Too many artists abandon their projects before they even start... That's creative anxiety, it's a real art killer. Drawing quick, pressure-free thumbnails can help. Believe in yourself, make your ideas happen ! As always, joy and inspiration to you 😊😊✨✨🎨🎨🔥🔥
Hi Florent, thanks for your VERY USEFUL advice, I think that the problem for most people (myself included) is having to go in a hurry, we want to pass on the canvas already, forgetting that the masters have spent hours, days, months to design the works of art that we admire today, when the most satisfying part of the work is the creation and design of it. Greetings from a young youtuber and painter!
Exactly Paolo, and that's why thumbnails help because they satisfy this compulsion to hurry without actually involving too much effort and material. Greetings from France.
BRAVO!!!! I was taught this in sophomore yr. in high school. I eventually forgot or just didn't bother drawing the thumbnails and thought I would fiddle the drawing on canvass (which explains alot). That's why I have so many empty blank drawing books staring at me as I go by them. Thank you for reminding me what the other fundamental techniques are to getting at least in my thinking, the correct way of doing things. I forgot about the grid too. And here I call myself an artist. Big thump on my head..thank you again. My light bulb on top of my head finally turned on. I just needed you to turn on the switch. 💡👍
Thank you so much! It's rare that any visual art video holds my attention. But yours has a more universal approach. Your video celebrates the native inborn human imagination and the kind of process/ processes that lead us towards actually making art. I love that you have taken the time to emphasize these vast areas; the surface, the nothingness, the barest slightest suggestion of an idea. For myself I took a technique from a favourite teacher of mine, which is to make occasional spills of paint, usually just a wash of some vague neutral colour, and pour, splash or drip onto a surface, watch it run and spread and do its thing, search out the randomness for something appealing or recognizable or funny or whatever, and start the process of generating subject material that way. I realize this wouldn't be helpful for any artist who already knows what their next piece will look like, or what subject matter, etc. My teacher who passed this along to me was John Gould, who taught at the Ontario College of Art for many years. Anyway, I mention this just because there are unlimited numbers of ways to approach and ready yourself for your next piece . My high school teachers enforced the importance of thumbnails. Many thumbnails. From the start, I've always loved the look of thumbnails for their protean potential. Before I turn this into a grand saga, just let me applaud your sensibility. Thank you for not offering 'short cuts' or anything about the whole issue of how an artist stays alive, stays afloat, makes money, etc. So many art videos weave that matter into their delivery and it turns me off. So, what I'm saying here is I really appreciate your focus on the part of us that is open, and seeking for the sake of being alive, not the part of us that is driven towards pleasing other people in the interests of selling. Because I think all of that stuff is after the fact, and only at best, relevant to some but not all artists.
Yes, you explained it perfectly. Knowing I can't hope to do it all, as much as I might want to. So many many possibilities for wonder and artistic exploration sometimes becomes so overwhelming that I feel paralyzed for a time. It becomes necessary to put things through filter and narrow the choices. Having a practice like the thumbnails to consistently process ideas is very helpful. Guided exercises can also help us to find what is a better fit for our Art making. Thank you for pointing this out.
I often also struggle with this and some periods of discouragement between artworks. I think most important is to see it as a process, as something that is built up and needs to be discovered. The great art piece will not come all at once with a magic wand. We often fall into the trap of impatience. We have an idea, with a vague feeling of what it should look like and we overlook the preparation stage that we rush because we are excited to start our new painting. But rushing is only a recipe for chaos as we start on quicksand : the more we progress in the painting, the more we get confused and unsure it it. Composition, shapes, colors, the more we progress, the more the whole paining appears unbalanced and it becomes impossible to juggle with these parameters all at once. So, spending more time on preparation is key. Thumbnails help to lay out a good composition with some spontaneity/movement. Once the thumbnail is done, together with the choice of palette, we are on solid ground to start the detailed sketch and progress steadily in the right direction.
Thumbnails are so good because their tiny size frees the artist from worrying about realistic details. They can concentrate on subject matter and composition. Thank you!
Love this. Masterpieces are made slowly and with thoughts and ideas first. I never understood why anyone would ever just sit in front of a blank canvas and hope something comes up. Even if I do the work never reveals itself the way I think it will. All my best paintings and drawings start in my mind. I build it first in my head and ponder what I am trying to say days, weeks, or months before I even place the canvas in front of me and by that time I don't waste time and just get right to it but it still takes weeks and months before its done. Never bother staring at a blank canvas hoping an idea will pop in your head
Thank you so much. Very helpful video. I am mainly interested in landscape painting and don't work in oil but many of your videos speak directly to the general practices and attitudes that I need to improve my art. Creative anxiety is absolutely it and it is crippling. I feel driven to create but then I hit a 'white' brick wall. Wishing you success and all the best in your work. ❤
I was in the dark early this year. I realized this over the summer when I gave up on perspective as I got nowhere. I would make these thumbnails with great perspectives. However, when I tried to build things into the perspective, it felt flat and boring. When I started learning composition, everything opened up to me and I realized composition is first THEN, perspective comes in later to enhance it. I realized I could quickly build composition faster in thumbnail than building perspective and trying to fit a composition in that perspective. The insight came when I was looking at art with no type of perspective, yet I was still drawn to it. Something made me stay and be engaged. That's when I abandoned perspective and learned that this was called composition. Then I realized I could just go back in and add perspective into the composition before the final painting. It didn't mentally tax me as much being constrained in the perspective I built.
Thank you for your wise advice, art has always seduced me but when I was faced with creating something I was paralyzed but with your approach I think I am going to start a new perspective.
Thanks Florent, a timely reminder! I remember a course by Nathan Fowkes in which he repeated the importance of playing with thumbnail compositions...he has hundreds of sketchbooks full of ideas!
People say to me 'you are so motivated' because I do art, at least a small sketch, every day. I don't believe in motivation, I think that's the secret. I only get going once I start, not before. Same with writing.
clever, useful, insightful, professional but absolutely exhausting. clearly this is your work. To have to prepare so much and agonize over each procedure must be tiring both mentally and emotionally. I wish you well you have made me realise how lucky I am just to paint for fun.
I like to even take a step back from the thumbnails, I start with a piece of paper and cut out the canvas size from the centre of it, then cut the canvas size into different shapes and try to re-arrange the shapes inside the leftover frame. simple shapes, rectangles, squares, circles, triangles etc. and try come up with an interesting balance of shapes. Once I am happy, I will take a picture and then scramble the pieces and come up with a new one. Then once I have a number of variations, I will go back and pick my favourite ones. The ability to scramble the pieces in a random order, helps me come up with variations that I might not have come up with if I had sketched them, it is also much faster to come up with a number of variations than if I sketched each one. I usually start simple with 3 - 7 pieces cut out, an odd number of shapes seems to work best for me. I create three tiers of sizes, large, medium, small. Large shapes translate to elements in the foreground, whilst the smaller shapes translate to things in the background etc. Don't like a shape that I cut out? I will remove it, this removed shape now becomes part of the negative space in the composition. Overlapping shapes also creates more negative space. I find that this helps me establish a strong and balanced positive and negative space in the artwork to begin with. Then I move to the thumbnail method and start thinking about what elements of my idea might fit inside these basic shapes.
I've always struggled with thumbnails. I never like anything except for the first idea I had. It's definitely impatience. I want to get going with drawing the piece! I'm definitely going to practice with my favorite works. Thabk you!
Great clear advice 👌 i have a terrible block with this procedure 🙈 im hoping this will push my Extremely annoying brain and procrastination over the edge to the otherside 😅 i could scream at myself for avoiding what i know makes perfect sense and will help me big time !! have a great day 😀
I think of a subject, then decide it is beyond my skill level and abandon it. Rinse and repeat. Finally come up with an idea that I think I can accomplish and draw it at full scale (but still on paper, not canvas). So I skip the thumbnail step. After watching this video, I'm considering my process. Wondering if some of those rejected ideas could have been possible, if I'd at least tried them at thumbnail size? No promises that I'll change my ways, but at least something to ponder. Thank you!
Interesting, because my painting ideas appear effortlessly to me. Like I see the picture in front of my eyes. My problem is that I am not a good enough artist to Transfer on paper well enough the picture in my head on paper ...
THank you Florent, I seem to get stuck in between the thumbnail and the final coposition with reference material. Do you actually get models and photograph them or use hunt for hours or days on stock photo sites for the right figure and facial expression as reference?
Hmmm, funny. I have a number of ideas running around in my brain: stuff I want to paint sometime. BUT... I feel my work isn't good enough to start on these images. I need to get better first as they are not just a simple landscape or seascape. So I find myself doing waves, landscapes and the odd portrait (which I thoroughly enjoy btw). But the REAL art, the stuff where I want to tell a story, bring across a message... that I don't want to mess up because I tried too early. That all said, great vid and thanks for underlining the importance of thumbnails.
If I can give you and @Peacein Jesus only one bit of useful advice... even if you feel your skill-level isn't "good enough," do the painting you want to do, anyway. Do your best, but don't obssess about making it perfect. Once your skills have improved, you can always do another, better version of the picture. Keep painting it as many times as you like, 'til you're finally satisfied. My old professor used to say, "there is no 'Art Police' coming to take you away to 'Art Jail' because of a bad painting." Once that bit of wisdom (finally) sank into my hard head, it was actually pretty liberating. Anyway, hope that helps. All the best, my friends.
@@pcdm43145 thanks for the advice, much appreciated. First step: make some reference pics with a model. Then thumbnails for a good composition. Cheers, I'm kinda feeling the stoke already!
One trick that I use when I find a great reference picture is to use it like 8 times and try different combinations. I did a portrait session and painted the same woman face but using different colors and techniques and non of my followers noticed its different
Yes. Very helpful. I'm about to abandon a painting halfway through as I realize I never planned the composition nor did a thumbnail sketch....its not sitting right on the canvas.
That's too bad, maybe don't give up on this one. You can still change the composition and use thumbnails for the modifications (and also for your next painting, definitely !)
I put the blank canvas on my easel and then just go about rambling around doing whatever I’m going to do anyway. Eventually, days sometimes, that god damn blank canvas is bothering me so much that I can no longer ignore it and have to begin. Once I begin I become obsessed with painting it. What ever the painting is going to be becomes clear during the painting process. Sometimes it’s abstract, sometimes figurative, sometimes landscape, sometimes lots of realism and sometimes distorted realismish. I avoid a planning process as this calls to much of my tendency to intellectualize and engineer it when I am always striving to be as intuitive as possible.
I’d like to link this to art collectors who ask: “how many hours did it take u to paint this?” 😅 u describe some of this technical process very well…. Then there is the emotional and deeper inner process…. 😊Then some paintings can hang on the wall for month and years before one knows how to finish.
Today...when I did Plein air painting..I jumped onto canvas did blocking...then realized that composition wasn't right. I jumped in because of losing light soon...but... thumbnails could have saved my canvas🙄
I love the output of art, but damn, I have a pragmatic brain so listening to abstract talk like "exploring the canvas to give you inspiration of what you want to draw", it's hard.
I think I should also mention that I'm thoroughly impressed by people who produce beautiful art, like the drawing you showed in the start. Not in a million years could I be able to draw such a thing :D
Thankfully we have AI now to help with inspiration and references. And all the "artist" gatekeepers of new tools and mediums can cry more. lol Art is and always will be about the freedom to use any tool and process we can. The end result is all that matters to us. Next people will cry about the golden ratio and perspective maths being used... Although it is still much faster to do these micro sketches than to do 100 iterations of AI generations with a paragraph of various descriptions to finally get something viable.
Too many artists abandon their projects before they even start... That's creative anxiety, it's a real art killer. Drawing quick, pressure-free thumbnails can help. Believe in yourself, make your ideas happen ! As always, joy and inspiration to you 😊😊✨✨🎨🎨🔥🔥
Thank you for your hard work, sir Florent Farges.
Hi Florent, thanks for your VERY USEFUL advice, I think that the problem for most people (myself included) is having to go in a hurry, we want to pass on the canvas already, forgetting that the masters have spent hours, days, months to design the works of art that we admire today, when the most satisfying part of the work is the creation and design of it.
Greetings from a young youtuber and painter!
Exactly Paolo, and that's why thumbnails help because they satisfy this compulsion to hurry without actually involving too much effort and material. Greetings from France.
BRAVO!!!! I was taught this in sophomore yr. in high school. I eventually forgot or just didn't bother drawing the thumbnails and thought I would fiddle the drawing on canvass (which explains alot). That's why I have so many empty blank drawing books staring at me as I go by them. Thank you for reminding me what the other fundamental techniques are to getting at least in my thinking, the correct way of doing things. I forgot about the grid too. And here I call myself an artist. Big thump on my head..thank you again. My light bulb on top of my head finally turned on. I just needed you to turn on the switch. 💡👍
Thank you so much!
It's rare that any visual art video holds my attention.
But yours has a more universal approach. Your video celebrates the native inborn human imagination and the kind of process/ processes that lead us towards actually making art.
I love that you have taken the time to emphasize these vast areas; the surface, the nothingness, the barest slightest suggestion of an idea.
For myself I took a technique from a favourite teacher of mine, which is to make occasional spills of paint, usually just a wash of some vague neutral colour, and pour, splash or drip onto a surface, watch it run and spread and do its thing, search out the randomness for something appealing or recognizable or funny or whatever, and start the process of generating subject material that way.
I realize this wouldn't be helpful for any artist who already knows what their next piece will look like, or what subject matter, etc.
My teacher who passed this along to me was John Gould, who taught at the Ontario College of Art for many years.
Anyway, I mention this just because there are unlimited numbers of ways to approach and ready yourself for your next piece .
My high school teachers enforced the importance of thumbnails. Many thumbnails. From the start, I've always loved the look of thumbnails for their protean potential.
Before I turn this into a grand saga, just let me applaud your sensibility.
Thank you for not offering 'short cuts' or anything about the whole issue of how an artist stays alive, stays afloat, makes money, etc.
So many art videos weave that matter into their delivery and it turns me off.
So, what I'm saying here is I really appreciate your focus on the part of us that is open, and seeking for the sake of being alive, not the part of us that is driven towards pleasing other people in the interests of selling.
Because I think all of that stuff is after the fact, and only at best, relevant to some but not all artists.
Yes, you explained it perfectly. Knowing I can't hope to do it all, as much as I might want to. So many many possibilities for wonder and artistic exploration sometimes becomes so overwhelming that I feel paralyzed for a time. It becomes necessary to put things through filter and narrow the choices. Having a practice like the thumbnails to consistently process ideas is very helpful. Guided exercises can also help us to find what is a better fit for our Art making. Thank you for pointing this out.
I often also struggle with this and some periods of discouragement between artworks. I think most important is to see it as a process, as something that is built up and needs to be discovered. The great art piece will not come all at once with a magic wand. We often fall into the trap of impatience. We have an idea, with a vague feeling of what it should look like and we overlook the preparation stage that we rush because we are excited to start our new painting. But rushing is only a recipe for chaos as we start on quicksand : the more we progress in the painting, the more we get confused and unsure it it. Composition, shapes, colors, the more we progress, the more the whole paining appears unbalanced and it becomes impossible to juggle with these parameters all at once. So, spending more time on preparation is key. Thumbnails help to lay out a good composition with some spontaneity/movement. Once the thumbnail is done, together with the choice of palette, we are on solid ground to start the detailed sketch and progress steadily in the right direction.
Thumbnails are so good because their tiny size frees the artist from worrying about realistic details. They can concentrate on subject matter and composition. Thank you!
Love this. Masterpieces are made slowly and with thoughts and ideas first. I never understood why anyone would ever just sit in front of a blank canvas and hope something comes up. Even if I do the work never reveals itself the way I think it will. All my best paintings and drawings start in my mind. I build it first in my head and ponder what I am trying to say days, weeks, or months before I even place the canvas in front of me and by that time I don't waste time and just get right to it but it still takes weeks and months before its done. Never bother staring at a blank canvas hoping an idea will pop in your head
Thank you so much. Very helpful video. I am mainly interested in landscape painting and don't work in oil but many of your videos speak directly to the general practices and attitudes that I need to improve my art. Creative anxiety is absolutely it and it is crippling. I feel driven to create but then I hit a 'white' brick wall. Wishing you success and all the best in your work. ❤
I'm so glad I found your channel! Thank you for sharing your gift!
Glad you like my work 😊✨
I was in the dark early this year. I realized this over the summer when I gave up on perspective as I got nowhere. I would make these thumbnails with great perspectives. However, when I tried to build things into the perspective, it felt flat and boring. When I started learning composition, everything opened up to me and I realized composition is first THEN, perspective comes in later to enhance it. I realized I could quickly build composition faster in thumbnail than building perspective and trying to fit a composition in that perspective. The insight came when I was looking at art with no type of perspective, yet I was still drawn to it. Something made me stay and be engaged. That's when I abandoned perspective and learned that this was called composition. Then I realized I could just go back in and add perspective into the composition before the final painting. It didn't mentally tax me as much being constrained in the perspective I built.
Thanks for sharing 😊✨
Good advice for ANY creative endeavor.
Thank you for your wise advice, art has always seduced me but when I was faced with creating something I was paralyzed but with your approach I think I am going to start a new perspective.
Thanks Florent, a timely reminder! I remember a course by Nathan Fowkes in which he repeated the importance of playing with thumbnail compositions...he has hundreds of sketchbooks full of ideas!
Best video ever . thankyou
People say to me 'you are so motivated' because I do art, at least a small sketch, every day. I don't believe in motivation, I think that's the secret. I only get going once I start, not before. Same with writing.
clever, useful, insightful, professional but absolutely exhausting. clearly this is your work. To have to prepare so much and agonize over each procedure must be tiring both mentally and emotionally. I wish you well you have made me realise how lucky I am just to paint for fun.
I like to even take a step back from the thumbnails, I start with a piece of paper and cut out the canvas size from the centre of it, then cut the canvas size into different shapes and try to re-arrange the shapes inside the leftover frame. simple shapes, rectangles, squares, circles, triangles etc. and try come up with an interesting balance of shapes.
Once I am happy, I will take a picture and then scramble the pieces and come up with a new one. Then once I have a number of variations, I will go back and pick my favourite ones. The ability to scramble the pieces in a random order, helps me come up with variations that I might not have come up with if I had sketched them, it is also much faster to come up with a number of variations than if I sketched each one.
I usually start simple with 3 - 7 pieces cut out, an odd number of shapes seems to work best for me. I create three tiers of sizes, large, medium, small. Large shapes translate to elements in the foreground, whilst the smaller shapes translate to things in the background etc. Don't like a shape that I cut out? I will remove it, this removed shape now becomes part of the negative space in the composition. Overlapping shapes also creates more negative space.
I find that this helps me establish a strong and balanced positive and negative space in the artwork to begin with. Then I move to the thumbnail method and start thinking about what elements of my idea might fit inside these basic shapes.
You are such a great teacher. Love your videos so much. Easy understandable and so inspiring.
With such economy of words you give such valuable lessons 👏🏻 I’m inspired! Thank you
Thank you so much 😊✨
great description of what is the entity of art!
I've always struggled with thumbnails. I never like anything except for the first idea I had.
It's definitely impatience. I want to get going with drawing the piece! I'm definitely going to practice with my favorite works. Thabk you!
Thank you thank you once more for such helpful insights. You are a phenomenal teacher.
Hi thank you for your advice. You’re really good at what you’re doing hope your channel grows fast
thank you for sharing, you are an amazing artist.
Thank you so much 😊✨
Amazing ideas, very good and Interesting video
Great clear advice 👌 i have a terrible block with this procedure 🙈 im hoping this will push my Extremely annoying brain and procrastination over the edge to the otherside 😅 i could scream at myself for avoiding what i know makes perfect sense and will help me big time !! have a great day 😀
Thank you! Very helpful 😊
I think of a subject, then decide it is beyond my skill level and abandon it. Rinse and repeat. Finally come up with an idea that I think I can accomplish and draw it at full scale (but still on paper, not canvas). So I skip the thumbnail step.
After watching this video, I'm considering my process. Wondering if some of those rejected ideas could have been possible, if I'd at least tried them at thumbnail size? No promises that I'll change my ways, but at least something to ponder. Thank you!
Interesting, because my painting ideas appear effortlessly to me. Like I see the picture in front of my eyes. My problem is that I am not a good enough artist to Transfer on paper well enough the picture in my head on paper ...
I have the same problem, today Im going to go for it with his advice 😊
Thank you so much
..ot just help me a lot in my process NOW
I REALLY APRICIATE YOUR VIDEOS
You're very welcome!
Excellent advice!
Glad it was helpful!
THank you Florent, I seem to get stuck in between the thumbnail and the final coposition with reference material. Do you actually get models and photograph them or use hunt for hours or days on stock photo sites for the right figure and facial expression as reference?
Hmmm, funny. I have a number of ideas running around in my brain: stuff I want to paint sometime. BUT... I feel my work isn't good enough to start on these images. I need to get better first as they are not just a simple landscape or seascape. So I find myself doing waves, landscapes and the odd portrait (which I thoroughly enjoy btw). But the REAL art, the stuff where I want to tell a story, bring across a message... that I don't want to mess up because I tried too early. That all said, great vid and thanks for underlining the importance of thumbnails.
totally identify with that!
If I can give you and @Peacein Jesus only one bit of useful advice... even if you feel your skill-level isn't "good enough," do the painting you want to do, anyway. Do your best, but don't obssess about making it perfect. Once your skills have improved, you can always do another, better version of the picture. Keep painting it as many times as you like, 'til you're finally satisfied.
My old professor used to say, "there is no 'Art Police' coming to take you away to 'Art Jail' because of a bad painting." Once that bit of wisdom (finally) sank into my hard head, it was actually pretty liberating.
Anyway, hope that helps. All the best, my friends.
@@pcdm43145 thanks for the advice, much appreciated. First step: make some reference pics with a model. Then thumbnails for a good composition. Cheers, I'm kinda feeling the stoke already!
Doing a thumbnail is excellent because you can control the composition better, your eye can "cover" it completely, then do it big, simple as that.
super tutorial 🙏👍
Thank you 👍
One trick that I use when I find a great reference picture is to use it like 8 times and try different combinations. I did a portrait session and painted the same woman face but using different colors and techniques and non of my followers noticed its different
Yes. Very helpful. I'm about to abandon a painting halfway through as I realize I never planned the composition nor did a thumbnail sketch....its not sitting right on the canvas.
That's too bad, maybe don't give up on this one. You can still change the composition and use thumbnails for the modifications (and also for your next painting, definitely !)
New subscriber here. Thanks so much
starts @ 12:50
Hi Florent. Thank you for sharing your valuable experience. Have you ever heard about the Rosicrucian Fellowship?
You're welcome. No, never heard of it.
@@FlorentFargesarts c’est une secte
I put the blank canvas on my easel and then just go about rambling around doing whatever I’m going to do anyway. Eventually, days sometimes, that god damn blank canvas is bothering me so much that I can no longer ignore it and have to begin. Once I begin I become obsessed with painting it. What ever the painting is going to be becomes clear during the painting process. Sometimes it’s abstract, sometimes figurative, sometimes landscape, sometimes lots of realism and sometimes distorted realismish. I avoid a planning process as this calls to much of my tendency to intellectualize and engineer it when I am always striving to be as intuitive as possible.
I’d like to link this to art collectors who ask: “how many hours did it take u to paint this?” 😅 u describe some of this technical process very well…. Then there is the emotional and deeper inner process…. 😊Then some paintings can hang on the wall for month and years before one knows how to finish.
Today...when I did Plein air painting..I jumped onto canvas did blocking...then realized that composition wasn't right. I jumped in because of losing light soon...but... thumbnails could have saved my canvas🙄
Sure, however keeping track of time and light during plein air is always tricky.
👍🏻👍🏻❤❤👍🏻
Thank you for this , I nearly forgot that long time ago i started with some sketches first.
Thumbnails are very helpful. This video buried the lede a bit though
I love the output of art, but damn, I have a pragmatic brain so listening to abstract talk like "exploring the canvas to give you inspiration of what you want to draw", it's hard.
I think I should also mention that I'm thoroughly impressed by people who produce beautiful art, like the drawing you showed in the start. Not in a million years could I be able to draw such a thing :D
The secret is to be less pragmatic and explore more abstract concepts like finding inspiration in an empty space ,you'll get there 😅
Thankfully we have AI now to help with inspiration and references.
And all the "artist" gatekeepers of new tools and mediums can cry more. lol
Art is and always will be about the freedom to use any tool and process we can. The end result is all that matters to us.
Next people will cry about the golden ratio and perspective maths being used...
Although it is still much faster to do these micro sketches than to do 100 iterations of AI generations with a paragraph of various descriptions to finally get something viable.
What's the simple trick?
Thumbnail sketches
🥃
Lots of words… little tutorial.
The only useful thing about this video is its headline.
'Stupidly' is not an adjective is an adverb. Just saying.
Stupidly is not a word.
Man this guy spends 20 minutes for 3 sentences.