What Is the BEST Surfactant For Lawn Care Professionals? - ALL ABOUT SURFACTANTS

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  • Опубліковано 28 сер 2017

КОМЕНТАРІ • 166

  • @edwardkane3237
    @edwardkane3237 Рік тому +3

    My supplier sells Precision Laboratories products. They have a product called Chem-Stik LpH that I swear by. Several years ago I wasn’t getting the results I was expecting applying my broadleaf and glyphosate herbicides. We moved in our property and I started using our well water for my spraying. My supplier said maybe it’s your spray water pH. I was shocked to find that the pH of my well water was 8 on the pH scale after I tested it. After using Chem-Stik LpH and buffering my spray solution down to 5-6 pH I’m getting fantastic results. I recommend to anyone applying herbicides to know your spray water pH and adjust it for an acidic spray solution.

  • @jamesdaniels1088
    @jamesdaniels1088 5 років тому +50

    3:35 content begins

    • @cjohnson18711ify
      @cjohnson18711ify 4 роки тому +1

      Thank you!!!!

    • @lolpantsification
      @lolpantsification 4 роки тому +6

      Thanks! Not sure why it's necessary to have 3:30 of stuff at the intro.

    • @peterbills4129
      @peterbills4129 4 роки тому +2

      2017 Kroger paper products aisle pre Rona. (Colorized)

    • @rong648
      @rong648 2 роки тому

      Thank you

  • @augenmaugen
    @augenmaugen 2 роки тому +8

    3 minute b-roll music video at the beginning = so 2016 UA-cam haha.

    • @NicksDrive
      @NicksDrive Рік тому

      Video was published in 2017 so... lol

  • @bobbyshort1222
    @bobbyshort1222 6 років тому

    A bunch of good stuff. Thanks for the time and effort TGF!

  • @mre3161
    @mre3161 7 років тому

    Great video Matt, I learned something about a few surfactants I didn't know. Thanks BTW your back lawn is really filling in and looking good.

  • @springguntunes
    @springguntunes 7 років тому +1

    Another eye opening lecture from "The Matt Man". Thanks Matt. I understood about the soap breaking up the surface tension but didn't really understand how the others worked. Now I do.

  • @robguilfoil2470
    @robguilfoil2470 2 роки тому +1

    Your many videos have provided me with a great pesticide chemistry learning experience. Thanks for sharing your expertise.

  • @James_Hough
    @James_Hough 4 роки тому +3

    I have used methylated seed oil with Trimec, an amine-based 3 way, and with Tenacity. Good results with both.

  • @GrassDaddy
    @GrassDaddy 7 років тому +27

    Dude you are a walking encylopedia for lawn care, it's nuts!

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +7

      +Grass Daddy it's a sickness 😂

    • @caterpillarman
      @caterpillarman 7 років тому +2

      All we need is The Lawn Care Nut to comment and the we have a party.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +1

      +jimmy Lewg someone convince LCN to join the comments 😁

  • @sherylyoung101
    @sherylyoung101 5 років тому

    Thanks for sharing your knowledge, it is much appreciated. I will be using Speed Zone Southern Lawn for dollar weed. I wanted to choose T Zone after watching your video on it, but I was scared it would kill St Augustine grass. if you could let me know if it is safe on St Augustine grass I would appreciate it so much. I don't want to kill the lawn because the home is currently for sale. I will check back and see if you have answered. I am sure you are very busy. I do appreciate people like you that take the time to spread their knowledge. You are a teacher, A UA-cam teacher. Yard dummies like me need this knowledge. Paid a company to spray and it was expensive. They did not fix the dollar weed issue. I am going to take a stab at it with help form people like you:)

  • @dennis82468
    @dennis82468 5 років тому +2

    Gooooood night...that was a massive amount of information. I didnt understand a word of it but I did stay at a Holiday Inn last night 😊

  • @pablocastro2210
    @pablocastro2210 7 років тому

    great info !!! thanks for sharing!!

  • @LawnDad
    @LawnDad 6 років тому

    Man that was deep but good!
    So these products are better than the actual designed surfactants?
    As for a liquid fungicide - what is the best surfactant for TTTF would that be something like baby soap from what I understand?

  • @Stegs
    @Stegs 6 років тому +2

    been using dish soap in my round up sprayer for years....helps it "cover" the leaf for a quality kill.
    Never tried any of the others, dish soap is cheap, just add a little to each tank of herbicide/funicide to help with coverage.

  • @michelledelaney4271
    @michelledelaney4271 6 років тому

    Do I need to use a surfactant with the N-ext products? If yes, what do you recommends?

  • @Maverick4841
    @Maverick4841 Рік тому

    Hell yeah! I like the intro........do it your way!

  • @jeffborkowski
    @jeffborkowski 6 років тому

    In the yucca / chitosan mixes, is the chitosan serving as a sticker? Is there anything unique about yucca as a surfactant over other types of seed / crop oils?

  • @joeriver1562
    @joeriver1562 6 років тому +24

    Do I need to play the song before or after pplying the surfactant?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому +3

      Martha Fabian 😂😂😂 split it half and half

  • @Prtygrl44
    @Prtygrl44 6 років тому

    Do I need to put a surfactant in my Propiconazale sp? when I mix with water? Thanks

  • @ryanquick9597
    @ryanquick9597 7 років тому +2

    No clue how you kept at straight face @ the 7 min 18 sec part of the video! As always I enjoy your videos Matt!

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      Ryan Quick didn't notice it til now 😂

  • @Imwright720
    @Imwright720 6 років тому +7

    I spray my grass with my soap cannon first then hit it with my herbicides

  • @zacharyechelson5978
    @zacharyechelson5978 2 роки тому

    Where can I find out which surfactants are the best to mix with bleach and what each does by chance, by the way great video very informative

  • @jeffsmith6915
    @jeffsmith6915 2 роки тому +1

    Was there a video about Lawndale after the inspiration song? I was approaching middle age and felt I should move on with my life rather than wait

  • @swflcichlids6879
    @swflcichlids6879 7 років тому +2

    What do you recommend Ag molasses the old timer farm guys would use diesel with Gromoxon and Roundup and I wondered why 🙄

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +2

      +Sammy Ayala ag molasses to stir up the microbial activity and break down dead plant material. Won't kill anything like diesel 😂😂😂

  • @klpinvestments
    @klpinvestments 5 років тому

    can we use dish soap on the tank as a surfactant?

  • @NickOutLoud
    @NickOutLoud Рік тому

    Into song is When I'm Gone by Phantom Sage

  • @neils4501
    @neils4501 6 років тому +1

    Which one would you recommend with tenacity? It says non ionic, just wondering if you could use a methylated one? Also, can you use both in conjunction?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      Non ion, tenacity is taking up really well through the roots so methylated seed oil wouldn't be necessary

  • @krehbein
    @krehbein 6 років тому

    Cool examples from the grocery store. Where do "sticker" type products fall into these categories? My understanding is they help herbicides stick to the plant.

  • @jordankane2606
    @jordankane2606 7 років тому +1

    Not my style of music but the intro was dope. Good info here matt!

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      jordan kane I appreciate it brother!

    • @dboy6400
      @dboy6400 7 років тому

      That's one of the coolest selections from NCS! IMHO of course. Matt, is that a Phantom and is it yours?

  • @triumphovertragedy7860
    @triumphovertragedy7860 6 років тому

    First time subscriber and I would NEVER think of tiki torch fluid very interesting mixture... great vid!!! BUTTTT. You are officially helping home Owners..

  • @tonyslawncare
    @tonyslawncare 4 роки тому +1

    Bro what would be the best one to use with glyphosate? Like round up non selective herbicide weed killer thanks buddy trying to make weed killer work better in the plant beds

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  4 роки тому

      NIS + nitrogen is best for glyphosate.

    • @tonyslawncare
      @tonyslawncare 4 роки тому +1

      @@TheGrassFactor thank you! What is NIS ? A product i can buy ? You earned a subscription from me btw! Before watching this video i purchased hi yield spreader sticker surfactant to try.

  • @jerryhughes5380
    @jerryhughes5380 Рік тому

    "Leaf Tissue" is referred to as the cuticle. The cuticle is the water repellant (Hydrophobic) waxy outer layer on the surface of a leaf or blade of grass.

  • @jefflambert7513
    @jefflambert7513 6 років тому +1

    Dish soap seems like it would be good as well when fertilizing via foliage, or is this a bad idea?
    Also how much would one normally use to a gallon of water when applying herbicides, a teaspoon?
    Much thanks for taking the time to make these videos, I can imagine its a lot of work. I do appreciate it....Thank You !!

    • @jefflambert7513
      @jefflambert7513 6 років тому +1

      Thanks HomeSlice Drummer, appreciate the feedback. That seems like a good idea to apply twice with diluted product. Thanks again !!!

  • @Aboz
    @Aboz 6 років тому

    So do i just pour grocery store sedame oil in with the Quinclorac, or do i have to methylize it first?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому +1

      If it were me, I'd prepare a hearty salad with sesame oil dressing, throw it in a ninja blender, then add that to your spray solution - should be methylized :D :D

  • @ChefDevo1776
    @ChefDevo1776 Рік тому

    Bro you have groceries in tha cart. Cant this wait till we get home 🤣

  • @michaellane203
    @michaellane203 7 років тому

    Matt thanks for all the great content, the Q&A with Pete was out standing. So as a home owner who run mostly big box store chemicals and baby soap as my surfactant. Could I use sesame seed oil to help with my quinclorac application?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      Michael Lane no sir, I would not recommend it. I was using it for comparison. Methylated seed oil is super cheap. I'd check a local co-op. They'll have it plenty in stock for you. Want to try a trick? While you're at the co-op, pick up some ag molasses and spray your lawn with 16oz/acre.

    • @michaellane203
      @michaellane203 7 років тому

      The Grass Factor, Matt thanks for the tip. So the Molasses adds carbon and chelates like humic acid?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      Michael Lane no sir, molasses ads carbohydrates, immediate good source for microbes. And supplies calcium

    • @harryharry3193
      @harryharry3193 2 роки тому

      @@TheGrassFactor you still fee the same about molasses?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  2 роки тому

      @@harryharry3193 what I would say now that I didn't know then is - do feeding the microbes do anything to increase turfgrass performance, and has there ever been a documented calcium deficiency in turf grown on native soil?

  • @paulsmith9868
    @paulsmith9868 4 роки тому +7

    I like an appreciate the advice you give, but do we have to listen to almost 20% of the video, to music that is neither informative or inviting?

  • @aacar4095
    @aacar4095 2 роки тому

    So if it rains before a lawn company sprays, and it rains significantly within 20 minutes, would the surfactant still be sufficient for weed control and fertilizer?
    They used “The Works” surfactant, Urea, Cool Power, and Prodiamine as a pre-emergent.
    Would all of those be ok in that rain environment (raining before and after application)?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  2 роки тому

      I wouldn't worry about prodiamine and urea. The cool power would be questionable, but still a chance it might be effective.

    • @aacar4095
      @aacar4095 2 роки тому

      @@TheGrassFactor thanks much

  • @eskimogolfer
    @eskimogolfer 5 років тому +4

    skip to 3:29 for content

  • @sbuzz5889
    @sbuzz5889 Рік тому

    music is not controlled in editing? i know this is older hope its addressed in future videos

  • @bigbrick1909
    @bigbrick1909 7 років тому

    What is the best chemical to use on dallisgrass and crabgrass. My lawn is bermuda and I plan on over seeding next spring.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +1

      MARQUIS SMITH tribute. No need to overseed Bermuda. Pound it with fert. Watch my grow in videos. I grew my whole yard in with no seed

    • @bigbrick1909
      @bigbrick1909 7 років тому

      The Grass Factor tribute by bayer? I couldn't afford it..lol...I thought about celcius but do I need to add a chemical to the celcius to really kill dallisgrass and crabgrass? Thanks so much

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +1

      MARQUIS SMITH yes sir, you'd have to add revolver to the Celsius to get the same effecr

    • @bigbrick1909
      @bigbrick1909 7 років тому

      The Grass Factor thanks so much

  • @lawnman1226
    @lawnman1226 7 років тому +1

    Is an ounce per gallon enough in the permagreen?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      breeze Lawn depends on what the label calls for. If it's .5 to 1% by volume, convert your total volume of liquid to ounces and multiply by .005 or .01

  • @andyburlison4892
    @andyburlison4892 7 років тому

    Lol now we're rolling our own surfactant, trying out dyne amic

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +1

      +Andy Burlison lol no no, these are similar, but not the same exactly as a real surfactant

  • @derekstahl4364
    @derekstahl4364 5 років тому

    What about yacca

  • @caterpillarman
    @caterpillarman 7 років тому

    Great info. Thanks.
    Did you get any weird looks at the grocery store?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      jimmy Lewg just a few 😂

    • @TOMVUTHEPIMP
      @TOMVUTHEPIMP 6 років тому

      People talking to themselves are the least weirdest thing going on in Walmarts..

  • @sloburnful
    @sloburnful 4 роки тому

    Try Murphy's oil soap

  • @catbirdfeeder
    @catbirdfeeder 7 років тому

    You're a pretty smart fella

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому +1

      +catbirdfeeder I'm not smart, I just enjoy making sense of things!

  • @jeanalexandre1105
    @jeanalexandre1105 5 років тому

    What about Johnson and Johnson baby oil would that make a good surfactant

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  5 років тому

      No sir, these are not to be used literally, just metaphorical comparisons

  • @noelbribiesca305
    @noelbribiesca305 5 років тому

    How much tiki torch fluid per gallon do I mix. I'm using trimec 992

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  5 років тому +1

      Do not use tiki torch fuel. It's a metaphor

    • @noelbribiesca305
      @noelbribiesca305 5 років тому

      @@TheGrassFactor what should I use

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  5 років тому

      Methylated seed oil, crop oil concentrate, or no ionic surfactant

  • @tonyslawncare
    @tonyslawncare 2 місяці тому

    Which is best to use with glyphosate?

    • @tonyslawncare
      @tonyslawncare 2 місяці тому

      So the comment i made 4 years ago haha so you think the vinegar might be the best?

  • @godblessthelessfortunate3175

    Won't seed oil and petroleum based products quickly separate from water in your mixture practically making it useless as a surfactant unless an emulsifier is also added? How do you get them to dissolve in water?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  Рік тому +1

      Methylated seed oils,.etc, are formulated to mix with water, or in container emulsifiers

  • @TheUrbanOrganic
    @TheUrbanOrganic 6 років тому +1

    So I gotta buy a $65 bottle herbacide, then turn around and by a surfactant? You'd think they'd make a ready-to-use herbacide 🤷🏽‍♂️

    • @NETWizzJbirk
      @NETWizzJbirk 5 років тому

      The surfactants are cheap like non-ionic surfactant. Different folks mix them at different rates. Some DO come with a surfactant like Sedgehammer+

  • @apsvend
    @apsvend 4 роки тому

    How do you mix the ratios of these products???

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  4 роки тому

      These are example products, do not use these specifically. These are examples of the "chemistry" not substitutes

    • @apsvend
      @apsvend 4 роки тому

      @@TheGrassFactor that was a quick reply I love your content. Thanks for what you do

  • @DanPrinMan
    @DanPrinMan 6 років тому

    You may have mentioned it before, but have you heard anything about or used an herbicide called Surge? It's like Trimec/Vessel mixed with Dismiss.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      +DanPrinMan used a lot of it! Great for broadleaves, not for sedges

    • @DanPrinMan
      @DanPrinMan 6 років тому

      Nice. Just started using it. My lawns at this point don't have many blw. With such a low level of sulfentrazone, I didn't expect much sedge control. In terms of blw, how would you pit it against Speedzone or other 2,4-d products?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      DanPrinMan better than speedzone. Sulfentrazone has better blw activity than carfentrazone. If it's for cool season turf, I prefer 4speed. It has pyraflufen-ethyl (octane). For warm season, I roll my own 3 way and dismiss.

  • @keithblackwelder1751
    @keithblackwelder1751 3 роки тому +1

    Thought this was a video about surfactants, not a music video

  • @fescuefreddy6529
    @fescuefreddy6529 3 роки тому

    This may be a stupid question... Are you saying we can use dish soap in place of a non - ionic surfactant and any seed oil instead of Methylated Seed Oil or where you just using those as examples as the thought struck you?

  • @dailyDIYdude
    @dailyDIYdude 7 років тому

    Yucca all day for this fella. Have you ever tried it?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      Michael Wassenaar shhhhh, secret secret!

    • @jeffwilliams6101
      @jeffwilliams6101 6 років тому

      Michael you better be selling people on somebody else's natural, ummmm, surfactant, yeah! Matt better too!!! Somebody will not be happy! :-D

  • @TheGrassFactor
    @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

    Sorry CD Andrew for the long intro 😁

  • @usmguy1234
    @usmguy1234 6 років тому +3

    Actual chemist here... in layman's terms a surfactant is a large molecule that lowers waters ability to bond to itself. I'm thinking of making a liquid ammonium sulfate mixture for my fertigation system. Take epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) dissolve in water add ammonia. This results in magnesium hydroxide and ammonium sulfate. The mag hydroxide participates out so you can filter it out and you are left with water and ammonium sulfate. Oh and the nice part is most store bought ammonia already has a surfactant in it.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      Non Ya this guy here! You the MAN!!

    • @usmguy1234
      @usmguy1234 6 років тому +1

      The Grass Factor ha ha! Thank you. Enjoy your channel. I got a venturi syphon for my watering system. Now to start mixing chemicals. If the police don't get me I might post a video about it.
      Edit: joking about the police thing. Kind of.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      Non Ya I wish I was a chemist so I could do things like that - do video it and send me the link, thegrassfactor@gmail.com

    • @usmguy1234
      @usmguy1234 6 років тому +2

      The Grass Factor Definitely will if I make a vid. If you need any help with something chemistry related hmu. I specialized in inorganic chemistry.

    • @aquienpuedainteresar4188
      @aquienpuedainteresar4188 4 роки тому

      That's interesting, what amounts should I use for each?

  • @robsolo4024
    @robsolo4024 3 роки тому

    Is surfactant and adjuvant the same thing?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  3 роки тому

      All surfactants are adjuvants, not all adjuvants are surfactants

  • @youwatch2muchtv
    @youwatch2muchtv 5 років тому

    I thought that was drago in the thumbnail.

  • @DougKremer
    @DougKremer 6 років тому

    silicone based in Kroger? head to the pharmacy and pick up a bottle of the baby anti-gas drops, simethicone.

  • @GuyBucktastik
    @GuyBucktastik 5 років тому +5

    Dude get your groceries home and in the fridge before messing around with teh attractants. Temperature danger zone, man!

  • @GCITurf
    @GCITurf 7 років тому +9

    NASA is gonna be calling you soon. Lol.

  • @czrs85
    @czrs85 7 років тому +1

    Beard has been trimmed!

  • @NETWizzJbirk
    @NETWizzJbirk 6 років тому

    Accidentally spilled kiki torch fuel on the lawn once. It made dead areas that had to be shoveled out and patched. NOT a great idea for a surfactant.

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  6 років тому

      I'm not recommendinig using these products for surfactants. I'm using them as an example to explain how the surfactant classes work. Tiki torch is very clearly not a surfactant.

  • @maxflow151
    @maxflow151 4 роки тому +3

    Look at all that toilet paper. I havnt seen mountains of tp like that in weeks

  • @beckmanb72
    @beckmanb72 6 років тому +14

    Intro is WAY to long

    • @seanmyers351
      @seanmyers351 5 місяців тому

      3 min intro…😂 bro…

  • @jonathans1472
    @jonathans1472 5 років тому +2

    Intro too long

  • @redrock6266
    @redrock6266 7 років тому

    Should I put dish soap on my lawn just before it rains

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  7 років тому

      Red Rock why dish soap? If you need a wetting agent use baby shampoo

    • @redrock6266
      @redrock6266 7 років тому +1

      I thought in this video u say u can use dish soap as a lawn surfacter to loosen up soil

  • @phantomwalker8251
    @phantomwalker8251 3 роки тому +1

    jesus,,with the 4 min intro,,my weeds are 2 ft taller.. damn,,now i cant get out the door.. wheres that match.??.

  • @sbuzz5889
    @sbuzz5889 Рік тому

    i think you need to mention not to use these exact items wash clean or kill the lawn?

  • @ViralAwakening
    @ViralAwakening 4 роки тому +1

    That intro was hard to sit through

  • @biggregg5
    @biggregg5 2 роки тому

    Appreciate the info, but why such a long intro?

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  2 роки тому +1

      4 years ago I was convinced it was a great idea 🤣

    • @biggregg5
      @biggregg5 2 роки тому

      @@TheGrassFactor
      I shouldn't have mentioned it. I've learned a lot from you. Thanks for your videos.

  • @richfarfugnuven6308
    @richfarfugnuven6308 4 роки тому

    Tried to watch this video and it was all music, no content, WTF?

    • @gsxr-fr7fc
      @gsxr-fr7fc 4 роки тому

      Patience is what you needed

  • @ChrisXCXCX
    @ChrisXCXCX Рік тому

    Stickum

  • @CCCC-tq8yo
    @CCCC-tq8yo 2 роки тому

    4 yrs later

    • @TheGrassFactor
      @TheGrassFactor  2 роки тому

      Howve you been? Haven't seen your name in a min!

  • @CCmagee3
    @CCmagee3 3 роки тому

    A three minute entro, are you kidding?

  • @triumphovertragedy7860
    @triumphovertragedy7860 6 років тому

    NEED HELP WITH POA!! Ahhh. tenacity is alittle dramatic, lol.

  • @azimmey
    @azimmey 5 років тому

    Hate the loud music, not going to watch

  • @jimdavidson5208
    @jimdavidson5208 6 років тому +1

    Good video, where's the CONDENSED one? ZZZzZzzzzzzz ZZZ zzzzzzzzzz

  • @rikmiles6531
    @rikmiles6531 5 років тому +1

    Omg. What am I watching here? I thought it was about surfactants... time to move on.. too long intro

  • @ronniebagwell4191
    @ronniebagwell4191 3 роки тому

    The intro is to damn long

  • @fec852
    @fec852 6 років тому +7

    a music video an you get to play with your drone . I'll never watch anything by you again !

  • @carlwheeler3403
    @carlwheeler3403 3 роки тому +1

    That long intro wasted 3 minutes and 30 seconds of my life...that's BS. THUMBS DOWN !!!!

  • @irondiver292
    @irondiver292 4 роки тому +1

    Damn I hate intros

  • @morrison1405
    @morrison1405 Рік тому +1

    You read a teleprompter way better than Brandon.

  • @ymg200
    @ymg200 2 роки тому

    3.5 min of some music before the content even begins? Cut this crap, I'm not wasting my time on it.

  • @eltonjohnfan100
    @eltonjohnfan100 3 місяці тому

    Do not recommend channel. Intro is too long.