It's Tech Tuesday time! Stacks look great and sound awesome, but the effectiveness of Individual Throttle Bodies is a hotly debated topic. And today we'll throw some gasoline into that fire by offering our take on the subject. ..... Haltech Knowledge Base: support.haltech.com/portal/en/kb/haltech Need help with your Haltech products? Contact our Tech Support at support@haltech.com ----------------------------------------------------------- Liked this video? Here are more like it: Fuel Pressure Explained: ua-cam.com/video/SrQsQ1uT31c/v-deo.html Why some cylinders run hotter than others: ua-cam.com/video/UppclOQjs5E/v-deo.html Throttle Pump Explained: ua-cam.com/video/DMT9kVO7fUU/v-deo.html
ITBs are like exhaust mods. Yeah, you can gain a few HP if you do an exceptional job at it but, let’s be real, you did it for the sound (And it was probably worth it)
@@Jay-yg7fp Not at all. ITBs are for people very committed to having ITBs. It’s difficult to get a decent vacuum reference for the other various parts a daily driver needs to be civilized day to day.
You are correct. I run a 8 ITB setup on a 452 cu. in. FE Ford with a hot cam, and it idles like a stock engine. The cam is a 248/245 on a 110 LCA and acts like about 225/225
Yep. My E30 325i engine had a big cam, sounding lump as hell. Switched nothing else but my intake to ITBs, made no power and no torque gains, but I lost the loping sound. The engine was already bottlenecked by it's compression, so my intake wasn't limiting it and as such the ITBs netted me no gain. When I went to a high comp, stroker build, the stock intake would have limited it however and with my much larger 288 cam, the ITBs made it a much more manageable street engine.
@@turbo32coupeI just realized Honda VTEC engines have bigger cams stock than what aftermarket cam sizes are for other engines and cars lmao😂 I think the 200hp k20's have 260 duration exhuast and intake cams on the high cam and 220 on the low. That's why they are so loud and make power at 8000rpm I guess. I noticed with high revving small engines itbs give benefits so there must be other limiting factors and tuning issues for other cars
@@UngluckInc yeah, alphaN tends to be the way to go with ITB's, but I've seen people make vacuum reservoirs to run speed density. Was planning on doing that on my honda but life got in the way. Still have the components, just not the tools or money to finish the project (engine is cooked too now)
@@kasuraga hell Yea because then you could use a turbo because alpha-n is no good for boost. Get back into your project bro you can do it. My project been sitting years and I'm finally getting back into it and not letting life and my dumb feelings stop me this time.
One tip I would like to share on helping to stabilize vacuum readings (at least on naturally aspirated cars, I have not done this on a boosted car) is the use of a vacuum block and some one way check valves on some (NOT ALL) of the vacuum lines. In my limited experience the check valves have helped in two noticeable ways. First it allows for lower and more stable idle vacuum readings and secondly by controlling which and how many lines are allowed to release vacuum you then can better control the speed and behavior of the vacuum loss. I data logged my cars stock plenum vacuum reading before switching to ITBs. I then set up my vacuum block with check valves and data logged and played with different configurations until I found one that gave me reading as similar to stock as I could achieve. Once I figured that out the car became much nicer to drive and tune. I'm already anticipating some hate coming my way as I shared this same info in the MIata ITB facebook group a while back and it seemed to confuse or enrage people for some reason. I do not claim to be an expert just wanting to share my good results on my particular application.
The best use for ITB is when using a big cam , they vastly improve idle and low speed running with lots of valve overlap. I have them on an LS1 with Haltech
@@hoonaticbloggs5402 basically just out of curiosity. But some starting point wouldn't hurt. I'm having ls454 cam with 1.8 rocker ratio, itbs and ported 243 heads.
Do you know why that is? is it due to the lack of a plenum between the valves and the throttles? It seems like that would be the case since you'd have more of a chance of flow reversion with high overlap and a normal plenum intake, vs the short distance between the throttle and valve with itbs. It would seem like it would have less volume to reverse into during idle and part throttle. at wide open throttle, the incoming air would have the velocity needed to prevent any sort of reversion. I don't know if that's the case, i'm just trying to go by how I think the pressure waves would flow in and out of the engine during the overlap.
@@kasuraga You'd think that's the case, less exhaust dilution in the inlet at high vacuum because the other intaking cylinders aren't pulling on the cylinder in overlap resulting in less misfires.
ITBs are indeed one of the most stunning things one can see under a hood (in my honest opinion) And they make some engines sound really amazing, Like the 4AGE engines.
There are a few ways to do it; the old way was is to connect Vacuum gauges to each ITB , (so 4 gauges for a 4 ITB setup)..adjust idle screw on the first one to get highest vacuum reading ..then match the other 3 to the same reading; a manometer setup is more accurate. the second way is to use a syncrometer . this measures airflow but adjustments are made at the linkages to match airflow..to each TB ( this is not universal) ua-cam.com/video/92b_wc6t2dk/v-deo.html ua-cam.com/video/YcUxIlEqHt0/v-deo.html
They were a great carb, I got better results from them than Webers or Mikunis on my 240Z. I wonder if throttle response is as good on ITB injection as the "pre-emptive" accelerator pumps on the Dellortos and Webers?
It's more for intial responsiveness for na cars even though it can increase lil in power but more for responsiveness. Great setup for Gymkana events or time trial precision courses or short race track courses where high hp cars suffer from turbo lag.
I agree. The biggest advantage is throttle response. A plenum slows the change in air pressure in the cylinder, the bigger the plenum, the slower the change.
Woah...... literally one of the most professional and informative vid on ITB's. Could be a great one to save for those needing a crash course on this. Great job!
I have 6 throttle bodies on my car, and built servo control onto each, so I could tune remotely. And yes, each has a metal 3D printed plenum. Looks nice.
sounds very intresting servo control on each throttle body, do you have any specs and pics you can share? i am researching and starting my design at the moment for my honda k20. did you print it in carbon fiber nylon?
Awwww yes ITB. The joys of tuning a motorcycle on an after market ECU. TPS vs RPM. And second fuel table to compensate for boost. Lets not forget target lambda tables for both tps and boost tables. Good video
I recommend dbw with itbs Think about it You can tune how far the throttle opens to the pedal that can change the ratio and make it far more drive able Also change how fast the throttle opens making it more accurate on a standard VE table I've successfully tuned an itb setup with dbw like this and it drove really well and actually made more power because you can limit the throttle opening vs engine speed making the air speed more appropriate for the air consumption
Most modern 600cc and 1000cc supersport bikes are dbw itb systems. And several of them have variable length velocity stack systems. They are very cool!
Only works if you don't have a straight cable pulley to the throttle, like on most pre 2000s cars and even some legends from during the early 2000s. Also should make throttle response a little less direct, no?
@@rachelpurity1 no, because a dbw tuned for performance will open the throttle faster than you could do it by cable. It is just that all people had bad experiences with dbw systems tuned for emissions and starts to diss at dbw systems. A sensor will always react faster and better than we could do.
@@ulisesavila2879 It is literally physically impossible to have a more direct response than with a straight physical connection, so the "opens the throttle faster than you could" is complete bullshit. But let's assume it just opened the throttle faster than I could put my foot down... What good does that do? The gas pedal is not an on off switch. The entire thing is not as well suited for actually driving. It also has no direct feedback, which sucka.
@@rachelpurity1 do you really read and respond to things do you understand? I only told a that a properly dbw system for performance will outperform a cable based one and you are making it sound like a dbw will work so fast that you cannot drive smoothly which is incorrect. Not only that, just telling it is completely bs just because there is not direct connection is like telling that a good autobox is still slower than a manual one. But do whatever you like it is your car and enjoy the feedback of "I need to clean my system, the cable is not smooth as always"
I guess I'm an old school racer, I kept thinking about carburetors and fuel distribution. eg: 3x2bbl and dual 4bbl. Fuel injection doesn't really have as much of an issue. Great explanation of velocity, airflow and the 'bounce' of the air in the plenum. I didn't think it would be as much of a issue with injected engines. Fluid dynamics still plays a part...
I had three two barrel Webbers on a six cylinder Datson Z car with velocity stacks, cam and Heder to mach. It was a fun wild car that sounded like a formula one beast. The only drawback was a loss of torque at low RPM and it begged to hall ass.
from my experience with stack injection on small blocks with alcohol we generally run the engines to 6500 8200 pretty small window to ram tune in that said Ram length definitely makes big swings if you get off too far newer manifolds have long runners but short tubes, visa versa for street itb interesting to overlap dyno curves look in comparison in each instance. Great presentation too Thanks for your insights🙂
We (HalferLand Performance) run a dual 68mm throttle body setup and saw positive maps pressure at WOT (basically boost) even when we were NA. I would recommend a DTB setup over ITB's (tuning is a PITA, especially daily or street setups). Now with the same DTB setup we are making 550whp on just 8psi of boost in our Turboed J35a7 Swapped 06' Accord Coupe 6mt
ITBs are somewhat to an NA engine what a Monster can sized exhaust system is to a turbo build. They are a last sorta upgrade after the engine is already pretty built up and at that point they really give it a kick. On a first gen Miata for example I've personally witnessed them kicking up horsepower from 150 to around 165 on an already built engine. The biggest upsides of ITBs over single are - Insane throttle response (this is what makes them popular in the Japanese and European drifting scene) - Gnarly sound and - every cylinder getting its air as it needs it, no choking the last cylinder or something like that. The modern approach to ITBs, especially in Europe, often includes an airbox around the velocity stacks, connected via giant hose to a dedicated intercooler and intake setup, to feed the engine clean, non turbulent and really dense because cool air. Gives them an edge over the typical style abroad.
My Honda Beat has MTREC or Multi Throttle Response Engine Control. 3 throttle bodies for 3 656cc cylinders. The horse power of the MTREC E07A engines are upped from the 49 hp engines used in Honda ACTY's to 61 hp and the red line is bumped another 2000 rpm higher.
Went from 55hp to 85hp with nothing but ITBs, although the stock SPi system was very ancient compared to the more modern ITBs and standalone! Next is head and cam for more!
If you had a 40% of your horsepower locked up in your original throttle body setup you had other serious substantial engineering failures with how that motor was previously configured.
I suspect the difference in performance was a lot larger back in the day, what with siamesed ports and log-style intake manifolds on small engines and such. Multi carb setups were first, and all the rage for straightening out the manifold as well as getting better response, what with pumping losses made such an impact on performance - and it was all the more noticeable when a quick car made only 100 peak hp or so. I remember ITBs were definitely the rarity back then, generally only found on serious race efforts (and even then, a set of DCOE Webers was just as likely to be found.)
yeah how much of a difference such a mod can make really depends on how good the stock intake was in the first place. say a 2 liter that's doing 100hp stock vs. a 2 liter doing ~150 stock. if the stock manifold/runners are rather good already it's not going to be an easy gain.
Biggest trick for stable idle and return to idle was placing a small mower fuel filter inline with the vacuum log line to map sensor. Acts like a volute or plenum chamber. Takes all the peaks and spikes out of the map signal.
ITB's are for throttle response over peak power. And the glorious intake noise. But more moving parts and tuning issues make it rare. A good tune shouldn't loose much, but it is harder, mostly due to vacuum/maf/map sensor complication, but recent advances have been made. Most throttle bodies these days are oversized, particularly aftermarket, decreasing intake velocity, losing power in naturally aspirated engines.
Hey a very practical and fascinating use of these principles was utilized by Yamaha in the first 2 Gens of the Ford Taurus SHO. They use Butterflies to open Short runners into "ITB's". While at lower RPM it uses the longer runners. In functionality it is very similar to Vtec. The result is a gorgeous center piece under the hood reminiscent of the Busso in appearance but much more interesting. I know from experience tuning the exhaust after bigger MAF TB and Big Bore Butterflies these engines sound like Honda and Ferrari had a love child. Ringing it up past 7 and its a unique experience to say the least. I would love to see what a Haltech could do to after all the tried and true first and second Gen mods.
I run a 8 ITB setup on a 452 cu. in. FE Ford with a hot cam, and it idles like a stock engine. The cam is a 248/245 on a 110 LCA and acts like about 225/225 at low rpm and makes as much power at wot as the original single plane carb setup. The throttle response is crisp. It is tuned with the ITB map on a Megasquirt that blends SD at low rpm with Alpha-N at high rpm. Engine made 550 hp and 600 lb.ft. of torque and pushes my full bodies full interior 1968 Mustang to 11.3 sec 1/4 mile. The greatest challenge is synchronizing the throttle bodies, but if you have a idle air valve attached to the common plenum, it's not as critical. The engine will idle with the throttle blades almost closed.
I am removing the itb of my swift twincam gti car. It is a real. nightmare in lower rpms to work correctly with the ecu. I am a good pilot so I will not need those little extras hp for a race.
The one thing I personally think is missing in this video is the other side of the ITB size, going too small. Unlike a common plenum where a single large TB is only supporting a couple of cylinders at a time, not all 4/6/8 or whatever, an ITB has to be large enough to support the cfm demand of that cylinder and intake runner by itself. Take a 45mm ITB for example, it only has enough area taking into account the shaft running through the centre to support an intake port of 300cfm max. This is all at 28” water test pressure. Yet a single 80mm TB could support 1030cfm, that is more than 330cfm for 3 cylinders all at once which doesn’t happen. So the ITB size has to be big enough even for a mild engine, even stock LS3 heads flow 300+cfm so 45mm itb’s would choke them.
My old boss use to build the sheet metal intakes for big nitous engines I learned a ton from him he was the one who showed me the ins and outs of welding and fan work but these things are pretty cool well they look cool.
The engine I am using can make a lot more power than the drive line setups that easily fit in the car can handle anyway so maintaining or perhaps even losing a little power for a visual and auditory aesthetic seems like a good deal in my case. Thanks for the info.
You just saved me from a lot of headaches, so thanks for posting. I was considering the Harrop Hurricane for my planned 427 NA build, but I think I’ll play it safe with a FAST 102 or MSD. 🤷♂️
ITB’s are somewhat of a saviour for those of us trying to extract big power out of dinosaur engines like the Ford Crossflow 6. I recently purchased a Haltec 2500 and all the accompanying sensors for this very reason. Whilst the Aussiespeed manifold is a great common plenum manifold, it has it limitations, especially on alky fuels. I’m looking forward to even cylinder fill that comes from ITB’s and yes there are downsides if done poorly, but that’s the same as a poor common plenum setup. Anyway, time will tell, as will before and after dyno figures and ET/MPH. I’ll let you know how the JENVEY ITB’s and Haltec go. Cheers.
Agree. Idle stability, ability to cam how you want, throttle response, minimal pumping losses and equal cylinder fill/VE. If that last one is not equal between cylinders, some cylinders will effectively running different mixtures and trouble can ensue. Also expect uneven ring wear between cylinders. Plenums will work, but most flow is shoved to the rear cylinders with inertia. Love the old crossflows.
I'll bite into some controversy. 1 - Most ITB's pull in Ambient engine bay temps dramatically lowering the air density entering the engine compared to an OEM airbox or A/M airbox system. (Yes plenums and airboxes can still be applicable to ITB's but usually are forgotten about.) 2 - A well built Intake Manifold with a single or dual throttle body can still take advantage of interchangeable velocity stacks and dynamic runner lengths with more a stable Load sources for fueling strategies like TMF or MAF and strong VE-MAP resolution. An additional benefit of a single or dual throttle body is a strong vacuum source for brake boosters and crank venting.
Matt, This video is PERFECTLY timed 💙 I'm assisting a good mate of mine , and well know rally driver, with his classic Datsun Stanza rally car. It's a proper pointy end of the field car with all the right gear, including MCA suspension, Holinger sequential gearbox, rack conversion, 5 link etc etc. Power is from a healthy FJ24D running a set of 48mm Webers. Power and torque are perfect for the job and he's not looking for more, however, it is cranky when cold, often wetting a set of plugs on the trailer, stalls when on steep slopes and just generally a 'You've gotta know how to start/drive it' kind of car. After several years of resistance, he's now talking EFI and I'd like to see him fit some Jenvey Heritage throttles and an Elite 750 (No real requirement for anything better featured) Are we going pour lots of $$$ into it and still suffer drivablity issues like the Webers, or are we going to tame the beast? ua-cam.com/video/4VYMGxT8c8o/v-deo.html
GTiR bodies are great and can be had pretty cheap. My non mechanic son managed to adapt a set onto his N14 SSS Pulsar AND run off the stock ECU - Only using me as a phone a friend when needed, as I was away for work 😕👍
The fuel maps are really interesting to look at ,as the airflow goes through peaks and troughs ,going up through the RPM , on my Morrison ITB 52mm on 6800cc .
intake runner length on a car engine works like exhaust spacer on piston port 2 stroke, shorter gives higher rpm performance because the pressure waves can operate quick enough at higfh piston speeds but long ones time the pulses better to get air in at lower rpms
If the cross sectional area of one body is the same as the total area of all ITBs then there could be the same outcome provided the manifold/ plenum is not restrictive. Id like to see a video on different singles throttle bodies...
It comes down to VE (volumetric efficiency). On a NA (normally aspirated) engine there are some losses in airflow and having 100 percent is rare on a production street car. Good race engines can actually have a VE over 100 percent because of tuned intakes and exhaust. Today, many cars are turbocharged. VE can be 200 percent (2 times NA). Some numbers to consider... at 6,000 rpm the pistons are going up and down 100 times per second. On a 4 stroke engine, the intakes are opening and closing 50 times per second. That's not much time for intake valve to stay open. No air can enter if valve is closed at wrong time.
I believe that a point that has not been considered is the "theft" of air between cylinders inside the plenum and the problems of reflected pressure waves inside the plenum, which generates a lower volumetric performance of the engine with respect to the ITB's. On the other hand, the response to the throttle is faster with the ITB's, with respect to the vacuum signal that is generated inside the plenum and its ducts.
I set up a Porsche with itbs on a Haltech 750, tried emailing my file to you guys but never heard back from support. Got it running pretty good on my own though
As far as i can tell, the reason ITBs are so popular on old ford push rods is because the factory intakes are extremely restrictive and ITBs will give a increase in power on almost all ends
people modding yamaha mt 07 should watch this i was saying from the start to them and even tested it if you change the intake make it shorter and bigger you will lose the downlow torqeu you will gain top end but for street riding i like the low end torqeu
ITB set ups are still really common in the Motorcycle world. That said... I'm *so* glad I don't have to maintain them. That's why I pay my Mechanic for.
The fastest race car "circle track" is a Sprint car. Naturally asperated fuel injection "ITB'S" But they control the fuel speed by low and high speed pills "check vales" and the Barrel valve controls idle speed and part throttle until butterflies are wide open. "Veg explanation"
Great explanation of how ITBs work but I don't think you were very clear about air volume flow rate (horsepower capacity) versus the air column length between the throttle plate and intake valve (throttle response). If your single (or multiple) throttle body setup cannot flow enough air at high RPM and pulls vacuum at WOT, you could install ITBs...or just install a plenum that accepts a larger single throttle body (or two throttle bodies). However, ITBs do something different that plenums can never do at any size: Reduce the response time between changing throttle position and changing engine torque output. That's why correctly tuned ITB setups don't just sound snappy, they FEEL snappy. Floor the throttle pedal, and the engine delivers torque sooner.
Real talk about going from itb back to single throttle body. Years ago I was taking dual carb setups off and using a 1050 dominator instead, most people don't want the hassle that comes from over complicated multicarb or itb setup.
You dont do ITB's for the horse power gains, you do them for throttle response. Pair ITB's with a lighter flywheel, a better exhaust and decent suspension. You'll get a fun car for a modest budget.
I have a Toyota Corolla AE111 GT that has the legendary 4AGE Blacktop 20 Valve engine with ITB's as stock. Even stock it feels great and gives the impression that it wants to be at WOT all the time - that's a cool quirk of ITB's I think people need to know ;) I'm about to order SQ engineering 100mm velocity stacks and can't wait to swap them in place of the stock rubber ones. Maybe I'll tune it on Haltech Elite 750 from BGRS ;)
ITBs are kinda like tubular exhaust manifolds - get it right and they can be rather helpful with engine' cylinder filling and give a bump in power/torque where it's desired - but get it wrong and it can hurt it.
I've wondered about putting a homemade tube plenum and individual single barrel carburetors on an old inline 6. No computers or sensors. How well do you think that would work? I know it would take forever to tune. But would it work good enough to make it worth the effort?
Very interesting. Can you address throttle plate spacers and intake manifold spacers? Do they work? Are there other benefits to using them? When to use them and how to know what thickness to use
Throttle body spacers in reference to a single TB plenum style setup is to increase plenum volume. Manifold spacers are used to fine tune the runner lengths to suit a particular rpm point for “ram tuning” Some spacers for example under carbs are made from a non heat transfer material to not only increase plenum volume but to also keep heat out of the carb, in particular the fuel bowls to keep fuel as cool as possible.
with no turbo on car engines they have had intakes with two lenths of tubes so the the air pulses will hit the intake valve when its opening so then a single throttle body is better.edit renault vlio williams had it the 1.8l and the non willamse sport clio mid 90s
Agreed. ITBs are great on a race engine that is tuned to run a small rpm window - love my race engine. However would make a poor daily runner. There you better off with the plenum for better driveability. Several vehicles have in their standard intake restrictiors that can be easily removed and provide increased performance without loss of driveability
I'm about to tackle this exact situation...luckily I'm coming from dual Weber DCOEs. Overall intake runner length from the intake valve to the end of the velocity stack is paramount. I've been able to tune to the 3rd and 4th harmonic already. I'm looking forward to challenge. I'll be running Jenvey Heritage with an Elite 1500. I've already got a vacuum log to go in as well. Will the fuel trims/self learning work well or at all in this style setup?
Sorry mates, I don't mean to highjack your efforts here, it just came out of my head when it comes with the topic of ITBs. I thought It would be a nice combo from both concepts and hands on perspectives. So There's a channel called" Garage 4age", he had done a lot of dyno pulls with different runner length and/ or velocity stacks in a given engine and got some interesting results a side from some equations I found on my self-learning journey.
It's Tech Tuesday time!
Stacks look great and sound awesome, but the effectiveness of Individual Throttle Bodies is a hotly debated topic. And today we'll throw some gasoline into that fire by offering our take on the subject.
.....
Haltech Knowledge Base: support.haltech.com/portal/en/kb/haltech
Need help with your Haltech products? Contact our Tech Support at support@haltech.com
-----------------------------------------------------------
Liked this video? Here are more like it:
Fuel Pressure Explained: ua-cam.com/video/SrQsQ1uT31c/v-deo.html
Why some cylinders run hotter than others: ua-cam.com/video/UppclOQjs5E/v-deo.html
Throttle Pump Explained: ua-cam.com/video/DMT9kVO7fUU/v-deo.html
Tbh would be happy with a stock engine with itb's I don't care about it not having power because the sound makes driving more enjoyable
ITBs are like exhaust mods. Yeah, you can gain a few HP if you do an exceptional job at it but, let’s be real, you did it for the sound (And it was probably worth it)
i just wanna cool car with some coilovers and pushing 300hp max. are getting a itbs good idea for a daily?
@@Jay-yg7fp
Not at all. ITBs are for people very committed to having ITBs. It’s difficult to get a decent vacuum reference for the other various parts a daily driver needs to be civilized day to day.
@@negativeindustrial so getting a proper single throttle body with a good NA set up better?
@@Jay-yg7fp
If you want to keep it simple and reliable. You can build something more wild when you get a second car.
@@Jay-yg7fpyes
The biggest upside of ITB's is the ability to run a hotter cam with more overlap.
4age origionally had itbs. it sounds even more insane with stock intake for smog XD
You are correct. I run a 8 ITB setup on a 452 cu. in. FE Ford with a hot cam, and it idles like a stock engine. The cam is a 248/245 on a 110 LCA and acts like about 225/225
Yep. My E30 325i engine had a big cam, sounding lump as hell. Switched nothing else but my intake to ITBs, made no power and no torque gains, but I lost the loping sound. The engine was already bottlenecked by it's compression, so my intake wasn't limiting it and as such the ITBs netted me no gain. When I went to a high comp, stroker build, the stock intake would have limited it however and with my much larger 288 cam, the ITBs made it a much more manageable street engine.
@@turbo32coupeI just realized Honda VTEC engines have bigger cams stock than what aftermarket cam sizes are for other engines and cars lmao😂 I think the 200hp k20's have 260 duration exhuast and intake cams on the high cam and 220 on the low. That's why they are so loud and make power at 8000rpm I guess. I noticed with high revving small engines itbs give benefits so there must be other limiting factors and tuning issues for other cars
@@turbo32coupesweet
Tuning tricks for an ITB setup that uses TPS vs RPM would be a great tech video.
I believe high performance academy has a very detailed video on that topic
@@jarrodflood1353 yup, use AlphaN
@@UngluckInc yeah, alphaN tends to be the way to go with ITB's, but I've seen people make vacuum reservoirs to run speed density. Was planning on doing that on my honda but life got in the way. Still have the components, just not the tools or money to finish the project (engine is cooked too now)
@@kasuraga hell Yea because then you could use a turbo because alpha-n is no good for boost. Get back into your project bro you can do it. My project been sitting years and I'm finally getting back into it and not letting life and my dumb feelings stop me this time.
Using a vacuum balancing line, or individual sensors with an ITB interpolation device or software are the better way than guessing with rpm/tb.
I think you didn't stress enough how beautiful the throttle response is on a well tuned ITB setup. There's nothing quite like it.
Granted the lfa has titanium and titanium alloy internals, but it revs to 9k in .6 seconds with its itbs
Garage 4AGE channel tests ever ITB setup imaginable
Well what's the consensus?
@@Codeman785 if i remember, they're better when they're the right length.
Amazing channel
One tip I would like to share on helping to stabilize vacuum readings (at least on naturally aspirated cars, I have not done this on a boosted car) is the use of a vacuum block and some one way check valves on some (NOT ALL) of the vacuum lines. In my limited experience the check valves have helped in two noticeable ways. First it allows for lower and more stable idle vacuum readings and secondly by controlling which and how many lines are allowed to release vacuum you then can better control the speed and behavior of the vacuum loss.
I data logged my cars stock plenum vacuum reading before switching to ITBs. I then set up my vacuum block with check valves and data logged and played with different configurations until I found one that gave me reading as similar to stock as I could achieve. Once I figured that out the car became much nicer to drive and tune.
I'm already anticipating some hate coming my way as I shared this same info in the MIata ITB facebook group a while back and it seemed to confuse or enrage people for some reason. I do not claim to be an expert just wanting to share my good results on my particular application.
The best use for ITB is when using a big cam , they vastly improve idle and low speed running with lots of valve overlap. I have them on an LS1 with Haltech
Care to share details and maps by any chance?:)
@@georgegavrylenko1031
Unless you have an ls1 with the exact same cam and itb set up I don’t think my map will be of use to you
@@hoonaticbloggs5402 basically just out of curiosity. But some starting point wouldn't hurt. I'm having ls454 cam with 1.8 rocker ratio, itbs and ported 243 heads.
Do you know why that is? is it due to the lack of a plenum between the valves and the throttles? It seems like that would be the case since you'd have more of a chance of flow reversion with high overlap and a normal plenum intake, vs the short distance between the throttle and valve with itbs. It would seem like it would have less volume to reverse into during idle and part throttle. at wide open throttle, the incoming air would have the velocity needed to prevent any sort of reversion. I don't know if that's the case, i'm just trying to go by how I think the pressure waves would flow in and out of the engine during the overlap.
@@kasuraga You'd think that's the case, less exhaust dilution in the inlet at high vacuum because the other intaking cylinders aren't pulling on the cylinder in overlap resulting in less misfires.
ITBs are indeed one of the most stunning things one can see under a hood (in my honest opinion)
And they make some engines sound really amazing, Like the 4AGE engines.
Would love to see an ITB tuning video. As EVs take over I suspect such things as ITBs will be more popular as it enhances the drama of an ICE.
There are a few ways to do it; the old way was is to connect Vacuum gauges to each ITB , (so 4 gauges for a 4 ITB setup)..adjust idle screw on the first one to get highest vacuum reading ..then match the other 3 to the same reading; a manometer setup is more accurate.
the second way is to use a syncrometer . this measures airflow but adjustments are made at the linkages to match airflow..to each TB ( this is not universal)
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The twin DHLA 40's were the best mod of all for me, the music, the snappy response and fairly substantial bump in torque.
They were a great carb, I got better results from them than Webers or Mikunis on my 240Z. I wonder if throttle response is as good on ITB injection as the "pre-emptive" accelerator pumps on the Dellortos and Webers?
It's more for intial responsiveness for na cars even though it can increase lil in power but more for responsiveness. Great setup for Gymkana events or time trial precision courses or short race track courses where high hp cars suffer from turbo lag.
I agree. The biggest advantage is throttle response. A plenum slows the change in air pressure in the cylinder, the bigger the plenum, the slower the change.
Woah...... literally one of the most professional and informative vid on ITB's. Could be a great one to save for those needing a crash course on this. Great job!
Wow, that was the best explanation of itb's ive ever seen. Learnt heaps. Thanks for your time.
All the technical comments are cool, but can I say how soothing the presenters voice and accent are? Love the way you sound my dude.
this was actually incredibly well put and helped my understanding a lot. i love the unbiased approach with points for cool factor
Those trumpets just look sick, I think I want them just for that reason alone.
I have 6 throttle bodies on my car, and built servo control onto each, so I could tune remotely. And yes, each has a metal 3D printed plenum. Looks nice.
sounds very intresting servo control on each throttle body, do you have any specs and pics you can share? i am researching and starting my design at the moment for my honda k20. did you print it in carbon fiber nylon?
Awwww yes ITB. The joys of tuning a motorcycle on an after market ECU. TPS vs RPM. And second fuel table to compensate for boost.
Lets not forget target lambda tables for both tps and boost tables.
Good video
It would be great to see a “how to set up alpha n tuning for ITBs” video. I’d love to confirm if I’m doing it right on my 4age 20v
I recommend dbw with itbs
Think about it
You can tune how far the throttle opens to the pedal that can change the ratio and make it far more drive able
Also change how fast the throttle opens making it more accurate on a standard VE table
I've successfully tuned an itb setup with dbw like this and it drove really well and actually made more power because you can limit the throttle opening vs engine speed making the air speed more appropriate for the air consumption
Most modern 600cc and 1000cc supersport bikes are dbw itb systems. And several of them have variable length velocity stack systems. They are very cool!
Only works if you don't have a straight cable pulley to the throttle, like on most pre 2000s cars and even some legends from during the early 2000s.
Also should make throttle response a little less direct, no?
@@rachelpurity1 no, because a dbw tuned for performance will open the throttle faster than you could do it by cable. It is just that all people had bad experiences with dbw systems tuned for emissions and starts to diss at dbw systems. A sensor will always react faster and better than we could do.
@@ulisesavila2879 It is literally physically impossible to have a more direct response than with a straight physical connection, so the "opens the throttle faster than you could" is complete bullshit.
But let's assume it just opened the throttle faster than I could put my foot down... What good does that do? The gas pedal is not an on off switch.
The entire thing is not as well suited for actually driving.
It also has no direct feedback, which sucka.
@@rachelpurity1 do you really read and respond to things do you understand?
I only told a that a properly dbw system for performance will outperform a cable based one and you are making it sound like a dbw will work so fast that you cannot drive smoothly which is incorrect.
Not only that, just telling it is completely bs just because there is not direct connection is like telling that a good autobox is still slower than a manual one.
But do whatever you like it is your car and enjoy the feedback of "I need to clean my system, the cable is not smooth as always"
Totally agree with this, but tuning an ITB n/a engine is so much fun! (Eventhough 95 percent of tuning is spent on idling and part throttle)
My bike has these. I think they did that mostly for packaging reasons, but I'm sure it adds to the soundtrack as well
I guess I'm an old school racer, I kept thinking about carburetors and fuel distribution. eg: 3x2bbl and dual 4bbl. Fuel injection doesn't really have as much of an issue.
Great explanation of velocity, airflow and the 'bounce' of the air in the plenum. I didn't think it would be as much of a issue with injected engines. Fluid dynamics still plays a part...
Fluid dynamics *always* plays a part 😈
I had three two barrel Webbers on a six cylinder Datson Z car with velocity stacks, cam and Heder to mach. It was a fun wild car that sounded like a formula one beast. The only drawback was a loss of torque at low RPM and it begged to hall ass.
from my experience with stack injection on small blocks with alcohol we generally run the engines to 6500 8200 pretty small window to ram tune in that said Ram length definitely makes big swings if you get off too far newer manifolds have long runners but short tubes, visa versa for street itb interesting to overlap dyno curves look in comparison in each instance. Great presentation too Thanks for your insights🙂
We (HalferLand Performance) run a dual 68mm throttle body setup and saw positive maps pressure at WOT (basically boost) even when we were NA. I would recommend a DTB setup over ITB's (tuning is a PITA, especially daily or street setups). Now with the same DTB setup we are making 550whp on just 8psi of boost in our Turboed J35a7 Swapped 06' Accord Coupe 6mt
Why would shared throttle bodies ever be superior to ITB? doesn't make sense, all other things being equal
ITBs are somewhat to an NA engine what a Monster can sized exhaust system is to a turbo build.
They are a last sorta upgrade after the engine is already pretty built up and at that point they really give it a kick.
On a first gen Miata for example I've personally witnessed them kicking up horsepower from 150 to around 165 on an already built engine.
The biggest upsides of ITBs over single are
- Insane throttle response (this is what makes them popular in the Japanese and European drifting scene)
- Gnarly sound and
- every cylinder getting its air as it needs it, no choking the last cylinder or something like that.
The modern approach to ITBs, especially in Europe, often includes an airbox around the velocity stacks, connected via giant hose to a dedicated intercooler and intake setup, to feed the engine clean, non turbulent and really dense because cool air. Gives them an edge over the typical style abroad.
A free flowing exhaust is the first thing you should do on a turbo engine. Starting at the turbine outlet.
My Honda Beat has MTREC or Multi Throttle Response Engine Control. 3 throttle bodies for 3 656cc cylinders. The horse power of the MTREC E07A engines are upped from the 49 hp engines used in Honda ACTY's to 61 hp and the red line is bumped another 2000 rpm higher.
Was planning on taking the beat's itbs and putting it on to my acty truck lol
The alfa 33 1.7 16v has a switch in the itb's for idle.
One map to idle somewhat good. And a maf at the begining in the maniifold
Went from 55hp to 85hp with nothing but ITBs, although the stock SPi system was very ancient compared to the more modern ITBs and standalone!
Next is head and cam for more!
If you had a 40% of your horsepower locked up in your original throttle body setup you had other serious substantial engineering failures with how that motor was previously configured.
@@otm646 ask that to VW... Its very common to see 50%+ gains by fitting bike carbs on stock ignition, let alone ITBs and standalone management.
That's crazy!
I suspect the difference in performance was a lot larger back in the day, what with siamesed ports and log-style intake manifolds on small engines and such. Multi carb setups were first, and all the rage for straightening out the manifold as well as getting better response, what with pumping losses made such an impact on performance - and it was all the more noticeable when a quick car made only 100 peak hp or so. I remember ITBs were definitely the rarity back then, generally only found on serious race efforts (and even then, a set of DCOE Webers was just as likely to be found.)
yeah how much of a difference such a mod can make really depends on how good the stock intake was in the first place. say a 2 liter that's doing 100hp stock vs. a 2 liter doing ~150 stock. if the stock manifold/runners are rather good already it's not going to be an easy gain.
Be honest we do it for the sound. And its totally worth it!
Biggest trick for stable idle and return to idle was placing a small mower fuel filter inline with the vacuum log line to map sensor. Acts like a volute or plenum chamber. Takes all the peaks and spikes out of the map signal.
Great explanation, Mate.
Cheers from USA
ITB's are for throttle response over peak power. And the glorious intake noise. But more moving parts and tuning issues make it rare.
A good tune shouldn't loose much, but it is harder, mostly due to vacuum/maf/map sensor complication, but recent advances have been made.
Most throttle bodies these days are oversized, particularly aftermarket, decreasing intake velocity, losing power in naturally aspirated engines.
Hey a very practical and fascinating use of these principles was utilized by Yamaha in the first 2 Gens of the Ford Taurus SHO. They use Butterflies to open Short runners into "ITB's". While at lower RPM it uses the longer runners. In functionality it is very similar to Vtec. The result is a gorgeous center piece under the hood reminiscent of the Busso in appearance but much more interesting. I know from experience tuning the exhaust after bigger MAF TB and Big Bore Butterflies these engines sound like Honda and Ferrari had a love child. Ringing it up past 7 and its a unique experience to say the least. I would love to see what a Haltech could do to after all the tried and true first and second Gen mods.
I run a 8 ITB setup on a 452 cu. in. FE Ford with a hot cam, and it idles like a stock engine. The cam is a 248/245 on a 110 LCA and acts like about 225/225 at low rpm and makes as much power at wot as the original single plane carb setup. The throttle response is crisp. It is tuned with the ITB map on a Megasquirt that blends SD at low rpm with Alpha-N at high rpm. Engine made 550 hp and 600 lb.ft. of torque and pushes my full bodies full interior 1968 Mustang to 11.3 sec 1/4 mile. The greatest challenge is synchronizing the throttle bodies, but if you have a idle air valve attached to the common plenum, it's not as critical. The engine will idle with the throttle blades almost closed.
I am removing the itb of my swift twincam gti car. It is a real. nightmare in lower rpms to work correctly with the ecu. I am a good pilot so I will not need those little extras hp for a race.
The one thing I personally think is missing in this video is the other side of the ITB size, going too small.
Unlike a common plenum where a single large TB is only supporting a couple of cylinders at a time, not all 4/6/8 or whatever, an ITB has to be large enough to support the cfm demand of that cylinder and intake runner by itself.
Take a 45mm ITB for example, it only has enough area taking into account the shaft running through the centre to support an intake port of 300cfm max. This is all at 28” water test pressure.
Yet a single 80mm TB could support 1030cfm, that is more than 330cfm for 3 cylinders all at once which doesn’t happen.
So the ITB size has to be big enough even for a mild engine, even stock LS3 heads flow 300+cfm so 45mm itb’s would choke them.
And they sound so good on a Na setup..
Like some good old Webber 45 mm dcoe carbs..
A heavenly sound in the forest
My old boss use to build the sheet metal intakes for big nitous engines I learned a ton from him he was the one who showed me the ins and outs of welding and fan work but these things are pretty cool well they look cool.
The engine I am using can make a lot more power than the drive line setups that easily fit in the car can handle anyway so maintaining or perhaps even losing a little power for a visual and auditory aesthetic seems like a good deal in my case. Thanks for the info.
You just saved me from a lot of headaches, so thanks for posting.
I was considering the Harrop Hurricane for my planned 427 NA build, but I think I’ll play it safe with a FAST 102 or MSD. 🤷♂️
Just to throw an idea for similar purpose subject video : the RAM effect . Thanks for the technical details passed with a good sense of humour !
My 2000 Honda CBR 600 had individual throttle bodies, velocity stacks, and 4 carbs.
ITB’s are somewhat of a saviour for those of us trying to extract big power out of dinosaur engines like the Ford Crossflow 6. I recently purchased a Haltec 2500 and all the accompanying sensors for this very reason. Whilst the Aussiespeed manifold is a great common plenum manifold, it has it limitations, especially on alky fuels. I’m looking forward to even cylinder fill that comes from ITB’s and yes there are downsides if done poorly, but that’s the same as a poor common plenum setup.
Anyway, time will tell, as will before and after dyno figures and ET/MPH. I’ll let you know how the JENVEY ITB’s and Haltec go. Cheers.
Agree. Idle stability, ability to cam how you want, throttle response, minimal pumping losses and equal cylinder fill/VE. If that last one is not equal between cylinders, some cylinders will effectively running different mixtures and trouble can ensue. Also expect uneven ring wear between cylinders. Plenums will work, but most flow is shoved to the rear cylinders with inertia. Love the old crossflows.
I'll bite into some controversy.
1 - Most ITB's pull in Ambient engine bay temps dramatically lowering the air density entering the engine compared to an OEM airbox or A/M airbox system. (Yes plenums and airboxes can still be applicable to ITB's but usually are forgotten about.)
2 - A well built Intake Manifold with a single or dual throttle body can still take advantage of interchangeable velocity stacks and dynamic runner lengths with more a stable Load sources for fueling strategies like TMF or MAF and strong VE-MAP resolution. An additional benefit of a single or dual throttle body is a strong vacuum source for brake boosters and crank venting.
Matt,
This video is PERFECTLY timed 💙
I'm assisting a good mate of mine , and well know rally driver, with his classic Datsun Stanza rally car.
It's a proper pointy end of the field car with all the right gear, including MCA suspension, Holinger sequential gearbox, rack conversion, 5 link etc etc.
Power is from a healthy FJ24D running a set of 48mm Webers.
Power and torque are perfect for the job and he's not looking for more, however, it is cranky when cold, often wetting a set of plugs on the trailer, stalls when on steep slopes and just generally a 'You've gotta know how to start/drive it' kind of car.
After several years of resistance, he's now talking EFI and I'd like to see him fit some Jenvey Heritage throttles and an Elite 750 (No real requirement for anything better featured)
Are we going pour lots of $$$ into it and still suffer drivablity issues like the Webers, or are we going to tame the beast?
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love the itb's on my GTiR. and have a set of 50mmØ throttles on the bench for a KA24DE project for my 180B Datsun.
GTiR bodies are great and can be had pretty cheap.
My non mechanic son managed to adapt a set onto his N14 SSS Pulsar AND run off the stock ECU - Only using me as a phone a friend when needed, as I was away for work 😕👍
They also sound amazing
Excellent explanation, thanks!!!
The fuel maps are really interesting to look at ,as the airflow goes through peaks and troughs ,going up through the RPM , on my Morrison ITB 52mm on 6800cc .
Fascinating stuff. With so many variables, this tuning has to be overwhelming!
I was literally just researching this yesterday
Love that lava lamp in the background. Retro baby!
Biggest reason to go itbs is the instant throttle response. And the sound ofc
Always happy to see new vid!
Question: Variable intake runners - does ESP support them?
Suggestion: What so special about some VAG engine?
When had a Ford focus. I put on a Ford ranger MAF housing, The hp gains was instant and cheap.
Vias helps at low end power, and when the butterfly opens the second chamber in the penlum for high RPM's
intake runner length on a car engine works like exhaust spacer on piston port 2 stroke, shorter gives higher rpm performance because the pressure waves can operate quick enough at higfh piston speeds but long ones time the pulses better to get air in at lower rpms
If the cross sectional area of one body is the same as the total area of all ITBs then there could be the same outcome provided the manifold/ plenum is not restrictive.
Id like to see a video on different singles throttle bodies...
It comes down to VE (volumetric efficiency). On a NA (normally aspirated) engine there are some losses in airflow and having 100 percent is rare on a production street car. Good race engines can actually have a VE over 100 percent because of tuned intakes and exhaust. Today, many cars are turbocharged. VE can be 200 percent (2 times NA).
Some numbers to consider... at 6,000 rpm the pistons are going up and down 100 times per second. On a 4 stroke engine, the intakes are opening and closing 50 times per second. That's not much time for intake valve to stay open. No air can enter if valve is closed at wrong time.
I believe that a point that has not been considered is the "theft" of air between cylinders inside the plenum and the problems of reflected pressure waves inside the plenum, which generates a lower volumetric performance of the engine with respect to the ITB's.
On the other hand, the response to the throttle is faster with the ITB's, with respect to the vacuum signal that is generated inside the plenum and its ducts.
In short, runner length determines low/mid/high rpm power ranges. ITBs, STBs, or carbureted doesn't matter.
I set up a Porsche with itbs on a Haltech 750, tried emailing my file to you guys but never heard back from support. Got it running pretty good on my own though
Well done, you got a gold star coming
kids… just imagine tuning a set of some 45mm weber dcoe carbs with jets…look’em up
What about Dell' Orto's? ;)
Aaron Neubauer is your man on YT, I learned how to tune mine from his videos
As far as i can tell, the reason ITBs are so popular on old ford push rods is because the factory intakes are extremely restrictive and ITBs will give a increase in power on almost all ends
A large part of good ITB’s is the quality of the butterfly seat.
people modding yamaha mt 07 should watch this i was saying from the start to them and even tested it if you change the intake make it shorter and bigger you will lose the downlow torqeu you will gain top end but for street riding i like the low end torqeu
The snappy response is why itb used in almost every motorcycle and NA race engine. With itb you can get out of a corner quicker.
ITB set ups are still really common in the Motorcycle world. That said... I'm *so* glad I don't have to maintain them. That's why I pay my Mechanic for.
The fastest race car "circle track" is a Sprint car. Naturally asperated fuel injection "ITB'S" But they control the fuel speed by low and high speed pills "check vales" and the Barrel valve controls idle speed and part throttle until butterflies are wide open. "Veg explanation"
Great explanation of how ITBs work but I don't think you were very clear about air volume flow rate (horsepower capacity) versus the air column length between the throttle plate and intake valve (throttle response). If your single (or multiple) throttle body setup cannot flow enough air at high RPM and pulls vacuum at WOT, you could install ITBs...or just install a plenum that accepts a larger single throttle body (or two throttle bodies). However, ITBs do something different that plenums can never do at any size: Reduce the response time between changing throttle position and changing engine torque output. That's why correctly tuned ITB setups don't just sound snappy, they FEEL snappy. Floor the throttle pedal, and the engine delivers torque sooner.
Real talk about going from itb back to single throttle body. Years ago I was taking dual carb setups off and using a 1050 dominator instead, most people don't want the hassle that comes from over complicated multicarb or itb setup.
Yeah, it's a pain sometimes. But sportbikes seem to be managing fine. Hmmm...
You dont do ITB's for the horse power gains, you do them for throttle response. Pair ITB's with a lighter flywheel, a better exhaust and decent suspension. You'll get a fun car for a modest budget.
I have videos of my ITB setup on an NB mx5, sounds epic! Made 30whp over stock.
That's what I want to know more about.
Let's not lie to ourselves, it's mostly for the noise
I have a Toyota Corolla AE111 GT that has the legendary 4AGE Blacktop 20 Valve engine with ITB's as stock. Even stock it feels great and gives the impression that it wants to be at WOT all the time - that's a cool quirk of ITB's I think people need to know ;) I'm about to order SQ engineering 100mm velocity stacks and can't wait to swap them in place of the stock rubber ones. Maybe I'll tune it on Haltech Elite 750 from BGRS ;)
That's a pretty cool t-shirt.
ITBs are kinda like tubular exhaust manifolds - get it right and they can be rather helpful with engine' cylinder filling and give a bump in power/torque where it's desired - but get it wrong and it can hurt it.
The Bizzarini with a 327 Chevy engine and 8 carbs cross mounted is to die for, I don't care what the problems are.
I've wondered about putting a homemade tube plenum and individual single barrel carburetors on an old inline 6. No computers or sensors. How well do you think that would work? I know it would take forever to tune. But would it work good enough to make it worth the effort?
Think Alfa side draughts same principle
It does work but they are a pain to tune. 2 barrel side draft webers or dellortos are much easier to synchronise and tune than single barrel setups.
ITB's on a motorbike is a match made in heaven...change my mind
Slide valves would make off idle tuning easier, like the Larry Perkins setup or many motorcycles
Very interesting. Can you address throttle plate spacers and intake manifold spacers? Do they work? Are there other benefits to using them? When to use them and how to know what thickness to use
Google resonance supercharging.
Throttle body spacers in reference to a single TB plenum style setup is to increase plenum volume.
Manifold spacers are used to fine tune the runner lengths to suit a particular rpm point for “ram tuning”
Some spacers for example under carbs are made from a non heat transfer material to not only increase plenum volume but to also keep heat out of the carb, in particular the fuel bowls to keep fuel as cool as possible.
Great info thanks for the very good details
with no turbo on car engines they have had intakes with two lenths of tubes so the the air pulses will hit the intake valve when its opening so then a single throttle body is better.edit renault vlio williams had it the 1.8l and the non willamse sport clio mid 90s
ITC is way better imo. Individual turbo charger. 1 turbo per zylinder, one exhaust per cylinder. Beautiful
Get into the tuning more please!
Been using them on motorbikes since day 1
A lot of good information and there's nothing like an ITB SET UP!
Have you started tuning your ITB set up?
I'd like to see a video on setting up and how to tune transmission control for automatic transmissions as in A340, 4l80e. Thanks great videos btw
Agreed. ITBs are great on a race engine that is tuned to run a small rpm window - love my race engine. However would make a poor daily runner. There you better off with the plenum for better driveability. Several vehicles have in their standard intake restrictiors that can be easily removed and provide increased performance without loss of driveability
I had itb's on my daily for over 15 years with no issues once correctly tuned. That was the hard part.
I'm about to tackle this exact situation...luckily I'm coming from dual Weber DCOEs. Overall intake runner length from the intake valve to the end of the velocity stack is paramount. I've been able to tune to the 3rd and 4th harmonic already. I'm looking forward to challenge. I'll be running Jenvey Heritage with an Elite 1500. I've already got a vacuum log to go in as well. Will the fuel trims/self learning work well or at all in this style setup?
Until you've driven an itb car, you have no idea what throttle response feels like.
ITBs sounds good for tuning each piston as no cylinder is the same
True words
Sorry mates, I don't mean to highjack your efforts here, it just came out of my head when it comes with the topic of ITBs.
I thought It would be a nice combo from both concepts and hands on perspectives.
So There's a channel called" Garage 4age", he had done a lot of dyno pulls with different runner length and/ or velocity stacks in a given engine and got some interesting results a side from some equations I found on my self-learning journey.
That oklahoma plate tho! Lol hello from oklahoma.