of each of the sub-units of the circuit.
Thanks so much for this two-part video. I am an old retired plumber that has always been fascinated by electronics and how they work. To be honest I always thought it was above my head. You explain it so comprehensively and simply that I now know that it was my own stupid fear that kept me from learning something I really enjoy thinking about how it works and how to make it do what I would want it to do. Maby I can have something that I really would enjoy doing in my later years. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.
Thank you for a very clear breakdown of amplifier circuitry. I'm a biochemist with an interest in all things relating to vacuum tube technology, especially guitar amplifiers and antique radios. Your explanations are crystal clear. I finally get it !
Uncle Doug - your classes on tube amplifiers have been so helpful. I have a SF Champ I'm trying to diagnose, and your practical approach is absolutely essential to me. I don't know how to express my gratitude. I can only do so with words... For now. The Champ is a great teaching platform for rudimentary concepts involving tube amps. I wish I could have you mentor me on this repair, but am thoroughly pleased to use your video tutorials and explanations about tube amps, tone stacks, resistors, etc. Please continue your tutorials along these lines? Can you please offer more diagnostics for troubleshooting SF Fender Champs? Perhaps showing more details/closeups on *where* to probe on the amp as you collect data? Your videos are unique and invaluable for this 61 year old, fledgling tube amp enthusiasts. Thank you!
Wow, your channel is a treasure trove of refresher information for an old ex-tube amp tech. The ones I worked on were in aircraft, but an amp is an amp. I play guitar and bias my own amps, but I "cheat" and use bias probes. This info is really taking me back Uncle Doug, so thanks!
I've been wanting to understand this stuff for a few years...this is the first time, heard or read, that I've understood the explanation. Plus your dry sense of humour makes it very watchable. Thank you Doug!
Greetings and thanks for the very kind words, MZ. It's great to hear that the videos are helpful. As a Walking Dead fan, I definitely like your screen name :)
For the first time in many frustrating years of not being able to grasp the subject I can finally shout the words : I GET IT. Thank you Uncle Doug. Your videos should be required watching in schools
I just wanted to reiterate what other have said. This is an excellent video. I learned more in the first 5 minutes than anything else I have done. Your video is exactly what makes UA-cam the great thing that it is. Thanks.
I decided to start back at the beginning and run through your tutorials about amps just to get more 'Focus' as you've suggested and understand more about how an amp is structured..Thanks Dough for this knowledge..Ed
I just out of the blue decided about two weeks ago that I was going to learn how to fix and build amps. Of course, I have no experience whatsoever, but that's never stopped me before. I can't believe how lucky I am to have found your videos! They are clear and concise, and chock full of incredibly useful information. Thanks for making them available to us!
You're welcome, Keith. I'm glad to hear that the videos are helpful and informative. Please be very careful and observe all the safety rules when you work on a live chassis.....Rusty and I only want the very best for our viewers and subscribers. Best of luck !!
Uncle Doug Thanks for the warning! I'm not planning on putting my hands inside an amp until I've learned a bit more. For now I'm reading a textbook on electronics, watching videos, and setting up my bench.
Uncle Doug, thank you, thank you, thank you!!!!! In less than an hour you've helped understand more about valve amplifiers than I've amassed over months from books and other sources. I've taken on a big challenge (for me) to modify a 2 channel 40w ex Allen organ amp for stereo use. I am fairly confident in following my nose and taking help from others on the forum I follow, but now I have a much fuller understanding of what is happening. Especially with coupling caps. Regards John L. Canada
That was awesome. Thank you Uncle Doug. In 20 minutes I have learned more electronics from you than I did in an entire freaking semester of electronics modules at University. Endless lectures about nodes. Circuit analysis. Killed me. But watching you explain tubes in the context of things like rectification. Totally woke up my interest in electronics again after having it killed by log^n and integration! Clear pragmatic chunks of explanation. This is what the world needs!
This has really helped taking the first hurdle in understanding tube amplification! I will watch it again and again to let this really sink in and grasp the concept. I have been wanting to learn this for years but never found the proper approach to get a 'foot in the door' with understanding it. This is absolutely great. Thank you!
Dear sir, my main interest is in vintage tube radios. It is obvious you are a professional teacher, you explain tube theory so well even I can understand it! I especially learned a great deal from your series on tube biasing. In my sefish opinion, the more math the better. Thank you again for sharing your knowledge and teaching ability.
Dear ancle you are amazing, no at school, no at university I’ve received that kind of way to understand how... always miles of formulas.... thanks thanks thanks 🙏 . Almost 10 years ago I started to make pedals for my guitars and modified my fender silver face ‘71 into blackface and they works. But now in occasion of lockdown I’ve got the opportunity to meet a person like you that make me better. Sorry for my English
I have watched and read a lot about tube amps but never found as clear an explanation as you presented here. I am subscribing to your videos. Thank you for taking the time to make this available.
I have also watched a few of your other vids which are right up my alley. I have several of the same amps you do. I have an old Davis amp similar to the 2 you fixed. I also have a B&H projector amp. Also I have a bunch of old Wollensak R2R machines & Muzak amps I modded for guitar which are both great sounding. I however am a novice. I really know very little about electronics but have managed to avoid electrocuting myself. Your videos are just what I needed. Keep em coming! I love your little aside comedy breaks with your dog & cat. Great deadpan!
Thank you very much Uncle Doug, clearest and simplest teaching of complex workings of transf. tubes and electrons I am making a comeback after 40 years, I think that I learned with your vids. more then in 2 years of electronic courses in my teen years!!
Thank you for your explanation on how a tube type guitar amp works..! I was a digital circuit design engineer for over 40 years and I didn't know much about tube circuit design. This UA-cam explanation was Awesome so now I understand every bit of it. Your explanation was extremely helpful..!!!! I will watch your other videos too..
have been reading my basic theory on amps book over and over, trying to grasp it. watch your videos, and it is all coming to me. you are an excellent teacher sir, and you are doing a great service. please, dont ever stop. thank you so very much for this.
Yes, thank you for your time and video..... as a ham radio operater, and guitar player this was quit eye opening..... Born in the 1970's, tubes have always been a mystery. Mystery no more! Thanks again!
Thank you so much for the video. Excellent content! Been asking this question to the salesman at a local audio-store, read so many leads on the subject but never found a clear cut answer. "How does tube amplifier works?" - Uncle Doug explained best.
Gunawan Lee You are quite welcome, Mr. Lee. We're glad the video was informative and helpful. Please watch our many (110) other videos if you have the time and interest.
I've been looking for explanations for months. But I always lacked basic knowledge to really understand everything and I would get discouraged. But this is just the right thing. None are as clear as yours. Thanks Uncle Doug !
You're quite welcome, Fancois. I sometimes receive criticism for keeping my presentations so basic, but I really believe there is a big demand for educational videos that can be easily understood by those without a lot of training and experience in electronics. Thanks for your kind appraisal and best of luck :)
Uncle Doug I don't know about other people, but after understanding the fairly simple circuit of the champ, I could use a video like this to explain the circuit of the 5E3 step by step. I haven't found anyone able to explain what the "push-pull" system is about... At least no one able to explain it clearly and in simple terms like you did on that 5F1... might be an idea for a video ;) Thanks again !
You're right, Francois. I have not yet explained the output stage of double-ended amps....and it would indeed be a good topic for a video. I will give this idea some serious thought. Thanks for watching and for your excellent input.
Hello again Uncle Doug. You had given me excellent advice regarding picking up a reasonably priced modern volt/amp meter. So happens a friend gifted me one so I am ready now to go ahead with the servicing of my monoblock Dynaco MKIII 's. The reason I had asked about using a VTVM was because in the original Dyna Kit instructions a VTVM was recommended. [Since they are not even made now, I simply had to ask you]. Now must beg or borrow a Variac. Just last night I dug the amps out and noticed they had had the capacitors underneath replaced before. Since all the tubes were in place, I decided to take fate in hand and fire one of them up. To my delight it sounded good right away, and after 5 min it sweetened up considerably. The Mullard tubes sure are what they say....top shelf stuff. Not going to run it further until after replacement of the original caps on top (they got rather warm after 10min) but just saying that if one is very fortunate...a bit if a risk can sometimes not result in disaster. Will carry on towards recapping the both of them and eventually trying my vinyl through them with a decent preamp and the Tannoys. Hope you would welcome a bit of discussion with me the odd time? Cheers and be well. Yours in faith, Jordan
Thanks for your very interesting input, Jordan. You really need to use a Current Limiter when starting up electronic gear that's been sitting quite a while. Also, any electrolytic capacitors that feel warm (or even worse, hot) to the touch are leaky and must be replaced. Best of luck with your Dynaco resurrection.
Thank you so much for your videos. Your explanations are so clear and concise. And taking people through the whole diagram/schematic step by step is EXTREMELY helpful. If you weren't/aren't a teacher as a profession, you should've been. Awesome work and thank you so much again!
Wonderfully articulate... All the books I've read I've never seen the inter reaction of AC & DC currents, capacitors, and transformers explained the way you did here. This fundamental knowledge was holding me back, now schematics make so much more sense. Lightbulb moment, Thank you.
Thanks Uncle Doug for helping us get interested by showing us what must be boring to you but well needed by us here ! How some amp designers can make a bad sounding preamp section is a mystery to me !
i have no wants to build one or to ever repair them, However, the in-depth explanation is more than perfect and useful for other things! very very happy you made this video! Thank you !
I was a US Navy Tradevman (Training Devicesman) from 1965 to 1969 and attended almost a full year of electronics training to qualify for my rating. This is, by far, the BEST explanation of vacuum tube theory I have ever seen, anywhere! Kudos for your insightful and fascinating work!
Wow......high praise indeed. Thanks so much, Joel :)
I cannot overstate what a tremendous asset you are to the UA-cam, amplifier, guitar and electronics community. If only my science teachers in school were 1/2 as good at explaining this as you are. And if only someone who have explained it to me this way 30 years ago. Very grateful for you!
Thanks for your kind words, Jason :)
I can't but agree 150%.
I have looked for a presentation that teaches me a foundational understanding about tubed amplifier theory. I am a teacher who has had to deal with dyslexia for almost 60 years and I have only known of my deficit for about 20 years. I am also a guitarist who loves tubed amps and have worked only at a rudimentary level on amplifier building and repair. Studying books on the subject is slow and helps some, but your presentation with verbal and visual cues is illuminating for me. You break down concepts (of which I have never been able to master nor gain fluency) into simple bite-sized (accessible) ideas and make them "visible" for me. That, sir, is a breakthrough I have not been able to experience on the subject. You are a rare talent and a true teacher of the sort I aspire to become! You not only teach electronics, but you also teach "teaching." You have made a difference to me. Thank you.
Wow, thanks so much, Patrick. Your very kind remarks, especially coming from another teacher, are particularly rewarding and appreciated.
Not exactly the same for me but very similar, the rudimentary building and repairing with tons of trial and error mistakes, none of which I even recall now. And thank you Uncle Doug for making this new epiphany possible. I'll be subscribing.
I agree with Patrick. I have been an electronics hobbyist for more than 30 years and have come to understand these concepts on my own, from my dad, and of course from school, but this video is the best I have ever seen and breaking down these concepts.
Bravo sir.
@@UncleDoug It is simple to say, What I am Going to Say, what i am saying (with visual demonstration), what we have learnt. (repeat as needed for each extra bit that builds on that), it is less easy to actually do that, which you do well.
Excellent!!!
I wish Uncle Doug would have been one of my professors in college. His ability of explaining electrical circuit behavior surpasses many of the instructors I've dealt with. Although I am an electrical engineer now, I review these videos to solidify my knowledge by giving my brain a different viewpoint. Thanks for your work.
Wow, high praise indeed from an EE, Andrew. Thanks so much. We're quite flattered that our videos were helpful and informative. You're welcome :)
This is the best video clearly explaining not only "what", but "why" and "how" as well, as I've ever seen.
Thanks, K. We're glad you enjoyed it.
Uncle Doug your tops i echo what he said my teachers were god but not as good as you thanks
@@edwardkujawa Thanks so much, Ed :)
Thank you so much. This is probably the most helpful and best explained video made by an individual on any topic that I've ever seen (and I've seen a lot). I know you're probably making little to no money off of this, but this is honestly hugely appreciated.
Mark Emhoff You're quite welcome, Mark. Rusty and I are really glad to hear that the video was clear and helpful. Nice comments, like yours, are the only payment we seek or receive.
Uncle Doug =Amp God! Thankyou, I had an uncle jack who taught me basics @ 9years old +/-.
Uncle Doug is the best ain’t he
@@themongoloid8944 Yes he sure is. Wow!
I totally agree and subbed after watching only 3 minutes of this video. Thank you, Uncle Doug!
Doug,
@ 16:15 of your explanation: You seem to indicate that scopeing the center tap (which is hooked directly to ground) of the transformer will show you the bottoms of the AC waveform. I guarantee that scoping anything directly hooked to ground will only show 0 VDC and 0 VAC, unless there is something seriously wrong in the circuit. If you want to see the bottoms of the waveform, scope each plate of the tube. When it is reverse biased, you will see your waveform bottoms, which the tube is conveniently blocking for you. Scopeing the filament would show the positive waveforms from both halves of the tube, but you will see that waveform smoothed by any filtering capacitors on the B+ line. So it will be more or less a high DC voltage, with some ripple. You will not see the sum of the positive voltage waveforms, the filter caps will swamp that out.
Pete
+Greg Peterson Very interesting and informative, Pete. Thanks so much for your knowledgeable input :)
To clear this up, erase the pencil mark for -325 pointing to ground & have it point to the lower transformer wire.
Greg is correct. The diode/rectifier action is like a switch, only letting the voltage flow in one direction. Basically what it's doing is turning on and off each half of the center tap coil. As the top coil voltage goes positive, the bottom coil is turned off (filtered out by the rectifier), then as the bottom coil goes positive, the top coil is turned off. So, only the positive power of each coil is allowed to pass through and the negative power of each coil is blocked or turned off.
If you look at the top coil separately you would see +325v for half the cycle, then 0v for the other half the cycle.
Looking at the bottom coil only, you would again see +325v for half the cycle, then 0v for the other half, but in opposite phase.
With both coils in action, the -325v peaks of both coils are blocked or filtered out and the +325v peaks from both coils then produce the continuous stream +325v peaks with no gaps as you show in the rectifier output.
@@montpierce424 Yes, this is spot on.
Yes, I noticed this too.
Sir ! You are the absolute best electronics teacher I have had the pleasure to experience. Only a master of electronics can simplify the subject with such clarity!
Thanks so much, Mike :)
I agree. I would love to take an entire amplifier class or online lesson with you!
Being a retired Electrician .......and a musician since youth..... This is as Perfect of an explanation of Tube Amps you could ask for....
Reminds me of sitting in class again, listening to my Instructor change my life forever...I didn't know it at the time..... What a fun career, made a great living in Santa Cruz, in the 70's , I got on neil youngs crew and did my electrical thing with full respect from the crew... Kid's , Electricians have fun lives.......keep a log on the fire young Bucks.... critics...find fault in your own pile......
Thanks for your kind words, and for sharing your story with us, John. We need to encourage young people to enter the field.....or else it will become a lost art.
October 2024 and I finally found a 10 year old video explaining exactly what I needed explained. You deserve a medal and lots of money for your service to all perplexed diyers. Thank you so much!
You're welcome, Wyn. I'm glad it was helpful :)
I am an electrical engineer with over 30 years of experience and find this fascinating !
I have always wanted to know more about how valves work but never really had a need to, you just don't come across them very often and even when you need to repair a device that uses valves, it's usually not the valves that are the problem, 9 times out of 10 it's a bad connection, bad control pot or bad capacitor. Those are usually very obvious and easy to eliminate, then if there is still a problem it's easy to take the valves to someone who can test them and then get replacements if necessary. In all my experience I have only had to repair 3 items that used valves so I have never really need to know how they operate.
I really like your explanation style, a bit repetitive but easy to follow, so I'm looking forward to learning more from this series.
Thanks so much, Ian. Rusty and I really appreciate your nice comments, which are all the more meaningful due to your experience as an EE. We're glad the videos are helpful :)
Ian, what kind of electrical engineer gets to repair connections, bad control pots or bad capacitors on devices? Sounds very interesting yet quite different from design work...
A lot of EEs work in small design shops, and frequently do repair work along with design to pay the light bill. David Jones, an EE in Australia runs the EEvblog channel, and his lab does almost as much repair work as development. Didn't mean to hijack Doug's channel with info about David's, just say'n, a lot of EEs do repair work.
No problem, Larry. Thanks for the input.
"Making the simple sound complicated is commonplace; making the complicated simple, Awesomely simple, that's creativity."
-Charles Mingus
Thanks so much, Dan. It's good to know that I'm on the right track :)
As with Charles Mingus brilliant music, after a few minutes, i have to go back to the beginning and listen again - to take it all in
You're one heck of a teacher . Thanks for making both these videos. Everybody that wants to get into building tube amps like I do needs to watch these. Any monkey can assemble parts but it's so nice to be able to understand just exactly what's going on inside the amp and tubes. It's genius! I'm going to save these videos for future reference
Thanks so much, Tim. Rusty and I really appreciate your kind words. Best of luck with your amp project :)
the future came
Doug, I can't thank you enough for sharing all of your insight. I have been absorbing as much as possible over the past year. It has been an absolute pleasure. Below I provide my basic understanding of AC and DC, for future students so that they might better understand.
Alternating current (AC) and sound waves share a fundamental similarity in that both are oscillatory in nature. AC changes direction periodically, creating a wave-like pattern of voltage or current that can be represented as a sine wave, similar to how sound waves oscillate in pressure as they move through a medium like air. This oscillation allows both AC signals and sound waves to carry information. For example, audio signals can be represented by AC, with the frequency and amplitude of the current corresponding to the pitch and volume of the sound. This is the basis of the term analog, where the oscillation and behavior of the electrical waveform is analogous with with sound wave to a high degree, achieving its final point of accuracy when reproduced by the speaker creating amplified sound waves that are analogous to the source. The peaks and troughs in a vinyl record's groove are also analogous to the sound wave being reproduced, for example.
The output of an amplifier is alternating current.
In contrast, direct current (DC) is constant and unidirectional, meaning it flows in a single direction without oscillating. Physically, DC power doesn't have a wave-like behavior in the same way AC or sound waves do. However, you can think of steady or constant phenomena as parallels to DC. For instance, the steady flow of water in a river or a consistent breeze can loosely parallel DC, as they both have a singular, unidirectional flow rather than the oscillating, wave-like nature of AC or sound waves (think waves at the beach). If you have a hydroelectric generator, you want as constant a flow of water as possible in order to design a mechanism that generates electricity. With a wind turbine generator, you want to aim it at a relatively reliable direction where you'll get steady, direct wind flow. DC is like cash on hand, good for making things to happen reliably. AC is like money in the stock market, it goes up and down and you want to cash it out into DC (rectification) so that you can use it.
The output of a power supply is direct current.
Part 2 of my Doug addled brain:
I envision amplification as so:
When I was a kid, my brother and I would lay in our beds before going to sleep and play with flashlights. In the dark room, we'd put our hands in front of the filament of the incandescent flashlight and we'd amplify the image of our hand onto the ceiling. In other words, we'd shine a flashlight at our hands and it would cast a far bigger shadow of our hands, and we could play around before nodding off into the glittery galaxy of sleep.
This is the basic idea of amplification.
You take something small (your hand)
You find a method to modulate something technically bigger (light in this case)
Now your hand is shaping the light beam, and you are amplifying your hand. In the same way, the cathode is like the start of the flashlight beam, and the plate is the ceiling in your room. The grid is where you pass the AC signal (your hand), and the current flowing through the tube is modulated by the grid.
Realistically let's change your hand to a very small current produced by the transducer in your turntable cartridge. The needle passes over the analog waveform recorded in the grooves, and the mechanical energy is converted into a small electrical current that we need to amplify. So we pass those wires, that current, to the amplifier tube's grid. Now that very small electrical current is shaping the much higher electrical current passing through the tube. Now out of our plate we get a signal that is analogous to the very tiny initial electrical signal, but much higher current and voltage. This is amplification.
Lastly, the hand projection analogy has one final point - it's a negative image of the hand, and we want it to be positive. Phase inversion.
Thank-you, it's begining to make sense at last!
Keep at it, Giulio :)
This is what internet should be used for!! Sharing and learning. Excellent information, perfect structure for educative video. Uncle Doug, your and Rusty´s videos are one of the most entertaining and also informative of any video available in www. Thank you for the time you have sacrificed for educating us. This particular video has been priceless for a dummy like me.
+Ville H You're welcome, VH, and I agree completely with your first statement. I would also mention the benefits of courteous, respectful interaction between viewers and with the author of the videos, rather than the mean-spirited, childish arguments that occur way too often on YT. I sincerely appreciate your very kind comments and the time you have spent watching our videos. I'm glad they were helpful :)
Hi Uncle Doug, You are a phenomenal teacher. The video was very educative. Big thank you. Regards.
natsubbu Greetings, Nat. Thanks so much :) Glad you enjoyed the video.
Hi Uncle Doug, Learnt a little about this 40 years ago and now have vaporised. Thank you for your very clear description.
You're welcome, Francis.
Ten years later I watch this and part two multiple times at reduced speed and make an almost twenty sides dokument. This will be the basic knowledge of understanding the guitar amplifier.
Thank you!
You're welcome, LGP. I hope the information is helpful.
I was an electrical engineering student many, many years ago. My teachers did NOT explain tube theory and principles a fraction of how Uncle Doug has done here. Masterful instruction. Many thanks.
You're quite welcome. Thanks for your nice comments.
Doug, your videos are really helping me a lot. There are some videos on UA-cam that help, but your breadth of knowledge on the subject blows them away! Thanks, again!
You're quite welcome, Greg. I'm glad the videos are helpful. Rusty is quite impressed by your icon....a handsome pup indeed :) ^. .^
Note to Beer Magic.....I'm not ignoring your comments. I am simply unable to reply due to your privacy settings. Please alter them if you would like me to respond to your input.
Thank you so much! Big hug!
This is gold. Went to engineering school and none of the teachers could be bothered to talk triodes
Thanks, David :)
I agree. I graduated in 1988, and I am surprised NONE of this was taught -- even in the 3 semesters of physics classes. I find this extremely useful background to any EE undergraduate.
its been 9 years since these videos were uploaded...why I didnt find them before is beyond me. Highly appreciate the lecture and the didactics. Tech talk on guitar & amps have been growing on me for a while and these suit the case perfectly. As the guy Jason just mentioned. You're an UA-cam asset no doubt. Thanks Uncle Doug : )
Thanks so much, Caio Glad you found us.
Thank you so much for this series! I've watched and read several explanations of how tube amps work (pretty much always looking at the 5F1), and never got anywhere until I watched this. I think the difference is that all the others I've encountered focus on the signal path, and treat the power supply as an afterthought. So what I see is that the signal goes into the amplifier, and then it goes into a magical forest of tubes and capacitors and resistors, and then music (or in my case horrible noises) comes out the other end. Your videos have demystified that magical forest, and for that I thank you.
You're quite welcome, T. We're glad it was helpful.....and loved the "horrible noises" part :)
Very cool! As a guitarist I find this very interesting as to what is really going on in there. Electricals are quite fascinating.
Wooow, hold up a second. I was taught the 120V value is the RMS voltage. And the peak voltage for this on one half of the waveform is actually 170V. If you look at it for positive and negative with respect to neutral, the voltage from an AC outlet is actually 340V peak-to-peak.
You are correct, Stephen. We cover this in detail in later, more sophisticated videos. This one is simply an introduction, for beginners.
Yes, @saddle1940, but US outlets are single phase 110/120 VAC rms, so only 155/170V P-P. You would be correct with European or if plugged into a US "240V" outlet, where the split phase has two 120VAC rms phases. It is easier to think of all 1° and 2° voltages as RMS until they are rectified (then it gets more complicated). The DC voltages' average value depend on filtering used, i.e. the size of capacitors & chokes used downstream, but safe to use 325VDC in this case.
Very good description for the vacuum tube rectifier. The "Correction" note at 16:56 has corrected a very series error in the explanation. I have tested radio tubes for about 20 Years at Tungsram in Hungary and I have immediately realized the error about the negative 325 V pulses going to ground. This is incorrect. Best regards, Patricia
Thanks for your input and confirmation of my correction note, Patricia :)
You are a natural teacher = clear, modular units + excellent visuals + comfortable pacing + macro/micro lens + layman’s level fundamentals - jargon/formulas. Feels weird to say this but, thanks Uncle Doug!
You're quite welcome, MR. Thanks !!!
Brilliantly explained, thank you so much!
Thanks, Mo. You're welcome.
Thank you Uncle Doug for all the explanations. It's easy to understand and well explaned with simple words for a non english person like me.
Merci beaucoup! ;)
WOW!!! YOU REALLY UNDERSTAND THIS & ARE TAKING THE TIME & HAVE TAKEN THE TIME TO WORK OUT HOW TO TRANSLATE IT TO US DISTRACTED IDGITS!? THANKS! You're the Tone Professor! My AMPS=( BROKEN!!!! I'm nothing without them & my wah. I need to shut up & listen again. I gave up after I didn't try!
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POW!!! THANKS THOUGH. INTIMIDATING. 2 THOSE BEING IDIOTS & TEXTING INSTEAD OF LISTENING.
You're welcome, Wyatt. We're glad the videos are easy to understand.
Awesome, Uncle Doug! Thanks so much. I enjoy your videos and you have really furthered my understanding.
You're welcome, Jamie. It's great to hear that the videos were helpful.
Thank you for taking the time to conceive, film, and post these videos. Due to my age (55) I have never had any training i tube electronics, prior to my formal education, I had years of electronics training (night school) but only using semi conductors, in my formal education as electrician (which is a three and a half or four year education, where I live (Denmark)) I was taught plenty of now, obsolete technologies, but with your videos, I can understand, and work on tube amps, which will give me great pleasure. Thank you.
You're quite welcome, Jesper. Best of luck with your interest in tube technology.
This is the best explanation and presentation of how a power supply works that I've come across. The world needs more of Uncle Doug.
Wow....thanks so much, Paul :)
Very clear explanation.
Thanks, Andrew. I'm glad you liked it :)
0:50 No. AC voltage is not the total distance from top to bottom, and your +60 to -60 isn't even close to 120VAC.
AC is measured against the absolute average voltage from neutral; 120VAC hits about 170V in each direction, that's +170V and -170V.
You're right. This error was corrected in the video with notations that are not visible on all viewing devices, Christopher. For a much clearer, detailed explanation of peak voltage vs RMS please see my more recent video postings.
Thank you very very much for this. Fantastic.
You're quite welcome, Chris. It's great to hear from you. Please enjoy the other 97 videos while Rusty and I work on the next new one.......
For the FIRST time (I’m ‘69 and getting back into electronics in my retirement), I think I understand tube amplification. I have looked high and low for an instructional video like this that makes sense.
GREAT JOB of explaining these circuits. After seeing this video, I looked at some tape deck schematics (old tube type) and actually recognized portions of the circuit and what they were doing. Thanks VERY much!!
You're quite welcome, Graham. We're glad you have found our videos to be informative :)
Fantastic explanation, been playing on tube amps for 40 years. This is the best explanation I've ever came across. Thank you!
You're welcome, Britt. Thanks for your nice comments :)
Dylan, your question did not have a reply capability due to your YT Privacy Settings, so I'll answer it here. The +325VDC output has passed through the diodes of the rectifier tube. The diodes, due to their alignment, only pass positive voltages. The -325VDC was rejected by the diodes (it was not allowed to pass through) and goes to ground. Think of the power supply as a 325VDC battery, with a positive output (from the diodes within the rectifier tube) and a negative output (from the ground).
hi Doug, im not sure if we had the same question but was wondering why if diode output is +325vdc and ground is -325vdc, why when we look at the amplifier stage it doesnt have +650vdc going to the output transformer with ground as a reference voltage of 0v? when looking at certain components like filter caps connected to ground and the rectifier, will they need to be able to handle 650 or only 325v?
thank you for the video!
This is an ancient video, NC. The voltage readings on the diagram reflect the readings you would get if you first measured the voltage between the B+ and ground.....or if you measured between the B- and ground. If you measure the voltage potential between the two secondary output wires of the PT with no load, it will be approximately 700VAC before rectification. After rectification, since only the B+ is sent to the center tap of the OPT (and the filter caps), the output tube plate voltage(s) and the filter cap voltages will be 350VDC to ground. All of this ignores losses due to heat, inefficiency, and the boosting of the smoothed DC to peak voltage.
@@UncleDoug where is B-? i was assuming B- IS the ground.
No, ground has zero charge. It depends on the bias of the rectifier diodes. I you take the HV from the cathode (as in amp HV circuits) you will have B+ if you take the HV from the plates, you will have B-. You need to watch my videos on power supplies and rectification.@@ncnoman
@@UncleDoug will do!, thank you for the answers. your videos are a tremendous resource. i appreciate your time. im hoping to learn about this, maybe build a few amps for educational purposes, so i can one day be able to help people in my area with tube amps. ive got an EE degree but i ended up going into networking. thanks again Doug
Wildly easy to understand! Love your teaching style. Could I feasibly substitute in rectifier diodes for that tube?
Yes, diodes can be substituted for a tube rectifier. Weber makes "Copper Cap" Diode Modules with tube bases that you simply plug into the empty rectifier socket. It allows you to change back and forth from tube to solid state rectification without altering the circuit wiring. There are different modules to replace specific rectifier tubes.
Uncle Doug I'm very interested in trying my hand at building one of these. I've watched some of your other videos and some by others, and I think I understand biasing, basic tube physics, and the fundamental electrics. Is there a benefit from using a rectifier tube over a plain diode? Planning the project, I'm also wondering if I can wind my own transformers and achieve a good result. If I'm asking too many questions, where can I do some further reading?
Many people feel that rectifier tubes provide a more "vintage" tone, while diode rectification is simpler, cheaper, and provides a cleaner, sag-free sound. It's really just a matter of taste, I guess.
Re the hand-winding of transformers, I would advise against it, especially on a beginning project. You would probably be better off building a few amps with purchased transformers, gaining some experience first, and then perhaps you could delve into the mysteries of transformer design and construction.
Ron Swanson :)
Michael Gutierrez I hear that a lot, Michael. I guess I'll have to contact this Swanson guy and ask him to quit imitating me :)
God bless and keep you safe... Thank you Uncle Doug for saying it plainly on UA-cam once. I never tire of review, because I'm old and prefer to review regularly, call it work ethic, good habits, or old age, I keep coming back to the fundamentals to see if I missed anything.
You're quite welcome, Brian. Likewise on the blessing :)
Hands down best explanation and delivery I’ve ever seen on tube/valve amps. I am especially glad you used a paper circuit diagram and not something graphical. Very refreshing and traditional and WAAAAY easier to grok than the RCA manual. The considered callouts on windings in transformers and tube/valve voltage are great reinforcements of critical fundamentals that are much tougher without a practical example.
Bravo.
Wow.....thanks for your very nice comments, じょいすじょん . We really appreciate them and hope you continue to enjoy our many other videos that have varying levels of technical complexity.
The narrative at 7:45, adding the two 6 volts, isn't correct. The two 6 v heater elements are powered with the same 6 v.
Sorry to disagree, but two 6V filaments in series add up to 12V, just like two 6V batteries in series would. Otherwise, the 12V filament tube could not function properly.
mdhsahb is correct, in that the filaments are connected in parallel, each powered by 6V. However, you are correct, in that the filaments could be connected in series and powered from a 12V supply.
@@UncleDoug you can disagree but you are wrong. The heaters are in parallel.
With respect to Uncle Doug, those heaters are wired in parallel with a 6v supply. If you had a 12v supply, you would wire them in series across the transformer, no central tap. In either arrangement each heater would carrying the same current through the same resistance so the power (I^2 R) would be the same.
@@wildbob If you are going to be white knight a least be sure you are right. It is not a matter of thinking he is wrong he is absolutely for a fact wrong. He has clearly drawn the filaments as parallel with 6 volts, and it's not a simplified drawing as you call it, they could be wired in series on a 12 volt supply just fine but that's not how he has drawn it. And to rain on your parade this isn't the only error in this video, there are several.
AMAZING Resource. Thank you!
Glad it was helpful, Landen.
Just found this you tube video as my Solid State Amplifier is in the shop so I bought twin 6V6 Tube amp to play on in the meantime. But i wanted to understand why there are so many wires and components on the Tube Amp while the Solid State amp has so few but has many more effects built in. This is OUTSTANDING TROOP! I did get a little drowsy once in a while but I am pretty old and just had lunch. You diagram and explanation was quite understandable and very informative. I am more awake now and want to see part 2. Thank you for sharing your talents. well done.
Thanks, Dennis. I'm glad the video was helpful. Don't feel bad about getting drowsy, it happens to me all the ti......zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.
Uncle Doug, wish I had a mentor like you back when I first explored a career in audio. The good news is that you are here 30 odd-years later. Thank you
I've been using Valve amps for most of my life as a guitarist, I have electronics backround and work day to day in the electrical/electronics field but never really understood the circuitry of valve amp, just a quick bias and that was me. But now I feel I have a good understanding by watching Uncle Doug's videos. I really appreciate you passing down your Valve-tronics skills and knowledge. Great work!!!
You are quite welcome, Jeremy. We're glad the videos are informative.
This is my first time learning about these kind of circuits. Your teaching style makes this so easy for me to comprehend, thank you!
You're welcome, Daniel. Glad the videos are helpful.
Having studied electrical engineering in school long ago, I find it truly amazing what an excellent job Uncle Doug has done here presented this subject matter so clearly and concisely. Thank you very much!
Thanks so much, Bob :)
Doug, hands down best video I have seen. I have been into electronics (as a hobby) since I was 8 and i am over 40 now. I have built several tube amps, the champ being one of them, and countless guitar effect pedals. With that said, when building these projects it is just hooking up wires from a picture and you dont have to know everything about how the parts work. I am no expert for sure and have tried to educate myself along the way but always had blanks in the information. For me you have filled in a lot of blanks and for that I thank you. Keep posting!!
+mp224 You're welcome, MP, and thanks for the very kind assessment. Rusty and I are glad the videos are helpful and informative. We have posted over 120 other videos you may find equally entertaining, so please subscribe to our channel and become a member of our YT family. Happy Holidays !!
You are the best Doug. We are so blessed to have you for a teacher.
You are too kind, Pete. Thanks :)
Dear Uncle Doug, I've been intently watching Mr. Carlson's Lab, Blueglow Electronics, ElPaso Tube Amps, ElectroBoom,and just about everyone else to understand how tube amps actually work and your analogizing explanations on this series and your Phase Inverting video (especially your emphasis on the fact that AC and DC can coexist on the same circuit thus giving capacitors inductors resistors and transformers a reason to exist!!!) finally solidified basic electronic concepts in my head......finally! Sincerest thanks for your efforts in these videos, you are a UA-cam goldmine and I am forever in your debt!!
Wow, thanks so much for your very nice comments, Sal. It's gratifying to hear that our videos are both helpful and informative. You might want to add the Guitologist to your video list......he's a very knowledgeable fellow and excellent musician.
Im a graduated mechatronics enginner, did my job only for few years and now Im a commercial pilot now for 10 years but I was always curious about tube amps as a guitar player. I was never taught this well unfortunately. Thanks for the amazing video.
You're welcome, SM. I'm glad the video was helpful :)
I am a senior electrical engineering student and this is a such a perfect, concise, and practical explanation of tube amps. Thank you so much!
You're welcome, WM. Please watch our many other, more advanced videos :)
I’ve played guitar for (call it 48 years) and only understood the glass, but unfortunately was seeing thru it, darkly. This has been a great revelation for me, enabling me to use a bit of windex to clean the dirt off of that glass to the point to where I can now see that there’s a tree on the other side. I still can’t tell if the tree is a pine or a juniper, but at least I know it’s a tree and that it needs trimming and I have you to thank for it! So...thank you sir. A bit more windex and elbow grease and I'll be set;)
Good metaphor, Butler. Keep on watching and studying the videos and increasing clarity will ensue :)
Where were you 50 years ago when I needed you? You must be the best teacher yet.
Thanks, W. I wish I could have been there for you.
I wouldn't think of a better introductory presentation of a world we love so much. Thanks, Doug.
You're welcome, Mr. A. Thanks for your very kind comment.
We all wish we had someone like yourself as a mentor. Maybe this video is a million times more effective. Couldn't have explained this better. Zero resistance into my brain.
Thanks, Mark. We appreciate your nice comments.
Wow, your metaphor of;
"the frying pan (Filament) cooking popcorn (Electrons) thats negatively charged, being sucked thru the chain-linked fence (Grid) to the positively charged Plate, and you can change the porosity of the fence (Grid)"
...is the best way i've heard to explain it. It actually helped ME more fully understand how they interact. Thanks for making these vids.
You're welcome, WS. When I was a classroom teacher, I found that making analogies involving common, familiar things often made the understanding of abstract concepts much easier. I'm glad the video was helpful. I would only add (just to be thorough) that varying the "porosity" of the grid is accomplished when the input signal varies the negativity of its charge (since a varying negative charge will repel more or less of the negative electrons passing through it to the plate).
Ahhh....AHHHH!!... ok, so, the guitar signal actually varies the grids negative charge. And the amount of negative charge the grid has in the first place, (controled by the...cathode resistor?) actually really repels the electrons rather than "let's them pass"?
The grid can have a negative charge for different reasons, depending on whether the tube is grid or cathode biased. This is needed to reduce the current flow from cathode to grid.....like a faucet that is 50% on. The input signal then varies the grids charge (more or less negative, but never positive) as if you varied the faucet from 25% to 75% (for example).....producing an output signal that is many times greater than the weak input signal.
I can't thank you enough for your videos, I went from knowing zero about tube amps to building my own amp from scratch just from watching your channel. You explain everything very clearly and your channel is an incredible resource for anyone wanting to learn.
Thanks so much, Steven. It's great to hear that you put the video knowledge to good use.
The way you explain things is so easy to understand. Thank you so much!
Glad to hear it, Riley.
Just preparing to build my first tube amp, a Fender 5E3 clone and came across your channel while researching.
Thank you for your easy to understand explanations and lessons, they've helped no end from both a technical aspect to a huge confidence booster.
Thank you.
You're quite welcome, Tom. Best of luck with your project.
I'm in my sixties and been playing around with guitars & amps all my life - it's great to finally sit down and listen to the story of how they work! Brilliant - thank-you so much !! regards, from Bristol, England.
You're quite welcome, BF. Welcome to our channel :)
I have multiple books and DVDs on tube amps and tube amp repair and this two part series is hands down the most clear and straight forward explanation I have ever seen regarding tube amplifiers. It randomly popped up in my suggested videos today and I wish I had seen this video years ago. Although the other content I've purchase is much more detailed, this is just so clear and I wish I had seen this first before diving into other material. I anticipate rewatching these again. The way this is presented really made a lot of things just click for me. Especially how AC and DC can exist on the same wire in the Power Amp stage. You made this make perfect sense to someone who is merely a hobbyist on the matter with very basic electronic knowledge. Absolutely amazing!
Thanks so much for your very positive assessment of our videos, Kevin. They are indeed intended for beginners who simply want a basic understanding of how amp circuits function. For those who wish for more detailed understanding, I have produced subsequent videos that build upon this foundation, offering increasingly complex insights into the function of each of the sub-units of the circuit.
Thanks so much for this two-part video. I am an old retired plumber that has always been fascinated by electronics and how they work. To be honest I always thought it was above my head. You explain it so comprehensively and simply that I now know that it was my own stupid fear that kept me from learning something I really enjoy thinking about how it works and how to make it do what I would want it to do. Maby I can have something that I really would enjoy doing in my later years. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.
Wow.....thanks so much, Richard. You really made our day with your nice comments. Bless you and yours.
I'm an old retired truck driver and I build guitar amps. If I can do it, then so can you.
Thank you for a very clear breakdown of amplifier circuitry. I'm a biochemist with an interest in all things relating to vacuum tube technology, especially guitar amplifiers and antique radios. Your explanations are crystal clear. I finally get it !
That's good news, JJ. You're quite welcome.
Uncle Doug - your classes on tube amplifiers have been so helpful. I have a SF Champ I'm trying to diagnose, and your practical approach is absolutely essential to me. I don't know how to express my gratitude. I can only do so with words... For now. The Champ is a great teaching platform for rudimentary concepts involving tube amps. I wish I could have you mentor me on this repair, but am thoroughly pleased to use your video tutorials and explanations about tube amps, tone stacks, resistors, etc. Please continue your tutorials along these lines?
Can you please offer more diagnostics for troubleshooting SF Fender Champs? Perhaps showing more details/closeups on *where* to probe on the amp as you collect data? Your videos are unique and invaluable for this 61 year old, fledgling tube amp enthusiasts. Thank you!
You're quite welcome, I-104. I will heed your request in future videos and wish you the very best in all your projects and endeavors.
Wow, your channel is a treasure trove of refresher information for an old ex-tube amp tech. The ones I worked on were in aircraft, but an amp is an amp. I play guitar and bias my own amps, but I "cheat" and use bias probes. This info is really taking me back Uncle Doug, so thanks!
You're welcome, Stephen. Best of luck with your projects.
I've been wanting to understand this stuff for a few years...this is the first time, heard or read, that I've understood the explanation. Plus your dry sense of humour makes it very watchable. Thank you Doug!
Greetings and thanks for the very kind words, MZ. It's great to hear that the videos are helpful. As a Walking Dead fan, I definitely like your screen name :)
For the first time in many frustrating years of not being able to grasp the subject I can finally shout the words : I GET IT. Thank you Uncle Doug. Your videos should be required watching in schools
Thanks, Thom. It's great to hear that the videos are helpful.
Wonderful! This has taught me faster and more than many books and videos, I have tried! Thank you!
Glad to hear it, E.
@@UncleDoug You should continue teaching and explaining things!
@@sfgylk34u_57 OK, I will ;)
I studied this 60 years ago, thanks for the refreshing lesson. You would have been a great teacher. I do love this old stuuf. Thanks for sharing.
I just wanted to reiterate what other have said. This is an excellent video. I learned more in the first 5 minutes than anything else I have done. Your video is exactly what makes UA-cam the great thing that it is. Thanks.
You're welcome, Jeff. Thanks for your very nice comments.
I decided to start back at the beginning and run through your tutorials about amps just to get more 'Focus' as you've suggested and understand more about how an amp is structured..Thanks Dough for this knowledge..Ed
Great to hear, Ed. You're welcome :)
I just out of the blue decided about two weeks ago that I was going to learn how to fix and build amps. Of course, I have no experience whatsoever, but that's never stopped me before. I can't believe how lucky I am to have found your videos! They are clear and concise, and chock full of incredibly useful information. Thanks for making them available to us!
You're welcome, Keith. I'm glad to hear that the videos are helpful and informative. Please be very careful and observe all the safety rules when you work on a live chassis.....Rusty and I only want the very best for our viewers and subscribers. Best of luck !!
Uncle Doug Thanks for the warning! I'm not planning on putting my hands inside an amp until I've learned a bit more. For now I'm reading a textbook on electronics, watching videos, and setting up my bench.
Sounds good, Keith. I hope all goes well for you.
Uncle Doug, thank you, thank you, thank you!!!!! In less than an hour you've helped understand more about valve amplifiers than I've amassed over months from books and other sources.
I've taken on a big challenge (for me) to modify a 2 channel 40w ex Allen organ amp for stereo use. I am fairly confident in following my nose and taking help from others on the forum I follow, but now I have a much fuller understanding of what is happening. Especially with coupling caps. Regards John L. Canada
You're welcome, John. Best of luck with your project :)
That was awesome. Thank you Uncle Doug. In 20 minutes I have learned more electronics from you than I did in an entire freaking semester of electronics modules at University. Endless lectures about nodes. Circuit analysis. Killed me. But watching you explain tubes in the context of things like rectification. Totally woke up my interest in electronics again after having it killed by log^n and integration! Clear pragmatic chunks of explanation. This is what the world needs!
You're welcome, Damien, and thanks so much for the very nice comments. We're glad the video was clear and helpful :)
This has really helped taking the first hurdle in understanding tube amplification! I will watch it again and again to let this really sink in and grasp the concept. I have been wanting to learn this for years but never found the proper approach to get a 'foot in the door' with understanding it. This is absolutely great. Thank you!
You're quite welcome, W&S. I'm glad the video was informative, and hope that you continue to pursue your interest in tube amplifier theory.
Dear sir, my main interest is in vintage tube radios. It is obvious you are a professional teacher, you explain tube theory so well even I can understand it! I especially learned a great deal from your series on tube biasing. In my sefish opinion, the more math the better. Thank you again for sharing your knowledge and teaching ability.
You're welcome, Dan. We're glad that our methods are effective and our message is appreciated :)
Dear ancle you are amazing, no at school, no at university I’ve received that kind of way to understand how... always miles of formulas.... thanks thanks thanks 🙏 . Almost 10 years ago I started to make pedals for my guitars and modified my fender silver face ‘71 into blackface and they works. But now in occasion of lockdown I’ve got the opportunity to meet a person like you that make me better. Sorry for my English
Thanks so much, Salvo. Welcome to our channel. I wish you the best of health and hope to see you here again often.
What a great set of classes! As others have said, Uncle Doug is a tremendous asset to the community of guitar amp/electronics enthusiasts!
Thanks so much for your kind words, 300 :)
I have watched and read a lot about tube amps but never found as clear an explanation as you presented here. I am subscribing to your videos. Thank you for taking the time to make this available.
You're welcome, Tom. Thanks for subscribing and watching :)
I have also watched a few of your other vids which are right up my alley. I have several of the same amps you do. I have an old Davis amp similar to the 2 you fixed. I also have a B&H projector amp. Also I have a bunch of old Wollensak R2R machines & Muzak amps I modded for guitar which are both great sounding. I however am a novice. I really know very little about electronics but have managed to avoid electrocuting myself. Your videos are just what I needed. Keep em coming! I love your little aside comedy breaks with your dog & cat. Great deadpan!
We're glad to hear that the videos are helpful and informative, Tom. Best of luck with your current and future projects.
Thank you very much Uncle Doug, clearest and simplest teaching of complex workings of transf. tubes and electrons I am making a comeback after 40 years, I think that I learned with your vids. more then in 2 years of electronic courses in my teen years!!
That's good to hear, Danny. Thanks so much :)
Thank you for your explanation on how a tube type guitar amp works..! I was a digital circuit design engineer for over 40 years and I didn't know much about tube circuit design. This UA-cam explanation was Awesome so now I understand every bit of it. Your explanation was extremely helpful..!!!! I will watch your other videos too..
Thanks so much, Ronald. We hope you enjoy all our videos :)
have been reading my basic theory on amps book over and over, trying to grasp it. watch your videos, and it is all coming to me. you are an excellent teacher sir, and you are doing a great service. please, dont ever stop. thank you so very much for this.
Thank you for your kind words, LJ. We won't :)
This is great! I will watch all of your videos! Thank you!
Thanks. We hope you enjoy them all, Damian :)
This is finally the first video i could find, explaining how exactly the amplifying of the base signal works! Thank you so much!
I'm glad the video was helpful, TS.
What a fine video by Doug and Friends. Old school, clear, concise, and generous. Thanks for all you do. Greetings from UA-camland
Thanks so much, M1. You are quite welcome :)
This is one of the best videos on UA-cam for those learning about tubes and tube amps. Hands down.
+MAN CAVE NO.1 Thanks, MC :)
Yes, thank you for your time and video..... as a ham radio operater, and guitar player this was quit eye opening..... Born in the 1970's, tubes have always been a mystery. Mystery no more! Thanks again!
You're welcome, Tim.
Thank you so much for the video. Excellent content! Been asking this question to the salesman at a local audio-store, read so many leads on the subject but never found a clear cut answer. "How does tube amplifier works?" - Uncle Doug explained best.
Gunawan Lee You are quite welcome, Mr. Lee. We're glad the video was informative and helpful. Please watch our many (110) other videos if you have the time and interest.
I've been looking for explanations for months. But I always lacked basic knowledge to really understand everything and I would get discouraged. But this is just the right thing. None are as clear as yours. Thanks Uncle Doug !
You're quite welcome, Fancois. I sometimes receive criticism for keeping my presentations so basic, but I really believe there is a big demand for educational videos that can be easily understood by those without a lot of training and experience in electronics. Thanks for your kind appraisal and best of luck :)
Uncle Doug I don't know about other people, but after understanding the fairly simple circuit of the champ, I could use a video like this to explain the circuit of the 5E3 step by step. I haven't found anyone able to explain what the "push-pull" system is about... At least no one able to explain it clearly and in simple terms like you did on that 5F1... might be an idea for a video ;) Thanks again !
You're right, Francois. I have not yet explained the output stage of double-ended amps....and it would indeed be a good topic for a video. I will give this idea some serious thought. Thanks for watching and for your excellent input.
Hello again Uncle Doug. You had given me excellent advice regarding picking up a reasonably priced modern volt/amp meter. So happens a friend gifted me one so I am ready now to go ahead with the servicing of my monoblock Dynaco MKIII 's. The reason I had asked about using a VTVM was because in the original Dyna Kit instructions a VTVM was recommended. [Since they are not even made now, I simply had to ask you]. Now must beg or borrow a Variac. Just last night I dug the amps out and noticed they had had the capacitors underneath replaced before. Since all the tubes were in place, I decided to take fate in hand and fire one of them up. To my delight it sounded good right away, and after 5 min it sweetened up considerably. The Mullard tubes sure are what they say....top shelf stuff.
Not going to run it further until after replacement of the original caps on top (they got rather warm after 10min) but just saying that if one is very fortunate...a bit if a risk can sometimes not result in disaster. Will carry on towards recapping the both of them and eventually trying my vinyl through them with a decent preamp and the Tannoys.
Hope you would welcome a bit of discussion with me the odd time? Cheers and be well.
Yours in faith, Jordan
Thanks for your very interesting input, Jordan. You really need to use a Current Limiter when starting up electronic gear that's been sitting quite a while. Also, any electrolytic capacitors that feel warm (or even worse, hot) to the touch are leaky and must be replaced. Best of luck with your Dynaco resurrection.
@@UncleDoug thanks friend
Thank you so much for your videos. Your explanations are so clear and concise. And taking people through the whole diagram/schematic step by step is EXTREMELY helpful. If you weren't/aren't a teacher as a profession, you should've been. Awesome work and thank you so much again!
You're quite welcome. I was a teacher for many years. Thanks for your nice comments.
Wonderfully articulate... All the books I've read I've never seen the inter reaction of AC & DC currents, capacitors, and transformers explained the way you did here. This fundamental knowledge was holding me back, now schematics make so much more sense. Lightbulb moment, Thank you.
You're welcome, Scott. It's great to hear that the videos are helpful and informative. Thanks for watching....and for your very kind comments :)
Thanks Uncle Doug for helping us get interested by showing us what must be boring to you but well needed by us here !
How some amp designers can make a bad sounding preamp section is a mystery to me !
You're welcome, IJ. Glad it was informative :)
i have no wants to build one or to ever repair them, However, the in-depth explanation is more than perfect and useful for other things! very very happy you made this video! Thank you !
You're welcome, Pat :)