Hello everyone! I just wanted to let you all know that I've finally created a Patreon account! If you think that my content is worth supporting monetarily, consider a monthly subscription. Note that I will continue to make videos regardless of how many people choose to support me on Patreon, so do not feel in any way obligated to do so if you don't really want to or can't. Also there are currently no perks or benefits, other than a shout out for those who choose the highest tier (if they want one), so it's really just if you have some disposable income you want to throw my way as a way to show appreciation. Alright I'll leave you alone now. patreon.com/StudiumHistoriae1215
A great summary as always, the Gaelicisation of some of the Norman landowners is particularly interesting because I’m not aware of it really happening anywhere else in England to that extent, although I might just be completely ignorant in that regard
@@Patrick3183 The Highlands are Irish colonies. The Irish converted the Anglo-Saxons and brought them into the Catholic church. There are numerous Irish colonies in Whales, Yorkshire, Cumbria, and Lincolnshire (although many of these were settled by the Anglo-Irish); and Irish migrations into London. It wasn't until the protestant reformation did the English sit firmly as the powerhouse of the Isles. Ireland was a loyal fiefdom of the Papal States and had more influence into England than England had influence into Ireland, until Pope Alexander III sold Ireland to the Normans-- and the English and Irish intermingled and exchanged heavily with one another through the Pale and through Chester and Bristol.
Weren't the Normans in England eventually anglicized? I'm pretty sure that's what happened eventually. So we shouldn't be surprised to see the Normans in Ireland becoming more Gaelic.
@@joanhuffman2166300 years the English spoke French as it’s official language so no. they more influenced us until we started speaking a more latinised English in 1362 I don’t think the Normans who arrived in England were still alive in 300 years
@noodles5492 300 years the English did not speak French, the overlord Norman conquerors spoke French. Still, they had to learn English so they could order the servants, serfs and peasants. Somewhere along the way, the descendants of the Normans were assimilated into English culture, although they certainly impacted the English language and culture too.
Another brilliantly researched video. Thank you, for such informative videos - and you're presentation is also quite well done: you have amazing diction and cadence, a pleasure to listen to every lesson.
Brilliant ,very well done sir 👏 Have you heard of the term "Ostmen"? My understanding of the term is Norman nobility who had assimilated with the native Irish .
Incredible how similar the justifications were for colonization of Ireland in the 1100s to the justifications for colonizations of the Americas, Africa, Asia (and still Ireland) many centuries later
An interesting book called Caliban and the Witch (Federici) also suggests that the British state, after seeing how effectively the witch trials were at disciplining the working class on home soil, then exported witch trials as an important tool of colonial expansion, since the emerging capitalist class had to start expanding beyond the British borders. Perhaps a note for gender essentialism in the book, but it is an important bit of history (the story of the establishment of capitalism)
You made a mistake around 14:30 - there was no English nobility to speak of in the 11th century. The indigenous aristocracy had been completely replaced by Normans.
The so called indigenous aristocracy of England prior to the Normans were a hodgepodge of the descendants of Angles Saxons Freisans Jutes and also Danes - the English of the 12th century being the inhabitants of England regardless of whatever mix of ethnicities were prevalent at that time. One hundred years after the Normans arrive in England, an chronicler wrote that 'The two nations had become so mixed that it is scarcely possible today, speaking of free men, to tell who is English and who is of Norman race'
@@emcc8598yes but how many men were ' free' ? , most of the population , the serfs weren't free , they were the property of their lord who was norman, free men were people like the barons , also norman , the clergy also norman , the only ' free' english would of been artisans who were in guilds ,90% of the population wasn't ' free '
@Smokemeakipper41 not just Normans - an estimated 20-30% were designated slaves in Anglo-saxon times. Ethnicity had nowt do do with any of it but at least the Normans eventually got rid of slavery
Nonsense. Many indigenous English Barons supported William. They were rewarded with land, which many of their descendants still own. To this day they proudly declare themselves as having ancestry that goes back to "before the Conquest". Shameless really, as they are identifying with the collaborators that helped William the Bastard to prevail.
@freebeerfordworkers Nope by the 12th century it was Henry II King of England who invaded Ireland setting sail from Britain in 1171 the same Henry whose family had already intermarried with both the Anglo-saxon and Scottish Royal families with a contemporary chronicler noting that by that time it was almost impossible to tell who was English and whobwas Norman. And it certainly wasn't the Normans kicked out of most of Ireland in 1922...
@freebeerfordworkers Language changes over time with what is now English evolving from Norman French old English and other languages. The significant difference between Ireland and England being not that that the population in Ireland was mixed by the 17th century but rather what the English claiming that the old English in Ireland had become thoroughly gaelicised and using that as an excuse to reinvade and wipe out large parts of the Old English and Gaelic nobility. And I know it hurts but the fact remains the Irish kicked out the British administration from most of Ireland in 1922 following the war of Independence and that well recorded historical fact has nowt to do with Churchill’s or other British peers very British views on Ireland
@suewood8538 The English are a hodgepodge of the descendants of Angles Saxons Freisans Jutes Danes Britons and yes even Normans. And it certainly wasn't the Normans who were kicked out of Ireland following the war of Independence
The best account of this period that i have ever heard, and i've heard alot. Your video fills in all the blanks and gives me the important links, fleshing out the 'drivers' of the Norman invasion. I have enjoyed listening and re-listening to sections. Can't thank you enough. Delighted to subscribe. G Ire
Very interesting, please at sometime extend this to the other years you mentioned at the end. Interesting how the north and north west that was more resistance to English, is now Northern Ireland.
Just a little point: the Normans for a few centuries never saw the Anglo Saxons as 'English', but as serfs. They never spoke English, but referred to the Norman French language in Ireland as 'English'. Serfs are deprived of much identity, or legal recognition. It is often the case ruling classes usurp names: Just as a West Indian, in past centuries, meant as a plantation owner of European heritage in the Caribbean. A slave was referred to by his tribal identity, or as African, or as black.
@@lisafinnegan2860 "Did you know that it was black ppl who sold their own black ppl initially?" There is some truth in that, but my understanding is that most African enslavement was by Muslims from northern Africa. Either way, however, I agree that Europeans didn't enslave anyone in Africa; they bought them from people who had.
@lisafinnegan2860 I have Irish ancestry too as my grandad was from Donegal, and if you go into our tribal past, you'll see our Ùi Neil ancestors ruled a state called Tir Chonail, and it was a separate Kingdom in Ireland. If you know anything about Irish history, you'll know the Ui Neil ran Ireland like Mafia bosses,and it if you touched any Ui Neil, your tribe would be slaughtered or enslaved. I make this point to say this : the Irish national identity never existed in the past. Being from Tir Chonail, being related to Neil of the 9 hostages,was more important to Ulster tribes. As to the Caribbean, of course, Europeans enslaved Africans even if the terms of the contract were for Africans to capture them. By the way, the biggest purchaser of slaves in the French Trade were the Irish Slave traders of Nantes. Africans,like with my Irish Tribal ancestors, were a tribal people who never valued modern-day identity politics and were enslaving what were enemies.
@@MrResearcher122 I'm from Dublin Ireland, living in co.meath near Newgrange! 😁😁 my best friend is an O'Neill! And her dad is Hugh ONeill..a name very famous in Irish history. I'm on the Dublin road to the north. Maybe you'll get to visit your ancestors home someday..😁😁✌
@@Patrick3183 The current iteration is the British royal family is NOT descended from William the Conqueror. As a simple perusal of easily accessible family trees shows. It would pay to know some basic facts about history before makins such statements.
This wasn't an English invasion. At this time the English were still an occupied people living under the overlordship of the Normans, with no nobility of their own and their language reduced to peasent status. This was a French invasion launched from England.
I beg to differ.the normans as vikings invided France and were given Normandy as fiefdom on the promised they would not longer ravage France.they were in fact vikings parading as french...you may change the costume not the personality.
Just a minor point to the central focus but hunting was largely ceremonial in early Ireland, rather than hunting for food which was rarer than other places around that time. Hunting was largely done in preparation for battle to learn the terrain or to strengthen social bonds. In fact eating animals was incredibly rare. Even though it was a cow based society, the cow was resource intensive to take care of, and was worth more alive to them that dead, so would be kept for milk, only being killed when older for very special occasions. Seaweed, nuts (especially hazelnuts), fruits, grains, legumes etc all featured much more prominently prior to the norman then English invasion.
It doesn't actually depict an Irishman specifically, it's a generic "wild man." In truth most didn't see Irish people as quite that wild, but it was the same sort of idea of the uncivilized people living in the woods.
Im a Geraldine/ FitzGerald/ Desmond descendant through my maternal grandfathers line. It was one of my ancestors who got the norse mercenaries off the beach and gained a foothold for the english. Ironic in we lost title after the Desmond rebellions for refusing to starve the people at their cousin elizabeth 1's royal command....rip, james, edward, and thomas❤
I'm sad to say that very few people even in Ireland know precisely how the island came to be under the governance of the English. I myself am a keen student of history, but I know far, far more about the history or Britain and Europe than I do of my native land. This is something that I am slowly correcting. Thank you for this video.
There was no English invasion, dare I say no English settlement of Ireland either! It was all the doing of the papist Normans who invaded and settled Ireland! Pre Norman England had no habit of invading Ireland and enjoyed good relations with the Irish across the sea.
Oh such a vexed issue! You can say it was a Norman invasion, not an English one, but it did occur about a century after the Norman invasion of Britain. So it raises the question of when you consider the Norman descended rulers of Britain to be "the english". Certainly it wasn't an invasion by the Anglo-Saxon or Welsh of pre Norman Britain. But on the other hand by the late 11th century, the Anglo Normans were the same English inhabiting Britain today. This highly pedantic argument comes across as a battle between those trying to pin blame on the English of today or deflect it. As this occurred over 800 years ago it really is moot. That aside, it was the 1100s and in that time any lands lacking a strong cohesive power structure and armies, was going to be invaded. It happened all over Europe, and to Britain a number of times.
It's from the "Liber De vita et rebus gestis Sancti Malachiae Hiberniae Episcopi" (The life and death of Saint Malachy, bishop of Ireland). There's an English translation by Robert T. Meyer you could probably look for.
@@studiumhistoriaeThing was Bernard of Clairvaux had no first hand knowledge of Ireland or the Irish. Sources accredit his vehement (anti-Irish) sentiments to Bernard's apparently passionate friendship with Irish archbishop Malachy of Armagh - with Malachy siding with Bernard's stance on church doctrine against the stance of the Irish church of that time. Of note following a visit to France - Malachy died in Bernard arms and was buried in Bernard’s habit.
The English are a Germanic Invader people who were conquered by the Norman-French in 1066. From that time until reflectively recently, the English had no say in their own rule. The invasion of Ireland was also a Norman-French Invasion, it was the Norman - French Kings of England and the Norman-French aristocracy that invaded Ireland.
The foederati who fought for the British centuries earlier were not invaders although other English kinfolk who came over such as the Saxons definitely were invaders. Although off-topic here, still worth pointing out as early English history also gets-over simpified.
@@neilog747 After the Romans left Britain, the Irish tribes spent hundreds of years raiding Britain for treasure and slives (purposefully mispelt). The Danish and Irish created Dublin as a slive port, where they took Brits before taking them to the Mediterranean slive markets to sell.
Dublin was founded by the Vikings along with Wexford and Waterford for agricultural land and trade hubs not just to enslave and raid they did also enslave and raid peoples which was also happening in mainland Britain where they had carved out almost a third of england ,known as the Danelaw,and built many settlements such as most of York was developed after Viking settlement and a lot of their language forms the root of much of the English language today where as there is scant evidence of Scandinavian influence on the native Irish language as they established a few coastal settlements in Ireland they did the majority of their slaving and raiding from england and the nordics to mainland Europe Ireland was much colder and poorer unless you wanted to steal livestock as they had very little else
The English are celts the Anglo Saxon is a political construct because of the sax Coburg monarchy they needed to lie then because of the wars with Germany the monarchy changed its name to Windsor, you awake now 😂
[7:19] Amazing how you frame your whole video from a completely ideological/idealistic perspective and ignore the deeper, pre colonial economic roots of the conquest of Ireland. Ireland is the English's ruling aristocracy's first colony
Very good. One point to be aware of. To this day, wheat or other seed crops grown in ireland have to high of a moisture level to be turned into flour. They got around this in the past by drying it in kilns. But this could only be done in small batches. Wheat grown in ireland was and is mainly used as animal feed. Are summers are to short and wet. We are a pastoral society for this reason.
Thank you for being so intelligent! Please don't let this go to your head. I really appreciate your very detailed and thoughtful presentation of history. How did you come across and synthesize this narrative? Bless you.
@@sarala9794 lots of research combined with several years studying medieval history 😆 but even so, it's not easy and I've had to gloss over lots of things
Just discovered your channel - very impressed. Subscribed today. You deliver your lecture's in a gripping way. If you don't do this professionally, you should think about doing it. My history lecturer's could have learnt much from your delivery.
Recently I discovered I am a direct descendant of Sir Phillip DeCourtney the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the end of the 14th century . It makes learning about what the English did to the Irish a lot more personal and saddening
@lervish1966 Nope it was Henry II King of England who invaded Ireland in 1171 at the head of what was described in contemporary sources as a large English army who invaded Ireland and claimed the country for the English Crown. A claim perpetuated by every subsequent English and later British monarch right up to relatively recent times
@@emcc8598 Yes, England got dragged into Irish affairs by the Normans. 800 years of entanglement thanks to the imperialistic Normans. So by 1922, of course, the Normans have thoroughly changed the psyche and governance of England. It doesn't change the fact that it was the ruling Normans in the 12th century who were calling the shots, not the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon English never had a bad relationship with the Irish. Northumberland and Oswald had a major connection with the Irish and Irish church through St.Aidan. That all changed come the Normans, who did have an aggressive imperialistic drive - they took England after all - Maybe if the Irish hadn't been piratically raiding Britain for centuries the Normans wouldn't have felt the need to invade?
@@insulaarachnid most of Ireland wasn't controlled by the English until Tudor times and after - see the Plantations of Ireland for less partisan account than given by some commentators hereabouts
Really good detail in this video. Good highlighting of the famine of the 1310s as this impacted much of wider Europe and the world, probably as a result of short term climate impact from volcanic eruption. The plague arrived in the mid 1300s around the same time as the 100 Years War started between France and England, and Ireland was pretty much left to its own devices. Henry VII had some concerns about Ireland as two pretenders based themselves there in the late 15th century, but left it to his deputies to oversee the limited governance in place at that stage. The real conquest started with Henry VIII in 1540, when he declared himself King of Ireland, the first English monarch to claim the title. Having lost France and rejected Rome, Henry could attend to Ireland as the Fitzgeralds of Kildare, thoroughly Gaelicised and based just outside the Pale, challenged English rule. The rest, unfortunately, is history... and not of the benevolent kind.
@freebeerfordworkers Thanks for that. Am I correct in saying that the Ormonds supported Lancaster before Bosworth? A mistake many modern commenters make is assuming that Ireland (or any country) had a strong national identity in the 15th century. It was at least as fragmented as England of the Roses with different lordships backing different monarchs to suit themselves.
@freebeerfordworkers Just asked MS Copilot if Ormond supported Lancaster and the reply was: Sent by Copilot: The Earls of Ormond were supporters of the Lancastrian side during the Wars of the Roses. James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, was a staunch Lancastrian and supporter of Queen consort Margaret of Anjou. After his death, his brother, John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, also backed the Lancastrian cause. This is web AI so to be taken with some scepticism but it does chime with what I thought. My rule of thumb is whoever Kildare supported (definitely York and Simnel) was opposed by the Butlers. By the way, I support the philosophy of your username 😝
@freebeerfordworkers You might find this one interesting... ua-cam.com/video/a6uMm_LQ1sc/v-deo.html I had heard of the Battle of Pilltown in 1462 but thought it was just another Kildare Ormond conflict. This video puts it in Wars of the Roses context.
@freebeerfordworkers Except one tiny little fact that the so called Irish Parliament in the 15th century was the reserve of the descendants of English colonists in Ireland and the so called Irish forces of the Battle of Stoke field were paid mercenaries hired by the Earl of Lincoln whilst he was there. There were also large numbers of German and Swiss mercenaries employed in the same battle
@freebeerfordworkers nope the so called Irish Parliament certainly did not have the support of the majority native Irish population with catholics being prohibited from voting for or standing as a member of the so called Irish Parliament right up the point it was bought out and Ireland was fully annexed by Britain in 1801
I find that history as a subject incredibly fascinating - I am attempting to understand more Scottish and now at the beginning of Irish History. In addition to English and more generally British history and again world history. Mostly what it is teaches me is to respect other’s ancestry. There are temptations to take fixed views based on it to support what one wishes to be the truth of it all genuine or not. One can learn important lessons from history. It is necessary however to be in the present and live life from this position. One is really oneself in the present and most effective for a happy and creative life not living many previous lives in the present.
One serious mistake in the video: the Synod of Kells-Mellifont raised the Bishop of Dublin to the rank of Archbishop, effectively freeing Dublin fron Canterbury's attempts to control it.
Dublin's elevation to an archbishopric in 1152 and Pope Adrian IV's granting of Ireland to Henry II in 1155 should be seen in concert. The Synod of Kells, although attended by a papal legate, was not the final word on the question of Dublin's relationship to England, and the Synod very likely had an impact on Adrian's decision to issue Laudabiliter
"Therefore the monarchical system of ancient Ireland had more in common with a modern day republic than with the feudal monarchies which had developed in medieval Europe." [Badger's Moon, Peter Tremayne, 2006, Historical Note, p. xii]
Colluding with the Catholic France and Spain. Therefore the game of geopolitics made it essential to protect the west coast by taking lesser Britain, just pawns in the elitists sick games.
Some of my best nuns were Ecuadorian with their spin along with true Irish nuts, and they’re ancient Celtic very fates spin on the San Francisco Bay area Catholicism, driven by the Irish
Really excellent scholarship, well researched, balanced and well narrated. I think it is interesting how sensitive some English nationalists are to their own history.
"Ireland, has shown many responses to this situation, in its reactions with North & South of Ireland, and its relations with England. I mention them because everyone tends to know a bit about them. And it has been irreconcilable to until now, anyway. The English representing the highly literate society and the Irish representing a more oral and much more communal and tribal group." [Violence As Quest for Identity, Marshall McLuhan, TVO, Canada, 1977]
Anglo-Norman invasion? Okay right off the bat you're wrong. The King of Leinster went to the court of the Anjevin Empire to seek help in fighting his enemies. Diarmait mac Murchada went to France to seek an alliance. Henry Plantagenet then allowed Diarmait to gather a mercenary army. He brought Bretons, Welsh, and Normans with him back to Ireland.
Yeah and Htlercwas Austrian- regardless of ethnicity Henry II was King of England and claimed Ireland for the English Crown- a claim perpetuated by every subsequent English and later British Crown right up to relatively recent times- funny that
"To be "uncivilized" is to be uncentralized. Civilization is Euclidean. Primitive society is acoustic and oral. The oral world is primordial. It responds to the simultaneous, the holistic, the harmonious- it is literally the abode of song- for us..." [The Global Village: Transformations In World Life & Media in the 21st Century, Marshall McLuhan, 1957, Sec. II: THE GLOBAL EFFECTS OF VIDEO-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, 9: Angels to Robots: From Euclidean Space to Einsteinian Space]
Ireland invaded and overtook Scotland in the 5th century. (same sorta time the Saxons were coming to England). The Scotti were an Irish tribe. The Picts, (native Caledonians) were driven north. Conquest was the order of the day back then. Everyone was doing it. Even internally in Ireland. 4 kingdoms constantly at war, vying for dominance. To be honest, at the risk of pissing someone off with the truth, there was no 'Ireland' (one nation) until Britain made it so. Same goes for India.
You’re so wrong 😂😂 Scottish we’re heavy in Northern and Western Ireland before the plantation settlements, DNA studies show virtually no Irish in the Western part of Scotland but you find a bunch of Scottish DNA in Western/Northern Ireland.
@@BigRed2Partly true - the most recent genetic research shows that related tribal groups inhabited north eastern part of Ulster and the north eastern parts of what would become Scotland from earliest times. These apparently wete the Scotti of Roman accounts who along with the Picts were noted as raiding Roman settlements in parts of Roman Britain. It wasn't until the ninth century that the Picts and scotti would come together under one King Kenneth McAlpin from which time gaelic became the most common language in Alba and then what only then became known as Scotland
Contrary to the usual tripe trotted out - Ireland was indeed a unified nation with a common language culture and system of law from at least the 5th century, with Ireland divided into fifths (Cuaige) and ruled by regional Kings who voted for a nominal High King of Ireland from amongst themselves. Somethings Britain wouldn't experience until at least 1707
Remarkable how this guy asserts what "The English" thought of "The Irish" in a time before the people in England spoken English and rhe people in Ireland were a mix of Norse and indigenous peoples. This video will really rile the Welsh too! The Mabinogian and the Red Book of Hergst reveals how the various authors of those Welsh histories regarded the Hibernians.
The red book is a collection of fairy stories and Anglo-saxon propaganda written by Christian monks centuries after the stories were supposed to have taken place
middle ages up to industrial revolution had travel by sea not land ...meant scottish western isles and north coast of ireland for example was under a maritime rule from Lord of the Isles .... travel by sea changes the geographical and cultural groupings compared to having land borders....the modern day is also effected..travel by air hence the "Ryan Air Generation" ...also the new Motorway System in North & South Ireland has stitched the island together. "British Isles" geologically has its own continental shelf and has over 1,000 islands. Geography & History are twinned. Also the coastline length compared to land area is highest in world.....UK & Ireland has most indented coastline of any of the other countries in world.
Hello everyone! I just wanted to let you all know that I've finally created a Patreon account!
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Alright I'll leave you alone now.
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A great summary as always, the Gaelicisation of some of the Norman landowners is particularly interesting because I’m not aware of it really happening anywhere else in England to that extent, although I might just be completely ignorant in that regard
There was near zero gaelic influence in England
@@Patrick3183 The Highlands are Irish colonies. The Irish converted the Anglo-Saxons and brought them into the Catholic church. There are numerous Irish colonies in Whales, Yorkshire, Cumbria, and Lincolnshire (although many of these were settled by the Anglo-Irish); and Irish migrations into London. It wasn't until the protestant reformation did the English sit firmly as the powerhouse of the Isles. Ireland was a loyal fiefdom of the Papal States and had more influence into England than England had influence into Ireland, until Pope Alexander III sold Ireland to the Normans-- and the English and Irish intermingled and exchanged heavily with one another through the Pale and through Chester and Bristol.
Weren't the Normans in England eventually anglicized? I'm pretty sure that's what happened eventually. So we shouldn't be surprised to see the Normans in Ireland becoming more Gaelic.
@@joanhuffman2166300 years the English spoke French as it’s official language so no. they more influenced us until we started speaking a more latinised English in 1362
I don’t think the Normans who arrived in England were still alive in 300 years
@noodles5492 300 years the English did not speak French, the overlord Norman conquerors spoke French. Still, they had to learn English so they could order the servants, serfs and peasants. Somewhere along the way, the descendants of the Normans were assimilated into English culture, although they certainly impacted the English language and culture too.
Thanks!
Thank you!
Another brilliantly researched video. Thank you, for such informative videos - and you're presentation is also quite well done: you have amazing diction and cadence, a pleasure to listen to every lesson.
Thank you for the kind words
Brilliant ,very well done sir 👏
Have you heard of the term "Ostmen"?
My understanding of the term is Norman nobility who had assimilated with the native Irish .
First time viewer from Ireland,have to say very well done, good work, one of the most informative and nuanced videos on Ireland for a while.
Incredible how similar the justifications were for colonization of Ireland in the 1100s to the justifications for colonizations of the Americas, Africa, Asia (and still Ireland) many centuries later
An interesting book called Caliban and the Witch (Federici) also suggests that the British state, after seeing how effectively the witch trials were at disciplining the working class on home soil, then exported witch trials as an important tool of colonial expansion, since the emerging capitalist class had to start expanding beyond the British borders. Perhaps a note for gender essentialism in the book, but it is an important bit of history (the story of the establishment of capitalism)
You made a mistake around 14:30 - there was no English nobility to speak of in the 11th century. The indigenous aristocracy had been completely replaced by Normans.
The so called indigenous aristocracy of England prior to the Normans were a hodgepodge of the descendants of Angles Saxons Freisans Jutes and also Danes - the English of the 12th century being the inhabitants of England regardless of whatever mix of ethnicities were prevalent at that time. One hundred years after the Normans arrive in England, an chronicler wrote that 'The two nations had become so mixed that it is scarcely possible today, speaking of free men, to tell who is English and who is of Norman race'
@@emcc8598yes but how many men were ' free' ? , most of the population , the serfs weren't free , they were the property of their lord who was norman, free men were people like the barons , also norman , the clergy also norman , the only ' free' english would of been artisans who were in guilds ,90% of the population wasn't ' free '
@Smokemeakipper41 not just Normans - an estimated 20-30% were designated slaves in Anglo-saxon times. Ethnicity had nowt do do with any of it but at least the Normans eventually got rid of slavery
Absolutely
Nonsense. Many indigenous English Barons supported William. They were rewarded with land, which many of their descendants still own. To this day they proudly declare themselves as having ancestry that goes back to "before the Conquest". Shameless really, as they are identifying with the collaborators that helped William the Bastard to prevail.
A superbly accessible analysis of a complex subject.
One of the best telling of the Norman Conquest of Ireland story I’ve ever heard. Great job.
The Normans were invited here by the King of Leinster. De Clare was eventually persuaded it would be worth his while. Better known as Strongbow.
@@kierandoran8196True but by this time a lot of them had intermarried with the English and that's why they are called Anglo-Normans
@freebeerfordworkers Nope by the 12th century it was Henry II King of England who invaded Ireland setting sail from Britain in 1171 the same Henry whose family had already intermarried with both the Anglo-saxon and Scottish Royal families with a contemporary chronicler noting that by that time it was almost impossible to tell who was English and whobwas Norman. And it certainly wasn't the Normans kicked out of most of Ireland in 1922...
@freebeerfordworkers
Language changes over time with what is now English evolving from Norman French old English and other languages. The significant difference between Ireland and England being not that that the population in Ireland was mixed by the 17th century but rather what the English claiming that the old English in Ireland had become thoroughly gaelicised and using that as an excuse to reinvade and wipe out large parts of the Old English and Gaelic nobility. And I know it hurts but the fact remains the Irish kicked out the British administration from most of Ireland in 1922 following the war of Independence and that well recorded historical fact has nowt to do with Churchill’s or other British peers very British views on Ireland
@suewood8538 The English are a hodgepodge of the descendants of Angles Saxons Freisans Jutes Danes Britons and yes even Normans. And it certainly wasn't the Normans who were kicked out of Ireland following the war of Independence
The best account of this period that i have ever heard, and i've heard alot. Your video fills in all the blanks and gives me the important links, fleshing out the 'drivers' of the Norman invasion. I have enjoyed listening and re-listening to sections. Can't thank you enough. Delighted to subscribe. G Ire
Congratulations and many thanks for this. Quality work, in my humble opinion.
Very interesting, please at sometime extend this to the other years you mentioned at the end. Interesting how the north and north west that was more resistance to English, is now Northern Ireland.
@user-bf3pc2qd9sno you dont
This helped to fill in some of the gaps I had about the era.
Thanks
Brilliant video well researched and presented thanks lad.
Just a little point: the Normans for a few centuries never saw the Anglo Saxons as 'English', but as serfs. They never spoke English, but referred to the Norman French language in Ireland as 'English'. Serfs are deprived of much identity, or legal recognition. It is often the case ruling classes usurp names: Just as a West Indian, in past centuries, meant as a plantation owner of European heritage in the Caribbean. A slave was referred to by his tribal identity, or as African, or as black.
And what did they call the irish slaves in the Caribbean?? Did you know that it was black ppl who sold their own black ppl initially?
@@lisafinnegan2860 "Did you know that it was black ppl who sold their own black ppl initially?"
There is some truth in that, but my understanding is that most African enslavement was by Muslims from northern Africa. Either way, however, I agree that Europeans didn't enslave anyone in Africa; they bought them from people who had.
@lisafinnegan2860 I have Irish ancestry too as my grandad was from Donegal, and if you go into our tribal past, you'll see our Ùi Neil ancestors ruled a state called Tir Chonail, and it was a separate Kingdom in Ireland. If you know anything about Irish history, you'll know the Ui Neil ran Ireland like Mafia bosses,and it if you touched any Ui Neil, your tribe would be slaughtered or enslaved. I make this point to say this : the Irish national identity never existed in the past. Being from Tir Chonail, being related to Neil of the 9 hostages,was more important to Ulster tribes. As to the Caribbean, of course, Europeans enslaved Africans even if the terms of the contract were for Africans to capture them. By the way, the biggest purchaser of slaves in the French Trade were the Irish Slave traders of Nantes. Africans,like with my Irish Tribal ancestors, were a tribal people who never valued modern-day identity politics and were enslaving what were enemies.
@@MrResearcher122 I'm from Dublin Ireland, living in co.meath near Newgrange! 😁😁 my best friend is an O'Neill! And her dad is Hugh ONeill..a name very famous in Irish history. I'm on the Dublin road to the north. Maybe you'll get to visit your ancestors home someday..😁😁✌
@@MrResearcher122 did you know that the irish were used as slaves for centuries? And that the elite Blacks, sold their own ppl as slaves??
*Norman invasion of England then also most of Ireland, descendants of William the conqueror still hold a lot of power and land in Britain today👍
Especially his descendant the current king ;)
@@Patrick3183 The current iteration is the British royal family is NOT descended from William the Conqueror.
As a simple perusal of easily accessible family trees shows.
It would pay to know some basic facts about history before makins such statements.
Love your channel
A breath of fresh air here! Irish history being told by someone without a British bias and accent. Thumbs up.
This wasn't an English invasion. At this time the English were still an occupied people living under the overlordship of the Normans, with no nobility of their own and their language reduced to peasent status. This was a French invasion launched from England.
I know but they enjoy playing victim lol
I beg to differ.the normans as vikings invided France and were given Normandy as fiefdom on the promised they would not longer ravage France.they were in fact vikings parading as french...you may change the costume not the personality.
@@andreebesseau6995 twaddle they were catholic heroes
who put a end to the viking age
lmao, such cope
That was so informative. I had no idea that Galic was banned so far back in history.
You did a great job with the Irish place names and did not rape my ears like many non Irish people who try to pronounce irish names and places
I’d rather hear Irish names Anglicized
@@Patrick3183I'm sure you would-no different to the Germans...
@@Patrick3183must be a jackeen
@@Patrick3183but they wouldn't be Irish names anymore would they....
@@Patrick3183then they wouldn’t sound as beautiful
The irish never had a long term unified power system ,which lead to them being conquered😮
Just a minor point to the central focus but hunting was largely ceremonial in early Ireland, rather than hunting for food which was rarer than other places around that time. Hunting was largely done in preparation for battle to learn the terrain or to strengthen social bonds. In fact eating animals was incredibly rare. Even though it was a cow based society, the cow was resource intensive to take care of, and was worth more alive to them that dead, so would be kept for milk, only being killed when older for very special occasions. Seaweed, nuts (especially hazelnuts), fruits, grains, legumes etc all featured much more prominently prior to the norman then English invasion.
You do not get an English invasion until the Elizabeth an era
Incredible video. i had never heard about this conquestador time in Irish history
Chuffed to have found this. There is a lot of good content on UA-cam. However, every now and again a gem like this comes along 👌
I really enjoyed this video, Some great information well presented.
Excellent production and presentation .
21:10 where is this picture from?
Is it a depiction of the Irish?
It doesn't actually depict an Irishman specifically, it's a generic "wild man." In truth most didn't see Irish people as quite that wild, but it was the same sort of idea of the uncivilized people living in the woods.
Im a Geraldine/ FitzGerald/ Desmond descendant through my maternal grandfathers line. It was one of my ancestors who got the norse mercenaries off the beach and gained a foothold for the english. Ironic in we lost title after the Desmond rebellions for refusing to starve the people at their cousin elizabeth 1's royal command....rip, james, edward, and thomas❤
Cmon, how do u can possibly know😂
Normans.
I'm sad to say that very few people even in Ireland know precisely how the island came to be under the governance of the English. I myself am a keen student of history, but I know far, far more about the history or Britain and Europe than I do of my native land. This is something that I am slowly correcting.
Thank you for this video.
There was no English invasion, dare I say no English settlement of Ireland either! It was all the doing of the papist Normans who invaded and settled Ireland! Pre Norman England had no habit of invading Ireland and enjoyed good relations with the Irish across the sea.
@ProfessorOFanthropology979 yeah sure - it was the Normans kicked out of most of Ireland in 1922😅
@@emcc8598 “kicked out?” You were given independence, there was no British military defeat that warrants the statement “we kicked them out”
@@ProfessorOFanthropology979 Ah that always gets the brits sense of superiority lol - yup yez were kicked out of most of the country and good riddance
@@ProfessorOFanthropology979 yup exactly that - always gets a reaction 🤣 The brits "gave" nothing - its literally called the war of Independence
Very interesting and clearly explained. Thank you.
This is very interesting and well done
marvelously concise and interesting, thanks.
A well balanced survey of Anglo Ireland. Well done.
Oh such a vexed issue!
You can say it was a Norman invasion, not an English one, but it did occur about a century after the Norman invasion of Britain. So it raises the question of when you consider the Norman descended rulers of Britain to be "the english". Certainly it wasn't an invasion by the Anglo-Saxon or Welsh of pre Norman Britain. But on the other hand by the late 11th century, the Anglo Normans were the same English inhabiting Britain today.
This highly pedantic argument comes across as a battle between those trying to pin blame on the English of today or deflect it.
As this occurred over 800 years ago it really is moot.
That aside, it was the 1100s and in that time any lands lacking a strong cohesive power structure and armies, was going to be invaded. It happened all over Europe, and to Britain a number of times.
long live ireland
Why do you only have 14 000 subscribers? You deserve more.
Excellent presentation, measured and well-tempered.
What about a video of EU conquest of Ireland..
Have diluted and changed Irish culture in a fraction of time compared to the Anglo Saxon/ Norman's
Hear, hear. EU changing Irish history and soon all history books will claim all native Irish were non-white!
“christian in name but pagan in fact” st bernard of Clairvaux is said to have remarked of the Irish
Can you link the source
It's from the "Liber De vita et rebus gestis Sancti Malachiae Hiberniae Episcopi" (The life and death of Saint Malachy, bishop of Ireland). There's an English translation by Robert T. Meyer you could probably look for.
@@studiumhistoriaeThing was Bernard of Clairvaux had no first hand knowledge of Ireland or the Irish. Sources accredit his vehement (anti-Irish) sentiments to Bernard's apparently passionate friendship with Irish archbishop Malachy of Armagh - with Malachy siding with Bernard's stance on church doctrine against the stance of the Irish church of that time. Of note following a visit to France - Malachy died in Bernard arms and was buried in Bernard’s habit.
The English are a Germanic Invader people who were conquered by the Norman-French in 1066. From that time until reflectively recently, the English had no say in their own rule. The invasion of Ireland was also a Norman-French Invasion, it was the Norman - French Kings of England and the Norman-French aristocracy that invaded Ireland.
The foederati who fought for the British centuries earlier were not invaders although other English kinfolk who came over such as the Saxons definitely were invaders. Although off-topic here, still worth pointing out as early English history also gets-over simpified.
@@neilog747 After the Romans left Britain, the Irish tribes spent hundreds of years raiding Britain for treasure and slives (purposefully mispelt).
The Danish and Irish created Dublin as a slive port, where they took Brits before taking them to the Mediterranean slive markets to sell.
@@garyphisher7375whatever makes you feel better. I’m sure
3000 years ago, some hindus slapped a brit in the face or whatever.
Dublin was founded by the Vikings along with Wexford and Waterford for agricultural land and trade hubs not just to enslave and raid they did also enslave and raid peoples which was also happening in mainland Britain where they had carved out almost a third of england ,known as the Danelaw,and built many settlements such as most of York was developed after Viking settlement and a lot of their language forms the root of much of the English language today where as there is scant evidence of Scandinavian influence on the native Irish language as they established a few coastal settlements in Ireland they did the majority of their slaving and raiding from england and the nordics to mainland Europe Ireland was much colder and poorer unless you wanted to steal livestock as they had very little else
The English are celts the Anglo Saxon is a political construct because of the sax Coburg monarchy they needed to lie then because of the wars with Germany the monarchy changed its name to Windsor, you awake now 😂
[7:19] Amazing how you frame your whole video from a completely ideological/idealistic perspective and ignore the deeper, pre colonial economic roots of the conquest of Ireland. Ireland is the English's ruling aristocracy's first colony
Briain O'Cuiv wrote a great book about the History of Ireland
Very good. One point to be aware of. To this day, wheat or other seed crops grown in ireland have to high of a moisture level to be turned into flour. They got around this in the past by drying it in kilns. But this could only be done in small batches. Wheat grown in ireland was and is mainly used as animal feed. Are summers are to short and wet. We are a pastoral society for this reason.
Well done on successfully navigating concisely a multitude of subtleties. No mean feat.
Very good. Should be shown in schools.
This film should be on British tv, main channel, prime time.
What because it’s complete nonsense lol. Typical American talking bollocks lol
Thank you for being so intelligent! Please don't let this go to your head. I really appreciate your very detailed and thoughtful presentation of history. How did you come across and synthesize this narrative? Bless you.
@@sarala9794 lots of research combined with several years studying medieval history 😆 but even so, it's not easy and I've had to gloss over lots of things
That was great I really enjoyed it. I've never been told how this happened.
Excellent
Great video! You are good at this :))
In the 12th century England was ruled by the Norman's. The Norman's invaded Ireland
Great video!
Such an informative video. I'm from Ireland and it's great to see the bigger picture here.
Excellent history lesson. Very interesting & informative. Very many thanks.
Long live Ireland
I hear that Ireland is subject to a new invasion.
Long Live the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland!
@@ahsanurr4219 The former of which will continue as a nation, unlike the latter which has opted to be part of a meganation.
An interesting fact, Strongbow is the name of the most popular cidar un the UK.
It's such a complex history. I have Irish lineage, but anglo Irish or? Thank you for explaining so well. Great video!
Oh McMillans and MacMillen are the ones how changed to because of st Patrick
Just discovered your channel - very impressed. Subscribed today. You deliver your lecture's in a gripping way. If you don't do this professionally, you should think about doing it. My history lecturer's could have learnt much from your delivery.
Well done, thank you
Recently I discovered I am a direct descendant of Sir Phillip DeCourtney the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the end of the 14th century . It makes learning about what the English did to the Irish a lot more personal and saddening
Normans
@@lervish1966lol it certainly wasn't the Normans kicked out of Ireland in 1922 😅
@@emcc8598 It was the Normans who took over Ireland and England.
@lervish1966 Nope it was Henry II King of England who invaded Ireland in 1171 at the head of what was described in contemporary sources as a large English army who invaded Ireland and claimed the country for the English Crown. A claim perpetuated by every subsequent English and later British monarch right up to relatively recent times
@@emcc8598 Yes, England got dragged into Irish affairs by the Normans. 800 years of entanglement thanks to the imperialistic Normans. So by 1922, of course, the Normans have thoroughly changed the psyche and governance of England. It doesn't change the fact that it was the ruling Normans in the 12th century who were calling the shots, not the Anglo-Saxons.
Anglo-Saxon English never had a bad relationship with the Irish. Northumberland and Oswald had a major connection with the Irish and Irish church through St.Aidan. That all changed come the Normans, who did have an aggressive imperialistic drive - they took England after all -
Maybe if the Irish hadn't been piratically raiding Britain for centuries the Normans wouldn't have felt the need to invade?
Very interesting and detailed x
So the north-west of Ireland wasn't controlled by England till Henry VIII?
john de courcey conquered the north east, however the power of the normans declined after edward the bruces campaign
It was the Scottish who colonised Northern Ireland while the English colonised mainly Dublin and southern parts hence Ulster Scots .
@@insulaarachnid most of Ireland wasn't controlled by the English until Tudor times and after - see the Plantations of Ireland for less partisan account than given by some commentators hereabouts
Really good detail in this video. Good highlighting of the famine of the 1310s as this impacted much of wider Europe and the world, probably as a result of short term climate impact from volcanic eruption. The plague arrived in the mid 1300s around the same time as the 100 Years War started between France and England, and Ireland was pretty much left to its own devices. Henry VII had some concerns about Ireland as two pretenders based themselves there in the late 15th century, but left it to his deputies to oversee the limited governance in place at that stage.
The real conquest started with Henry VIII in 1540, when he declared himself King of Ireland, the first English monarch to claim the title. Having lost France and rejected Rome, Henry could attend to Ireland as the Fitzgeralds of Kildare, thoroughly Gaelicised and based just outside the Pale, challenged English rule. The rest, unfortunately, is history... and not of the benevolent kind.
@freebeerfordworkers Thanks for that. Am I correct in saying that the Ormonds supported Lancaster before Bosworth? A mistake many modern commenters make is assuming that Ireland (or any country) had a strong national identity in the 15th century.
It was at least as fragmented as England of the Roses with different lordships backing different monarchs to suit themselves.
@freebeerfordworkers Just asked MS Copilot if Ormond supported Lancaster and the reply was:
Sent by Copilot:
The Earls of Ormond were supporters of the Lancastrian side during the Wars of the Roses. James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, was a staunch Lancastrian and supporter of Queen consort Margaret of Anjou. After his death, his brother, John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, also backed the Lancastrian cause.
This is web AI so to be taken with some scepticism but it does chime with what I thought. My rule of thumb is whoever Kildare supported (definitely York and Simnel) was opposed by the Butlers.
By the way, I support the philosophy of your username 😝
@freebeerfordworkers You might find this one interesting... ua-cam.com/video/a6uMm_LQ1sc/v-deo.html
I had heard of the Battle of Pilltown in 1462 but thought it was just another Kildare Ormond conflict. This video puts it in Wars of the Roses context.
@freebeerfordworkers Except one tiny little fact that the so called Irish Parliament in the 15th century was the reserve of the descendants of English colonists in Ireland and the so called Irish forces of the Battle of Stoke field were paid mercenaries hired by the Earl of Lincoln whilst he was there. There were also large numbers of German and Swiss mercenaries employed in the same battle
@freebeerfordworkers nope the so called Irish Parliament certainly did not have the support of the majority native Irish population with catholics being prohibited from voting for or standing as a member of the so called Irish Parliament right up the point it was bought out and Ireland was fully annexed by Britain in 1801
Nice vidéo ☘️
I find that history as a subject incredibly fascinating - I am attempting to understand more Scottish and now at the beginning of Irish History.
In addition to English and more generally British history and again world history. Mostly what it is teaches me is to respect other’s ancestry. There are temptations to take fixed views based on it to support what one wishes to be the truth of it all genuine or not. One can learn important lessons from history. It is necessary however to be in the present and live life from this position. One is really oneself in the present and most effective for a happy and creative life not living many previous lives in the present.
There is a lot of salt in this comments section...
22:18 Sorry but Richard who?
Richard de Burg (Burke family line today!)
One serious mistake in the video: the Synod of Kells-Mellifont raised the Bishop of Dublin to the rank of Archbishop, effectively freeing Dublin fron Canterbury's attempts to control it.
Dublin's elevation to an archbishopric in 1152 and Pope Adrian IV's granting of Ireland to Henry II in 1155 should be seen in concert. The Synod of Kells, although attended by a papal legate, was not the final word on the question of Dublin's relationship to England, and the Synod very likely had an impact on Adrian's decision to issue Laudabiliter
Wonderful video, very informative. Many thanks!
Unfortunately the same families still own all the lands of England as they did in 1067
No they don't. Plenty of argy bargy and land seizure since then. Lots in fact.
and you suffer over this how exactly?
@freebeerfordworkerslol that's an appropriate response to the pointless original comment
Great video.
"Therefore the monarchical system of ancient Ireland had more in common with a modern day republic than with the feudal monarchies which had developed in medieval Europe."
[Badger's Moon, Peter Tremayne, 2006, Historical Note, p. xii]
What kind of Irish accent do you have?
American. They're all Irish, don't you know?
Well explained. Thanks.
It was the Norman French not the English
The irony the Irish became good Catholics when the English became Protestant.
first class history, thankyou.
Great video. My dissertation was 'Military aspects of the Anglo Norman Invasion of Ireland 1169-1172
Colluding with the Catholic France and Spain. Therefore the game of geopolitics made it essential to protect the west coast by taking lesser Britain, just pawns in the elitists sick games.
Some of my best nuns were Ecuadorian with their spin along with true Irish nuts, and they’re ancient Celtic very fates spin on the San Francisco Bay area Catholicism, driven by the Irish
Really excellent scholarship, well researched, balanced and well narrated. I think it is interesting how sensitive some English nationalists are to their own history.
"Ireland, has shown many responses to this situation, in its reactions with North & South of Ireland, and its relations with England. I mention them because everyone tends to know a bit about them. And it has been irreconcilable to until now, anyway. The English representing the highly literate society and the Irish representing a more oral and much more communal and tribal group."
[Violence As Quest for Identity, Marshall McLuhan, TVO, Canada, 1977]
Anglo-Norman invasion? Okay right off the bat you're wrong. The King of Leinster went to the court of the Anjevin Empire to seek help in fighting his enemies. Diarmait mac Murchada went to France to seek an alliance. Henry Plantagenet then allowed Diarmait to gather a mercenary army. He brought Bretons, Welsh, and Normans with him back to Ireland.
British?
Yeah and Htlercwas Austrian-
regardless of ethnicity Henry II was King of England and claimed Ireland for the English Crown- a claim perpetuated by every subsequent English and later British Crown right up to relatively recent times- funny that
@@emcc8598 Delusional, England was backwater full of sheep, the Anjevins were French, their courts are in France.
yeah, that's called an invasion...
@MultimediaIreland Nah it wasn't the French that were feuqed out of the country in 1922
Good content. Thx
Interesting-seems to show that the position of the Irish was similar to that of We Anglo-Saxons in Post Conquest England!
Thank you for this very fine piece. I’ve never been to Ireland; hope to one day. ☘️❤️
"To be "uncivilized" is to be uncentralized. Civilization is Euclidean. Primitive society is acoustic and oral. The oral world is primordial. It responds to the simultaneous, the holistic, the harmonious- it is literally the abode of song- for us..."
[The Global Village: Transformations In World Life & Media in the 21st Century, Marshall McLuhan, 1957, Sec. II: THE GLOBAL EFFECTS OF VIDEO-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, 9: Angels to Robots: From Euclidean Space to Einsteinian Space]
Ireland invaded and overtook Scotland in the 5th century. (same sorta time the Saxons were coming to England). The Scotti were an Irish tribe. The Picts, (native Caledonians) were driven north. Conquest was the order of the day back then. Everyone was doing it. Even internally in Ireland. 4 kingdoms constantly at war, vying for dominance. To be honest, at the risk of pissing someone off with the truth, there was no 'Ireland' (one nation) until Britain made it so. Same goes for India.
You’re so wrong 😂😂 Scottish we’re heavy in Northern and Western Ireland before the plantation settlements, DNA studies show virtually no Irish in the Western part of Scotland but you find a bunch of Scottish DNA in Western/Northern Ireland.
@@BigRed2Partly true - the most recent genetic research shows that related tribal groups inhabited north eastern part of Ulster and the north eastern parts of what would become Scotland from earliest times. These apparently wete the Scotti of Roman accounts who along with the Picts were noted as raiding Roman settlements in parts of Roman Britain. It wasn't until the ninth century that the Picts and scotti would come together under one King Kenneth McAlpin from which time gaelic became the most common language in Alba and then what only then became known as Scotland
Contrary to the usual tripe trotted out - Ireland was indeed a unified nation with a common language culture and system of law from at least the 5th century, with Ireland divided into fifths (Cuaige) and ruled by regional Kings who voted for a nominal High King of Ireland from amongst themselves. Somethings Britain wouldn't experience until at least 1707
Correct
@@BigRed2 True
Art McMorrow??
Well done young man 😊
I was born on a Dublin street, where the loyal drums did beat
Very good video
Well you have it correct.
First time I have seen on UA-cam
Remarkable how this guy asserts what "The English" thought of "The Irish" in a time before the people in England spoken English and rhe people in Ireland were a mix of Norse and indigenous peoples.
This video will really rile the Welsh too! The Mabinogian and the Red Book of Hergst reveals how the various authors of those Welsh histories regarded the Hibernians.
Saxon *is* English, and the Anglo-Saxons were English (‘Anglish’).
The red book is a collection of fairy stories and Anglo-saxon propaganda written by Christian monks centuries after the stories were supposed to have taken place
It's a half arsed video that washes over a lot of facts and events. Clueless, really.
It's a half arsed video that washes over a lot of facts and events. Clueless, really.
@@narannavan not even half as clueless as most of the brits commenting about Irish history tbf
middle ages up to industrial revolution had travel by sea not land ...meant scottish western isles and north coast of ireland for example was under a maritime rule from Lord of the Isles .... travel by sea changes the geographical and cultural groupings compared to having land borders....the modern day is also effected..travel by air hence the "Ryan Air Generation" ...also the new Motorway System in North & South Ireland has stitched the island together. "British Isles" geologically has its own continental shelf and has over 1,000 islands. Geography & History are twinned. Also the coastline length compared to land area is highest in world.....UK & Ireland has most indented coastline of any of the other countries in world.
The Irish High King was more of a war chief. It was his duty to reconcile the people to God.
The 'Papists' were the Anglo-Normans, it seems.