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- Опубліковано 11 лип 2024
- This video shows the reverse engineering of a Russian electronic board. The reference of the board is "TDCK". It is the power supply board of a satellite communication receiver used in several Russian missiles.
We can can this receiver in a Tornado-C missile for instance (Торнадо-С).
Video: • Cистема навигации РСЗО...
00:00 - Intro
00:04 - Overview
05:08 - Reverse engineering part 1: overall description
06:07 - part 2: 12V DC-DC converter
09:05 - part 3: voltage monitor circuits
13:14 - part 4: 3.3V and 5.0V DC-DC converters
13:57 - part 5: DC-DC converters shutdown circuits
16:00 - part 6: standby power supply
Errata:
Due to an error during reverse engineering the networks Diode-Resistor-Capacitor are actually snubbers connected in parallel to each transformer primary. Nothing is connected to the gate of the MOSFETs.
Notes:
Most parts are US or European parts. It is obvious that Russia don't have the modern technology to design such board with their own parts.
Russian parts:
* The toroidal transformer
* The 10A fuse
* Maybe the electrochemical capacitor
Main parts used on this power supply:
* UCC28084 (Texas) PWM controller for the 12V power supply
* TPS54356 and TPS54357 (Texas) PWM controllers for 3.3V and 5V Power Supplies
* MAX974 (Analog Devices) Quad comparators with internal voltage reference
* IRF7328 (Infineon) dual P-channel MOSFET
* MJD112 (ON Semi) NPN Darlington
* FDS4488 (On Semi) N-channel MOSFET
* IRFR5305 (Infineon) P-channel MOSFET
* SI4156 (Vishay) N-channel MOSFET
Weird things:
* The grid of one unused MOSFET is left open
* What is the purpose of the fuse ? What will happen to the missile if the fuse blows ? - Наука та технологія
Dude, this is the most unusual washing machine I've ever seen.
Very impressive reverse engineering work!
Awesome job! Firstly, your understanding of practical circuits is insanely amazing! What component form what higher level concept is so important! Thank you for clarifying it for us!
Very good deep dive to Russian military electronics. Thanks very much. Pictures of the components would be a very valuable addition to the content, manufacture year-week and label reveal extremely much of production times.
Насправді - нічого цікавого/корисного. Елементна база "цивільного призначення". Час виробництва не інформативний, місце виробництва визначити неможливо.
Ты собрался отслеживать деталь, которую производит 100 фабрик в мире миллиардными тиражами и ставит во все комповые БП и дешёвые зарядки? Удачи!
If you have trouble seeing what's written on an IC, remove any resin, then rub a sharpie pen on the IC, the letting pops out like magic
Or liquid tipp-ex, works even better
@chargehanger liquid tipp-ex? That's a new one, how do you see through the tipp-ex?
@@WayneMetcalfwipe it off, it sticks more to the laser marking than to the rest of the surface -> makes the text very visible.
@@chargehanger oh I see. 😆
@@chargehangerexcellent tip. Thanks!
(I didn't know tipp-ex still exists 😄)
This is not military board, because it is PB free. But military uses only PB solder because it is more reliable.
Lead-free solder is prohibited in critical applications, such as aerospace, military and medical projects, because joints are likely to suffer from metal fatigue failure under stress (such as that from thermal expansion and contraction).
And tin whiskers
There are certified lead free alternatives, but they aren't lead free for the purpose of being lead free, and have a much much higher melting temperature, so it's only valid if the parts can handle the heat. I think it's gold based. They have the highest tensile strength of any solder, including lead.
There is a aerospace option, galium-gold amalgamate. Expensive and used mostly fof die bonding. @@rich1051414
I think russians couldn't care less ;)
Почему вы думаете что это без свинцовый припой?
super film,doskonala praca no i wiedz inponujaca. dziekuje i czekam na nastepne
The elco looks like BC Components/ Vishay. The noticeable russian parts are the fuse and maybe the transformer. Very nice layout and good quality PCB. Why do they bother with lead free? Maybe the PCB and assy are not done in Russia? Date code there is CW20 2022.
Would be interesting to see the processing boards. There's where the value lies.
Sun King Circuits Co is a major PCB assembly house in China. They say that they have assembled boards for this Russian firm in the past. So whether this was made by them or somebody else, it is extremely likely that this board was made in China. It all fits -- almost no Russian components, violation of Russian standard in labeling the board, use of 6 layer board where Russians use 2 layers for similar domestically produced power supplies.
It would indeed be much more interesting to reverse engineer the receiver, but it would also be enormously harder to do. The front end is standard enough, but all the interesting stuff is in the firmware and in a large custom digital signal processing chip.
Great for learning electronics design choices. Thanks for sharing.
Hmm im not sure, it looks like kind of old design. These days almost every regulator chip has UVLO, OVLO and some startup...
@@electronicpower1826 All this functions seems to be implemented in the voltage monitor circuit
Salut d'Amérique. Merci pour l'explication approfondie de chaque composant du schéma.
Great work!! Greetings from Denmark
Bon boulot comme d’hab!
Cool video
Ну аккуратно все , красиво.
That board looks a lot like the 28V to plus and minus 15, plus 12 and plus 5 power supply for a Markem laser engraver. The 28V powers the laser and the PSU, plus and minus 15 power the galvo motors, plus 12 powers the shutter and focus system, and plus 5 powers the computer snd DAC galvo drivers.❤
Эта плата для питания навигации ракеты
It is interesting seeing how American and Russian mil-spec electronics are designed. This board has mostly off-the-shelf parts, while it's counterpart uses mostly military grade components.
This board is not representative of typical Russian military electronics. The rest of the guidance system in this specific missile uses space-grade radiation hardened chips, assembled with lots of manual labor.
@@cogoid Interesting, why would there be any difference between this board and the rest of the assembly? It would seem as if the design teams are facing supply chain challenges and are having to conform to lower standards.
@@CPD-KD6-3.7 This board is made in China, and it is a power converter from a commercial jamming-resistant GPS receiver. It was designed by a top Russian firm "Design Bureau of Navigation Systems" that has been specializing in development of such things for many decades. Very weirdly, his specific model is widely used in Russian missiles, even though it is not compliant with Russian federal and military regulations. They are very strict about which parts can be used in military hardware, and it takes a high level government intervention to secure an exemption.
There must have been some important reason why this exception was allowed. My guess is that this model was an experimental design which was not expressly built for the military in the beginning, but which turned out to be significantly better in performance than the units completely compliant with the military requirements. Getting a completely compliant version built, tested and certified will probably take a number of years, so meanwhile they use this product.
There is one other component in this missile which is also provided by a civilian start-up company. It is a high performance fiber optic gyroscope, which was shown on this channel a couple of episodes ago.
@@CPD-KD6-3.7 This war has become too long, but at the same time there is an intensive consumption of missiles that do not need to be stored in a warehouse, it is too expensive to use components with gold (which is usually used in military equipment of the Russian Federation), this is the cheapest option. Most likely the varnish had not even dried when it flew. The entire element base is selected in such a way that it can be purchased and assembled regardless of any sanctions. (a set of these triggers are produced by hundreds of companies and you will never track their origin; converted to dollars, the price will be 2-3 bucks)
Very interesting, great comment!
I like your dark mode work style
This is because I cannot see black on white, I need a dark background to see something.
This circuit board (and the one I have) can be seen in this video of a Tornado-C being taken apart: ua-cam.com/video/xJyV7AGPT_4/v-deo.html
Excellent work.. I might have some interesting stuff for you but have to check export control info and few laws.. Which shipping company do you recommend and would you be interested?
I am always interested by interesting stuff. Where are you ? I have a storage address in USA for example if this can help.
Simple and reliable. While the present electronics made is only to be sold expensive , no matter how reliable is it. Fresh example is Boeing.
@Michel: what SW did you use to draw that schematic?
An old version of PADS Logic, sold now by Siemens
Thanks Michel
Very nice videos you make, interesting indeed.
Why they want to activate/deactivate the different parts of the power supply?
Is it to save battery power and turn it on then it is close to target?
Also where is the power coming from, a lipo battery in the missile?
I don't know the reason. The power source is normally a thermal battery.
Thermal batteries or reluctance gas powered 3 phase generators called variable reluctance generation modules power most of the stuff. Main ship power is generally 28v for missiles. The little 3 phase generators are fun to play around with, it's basically a magnetized core with coils on it and a rotating ring that is driven by an air motor that switches the magnetic field very quickly and generates a lot of power in a small space.❤
Pourquoi est-ce qu'il ne mettent pas tout le circuit entier dans de l'ePoxy ou similaire dans les missiles ?
Seeing a lot of western components on that PCB.
Yes, only the fuse and the transformer are russian made.
you wanted globalism you got globalism
you mean chinese components right?
Nearly all of those chips are coming from US fabs, possibly Japanese, Malaysian, and some Euro countries.@@rzhrsch
This is mostly generic stuff though. To give you a mechanical analogy, it's like finding western nuts and bolts as part of the design. Not shocking nor replaceable.
Лок’тар огар!
Wait , in war time you looking at patent rights ? Are you living on this planet, sounds crazy
This looks like not a russian electronic circuit board. There is a video that shows a modern russian missle control board... It's too similar at soviet electronics but with smd components.
Bacouse it is not. This has too many red flags to be any military electronic it is even funny that someone believes it is.
You put class fuse in a rocket where it is subjected to high g forces and vibration, even if you have access to other types of fuss (bord show access to western semiconductors, so I guess access to proper fuse is not problem).
You have military designed bord that have not populated companies. It is just plain funny, not like they are making modular mass products in millions, so they try to make flexible design.
Russian uses Cyrillic, so this bord is not Russian design. They would not have markings on latynics on silkscreen.
The only component that has Russian markings is fuse, from Soviet era, so whoever made that bord found 30 year old fuse to put on it.
If we speculate that they outsource that bord to some other country to assemble them, why there is Soviet fuse on it, manufacturer in other country could source all western components but could not found simple fuse so they must be sourced from Russia.
@@mrlazda exactly i'm accordind with you.
Why so complicated 12V power supply? so many parts, so many failure points including this stupid huge transformer ?, from which year is this board ?
Can the gate of the MOSFET be connected to its source and drain under its package? Also it is strange for me that they did not parallel these MOSFETs to decrease the voltage drop. Also, thanks for the video )
I have tested the resistance between gate and source with an ohmmeter, the resistance is above the limit of my dmm (>250 Mohms).
All these microcircuits have Russian analogues ("кр142" "к561" and so on) but if a French painter paints a fence in canada, then his paint is made in canada
Назовите российский ,,аналог,,этих микросхем?
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 Дело даже не в наличии аналогов, а в качестве этих аналогов.
Во все времена в более-менее ответственные изделия по возможности ставили импортные комплектующие.
(Мне в руки попадались платы со станка с ЧПУ начала-середины 80-х: там была "мировая сборная", болеедесятка производителей. Включая даже что-то чилийского производства. А советских микросхем было ~5%. [Да, там в основном применялись 174, 74LS, ... изредка совковые 155, 555... Процессор стоял 6800... В "обвязке" - что-то из 75xx. Память - 100% импортная, статика. 16к. ])
Да и сейчас в российской "военке" ~80% импорта, всё больше "гражданского" [а не "mil"].
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 К1156ЕУ2АТ, К1156ЕУ3ВТ, К1464УД1БТ. Причём аналоги даже лучше.
"It is obvious that Russia don't have the modern technology to design such board with their own parts."
Look К1156ЕУ2АТ, К1156ЕУ3ВТ, etc. But the UCC28084 chip is available in Moscow right now for 1.5 dollars. So why reinvent the wheel?
is it as simple as looking for russian missile on ebay? how do ukranians list these things?
Why such a strange mount for the transforner ? Shock absorber ?
It creates a mini black hole portal
Probably to limit the height of the board, when stacked with other boards.
@@lelabodemichel5162 It creates a mini black hole portal
Can't we find ,the purpose of fuse and the impact it would have if it blows up, with mathmatics ?
Interesting but more so if we could see the break down of the other boards AND whatever cheap navigation devices are used in the cheap Iranian made Shaheed Drones that are used to track in on the UA power assets?
Why do you have access to military parts?
I have access as anyone on earth. All these stuffs were bought online from Ebay (like this one) or from various surplus and military shops. For example you can find missiles from "D&B militaria" in UK, I bought the TOW missile and a Magnetic Anomaly Detector from that shop.
8:36: Not a dynamic damping, that is a softstart circuit.
You're right!
Using replacement fuse in such board is not necessary, having in mind that the board is one time use only
Imagine testing a missile before launch and sudenly there is a plume of smoke and in the end fire...
That all on a thing whit 500kg warhead
show us more. this is just a power supply module
4:00 - Yes, the capacitor looks like it was made in Russia, but you should have shown its markings in more detail. To find out which factory produces it. And measure its parameters. If possible, then you can do everything to the end. And people on the Internet will help together with their insights and knowledge. Thank you.
К сожалению врядли этот конденсатор российский,дизайн похож на Philips
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 Да - похоже на это. Это получается конденсатор с малой индуктивностью.
I think that diodes polarity drawed incorrect in cross networks (12V DC/DC). With drawed polarity, MOSFET's can't switch to off-state when PWM-controller tries to change its output to zero.
I just verified the circuit and effectively I made a mistake. Actually nothing is connected to the grid, the networks are actually snubbers connected to each primary, the cathode of each diode being connected to the power supply.
merci pour ta patience , je voudrais savoir quel est ton job habituel....moi de ma part je suis un fabricnt de plastiques avec une grande passion pour l'electronique , j'y joue depuis lage de 10 ans ..
Je suis ingénieur indépendant, je travaille dans l'instrumentation et le nucléaire. Je fais de l'électronique depuis l'âge de 10 ans aussi.
@@lelabodemichel5162 😉😉 merci d'avoir repondu
That is most beautiful shovel I have seen made from microwave ovens...
Engenharia reversa de uma placa eletrônica de míssel Russo
All the components come from washing machines and dishwashers.
I very much doubt that this board would be for a missile. It has the lead free solder marking on the PCB, and military specification parts have to use leaded solder.
Regardless whether or not this board was originally designed specifically for missiles, it is a power supply from a highly successful GPS/GLONASS receiver which is found (as the picture at 0:23 briefly shows) in practically every missile currently manufactured in Russia. This is an empirical fact. Otherwise, Russian law specifically prohibits using foreign components in military equipment, unless a special exemption is granted.
For all persons who don't believe that this board was installed in a Russian missile the answer is here (merci Sylvain):
ua-cam.com/video/xJyV7AGPT_4/v-deo.htmlsi=7D2BcxmTSTe6JCSD&t=199
@@lelabodemichel5162 In the past twenty years Russia has put a lot of effort into research and development in jam-resistant navigation equipment, and the manufacturer of this unit is the premiere firm in this sector ("the design bureau "NAVIS Ltd"). Because in this receiver they have used foreign components even where Russian alternatives were available, these receivers must have been originally designed as a generic non-military product. My guess is that the performance of this product turned out to be exceptionally good, and because of that, the firm had been granted an exemption allowing the use of their product in missiles. Otherwise there are of course reasonably good navigation receivers made entirely from Russian components.
Please share the schematics and other data. Thanks!
What's the point? There are general/civilian purpose microchips there.
@@cynic3859
"What is the point?"
You can always answer with that question, but DO YOU HAVE AN ANSWER?
Аппаратура РС ТДЦК.468139.003 navigation gps glonas
Ay förri gooadeau fiddö eau 🎉
Заебись, импульсный блок питания реверснул… 🤦 теперь ты знаешь что русские ракеты летают на 5и и 3.3ёх вольтах соответсвенно. А питается всё это от 12и вольтового аккумулятора, осталось ещё ёмкость аккумулятора узнать и можно будет вычислить дальность полёта…😂😂😂😂
Суровые западные реверс инженеры. Осталось найти, что отвечает за режим стирки.
Thanks for your job! Greetings from Ukraine🇺🇦
As a HW designer, I wouldn't though I would see such a simple and big power supply in a rocket. Being a rusian rocket explains allot, but having that big push-pull transformer, and all those big buck converters, they have to handle many G, even in the automotive field you have to be careful with big and heavy inductors. And the design, seems something from the 90" with TL431, opto's...when we have dedicated IC's for the closed loop and protection, not to mention we are running at much higher frequency meaning smaller size. Well it's all good for us, if they fuck around and want to see NATO missile electronics, all that power supply will be by the size of 4x4 cm.
Well, what's a more viable choice when your country has a limited supply of ICs to choose from and at a much higher cost? The cheaper and older design or the fancy new dedicated IC?
Yup the power supply boards for our rockets are all on polyimide flex with RF stuff on ptfe or ceramic boards. All densely packed.
@@christopherleubner6633Realy? 😂 Most of western missiles are much older than this. PVC telephone wires, bad electrolitic caps, carbon resistors...
New stuff is like you say, but older is the same as soviet.
Look at what is used in Ukraine, AGM-88s whit expired date (in 1995)
Я не разбираюсь в построении плат. Но я предпологаю, что это все может быть результатом защит от перегпузок, различных излучений и тп.
Старые, древние, "дубовые" технологии более устойчивы к подобным вещам. Их проще производить, когда нет новых конвейерных линий по сборке. Их дешевле купить/ есть возможность сделать самому.
You got scammed.
Are the components original western made or russian copies?
Dumb question
@@0MoTheG DUMBER ANSWER❗
Точно не российские
Где заказывали в Китае или на ,,ebay,, точно сложно сказать
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392
?
English please.
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392
English please!
:O coilcraft parts, wonder if they know they're putting them in weapons or if this was something off the shelf
A lot of western made components on there.. the inductors are made by coilcraft... the tantalum caps look like AVX... interesting.
China maded
It does not look like russian part, they buy it somewhere and use ror the missiles.
они заказывают с ali express
Однако маркировка на плате российская
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 Бамажка наклена российская, но оригинальная маркировка на английском.
Is DA7 TPS54356 made by Texas Instruments ?
Если надо будет и старальную машину в космос запустим, используя барабан как гироскоп
I am also not 100% convinced this is anything to do with military.
Aliexpress ic 😅
Не важно как реализован данный узел и из каких комплектующих, главное что он спроектирован российскими разработчиками, выполняет прекрасно свои функции, обеспечивая необходимыми питаниями блоки ракеты ,которая очень успешно утилизирует врага и его пособников.
Единственная российская деталь здесь предохранитель)))
И трансформатор.
@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 Эти ракеты для натовских тел Чтоб родней было
Да, русские очень любят уделять внимания деталям
Значек приёмки 😉
*Abstract*
This UA-cam video transcript details a speaker's reverse engineering of a Ukrainian-sourced circuit board used in Russian missiles. The video includes two parts. In the first, the speaker offers a descriptive overview of the board's hardware: transformers, integrated circuits, MOSFETs, etc. In the second, the speaker delves into schematics and explains the board's power supplies. The board comprises a main 12V DC-DC converter, dual 5V and 3.3V DC-DC converters, voltage monitoring circuits, and a standby power supply.
*Summary*
*Overview*
* *0:04* Board overview and origin (eBay, Ukraine, satellite navigation receiver component).
* *0:20* Board use in Russian missiles.
* *0:26* Stackable design, connectors detailed.
* *0:50* Components: transformer, SMD parts, conformal coating.
* *1:10* Reverse engineering process (schematics).
* *1:15* Power supply function (12V, 5V, 3.3V).
* *1:25* Difficulty of reverse engineering noted.
*Reverse Engineering Part 1: Overall Description*
* *5:11* Schematic diagram introduction.
* *5:16* Main power supply (12V DC-DC converter).
* *5:24* Monitoring circuit to activate/deactivate the power supply.
* *5:32* Standby power supply (8V and 5V).
* *5:38* Two additional DC-DC converters (3.3V and 5V).
* *5:57* Circuit to turn the additional converters ON/OFF.
*Part 2: 12V DC-DC Converter*
* *6:07* Focus on the 12V DC-DC converter.
* *6:16* Input voltage and function.
* *6:27* Main component: UCC28084 (controller).
* *6:41* Two MOSFETs for transformer drive.
* *6:58* Current control with shunt resistor.
* *7:18* Secondary side: diodes, filter, regulation with TL431.
* *8:06* Optocoupler and accuracy considerations.
*Part 3: Voltage Monitor Circuits*
* *9:05* Focus on voltage monitor circuits.
* *9:18* P-channel MOSFET activating/deactivating the 12V converter.
* *9:30* Control transistors explained.
* *10:04* Condition to activate power supply (input voltage > 14V).
* *11:38* Condition to turn off power supply.
* *12:50* Protection: 12V converter failure deactivates it.
*Part 4: 3.3V and 5V DC-DC Converters*
* *13:14* Focus shifts to 3.3V and 5V DC-DC converters.
* *13:27* Only reference difference (TPS54356 vs. TPS54357).
* *13:45* Standard design from the datasheet.
*Part 5: DC-DC Converters Shutdown Circuits*
* *14:00* How to disable 3.3V and 5V converters.
* *14:09* P-channel MOSFET (IRF7328).
* *14:28* Optocoupler control.
* *15:00* Control circuit detail (transistors).
* *15:27* Dual P-channel MOSFET, one part unused.
* *15:53* Oddity: unconnected grid on transistor.
*Part 6: Standby Power Supply*
* *16:00* Standby power supply for initial activation.
* *16:17* Components: Regulator, Darlington transistor, Zener diode.
* *16:34* Output voltages (8V and 5V).
* *16:42* Supplies the pulse width modulation controller.
Disclaimer: I used gemini advanced 1.0 (2024.03.04) to summarize the
video transcript. This method may make mistakes in recognizing words
and it can't distinguish between speakers.
Sorry you lied it's manufacturing in China And some Malaysia
Upon first glance I thought it was an Xbox series x motherboard.
make some german or usa things why always russian
99% of my channel concern USA or UK things... Some Russian military things are available because of the war in Ukraine. German stuffs are not available at all.
I wonder how many of those ICs and transistors are original, and not chinese remarked knock offs.
All original, China made
Looks like Indesit or Ariston🤣🤣🤣
Military equipment does not require the latest generation of processors. The 68 nm process technology is available in Russia. This is enough for any missiles. And our circuitry is better than Intel's.
собран из говна и палок....особенно смотрится старый советский предохранитель на 1:43...
Only the fuse, toroidal transformer and copper wires are Russian here. They don’t have any modern electronics industry, but consider themselves as a counterpart of NATO. 😂 A nation with a tattered trousers
So, why does NATO even exist then? To launder military budgets? I won't be surprised.
🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
Usual PSU from the ukrainian washing machine...
All Russian tech I've seen so far is distinctive, they use Cyrilic for silkscreens and their chips are different.
The idea that Russians don't have domestic tech to generate 4 simple power rails is not "obvious". When you think about it -> it is ridiculous and dangerous.
They *do have* both native and domestically produced clones of Western SMPS. From their perspective it's enough to clone minimal subset of needed ICs.
This part may be from iranian shahed drone, they use everything they can get.
This board can be find in Kalibr, BM-30, Kh-59 and Kh-101 cruise missiles (see the beginning of the video)
There is no doubt it is Russian made.
@@chefchaudard3580 What is the evidence that the board is Russian made, and not, for example China made? Some guy put 10 pictures together in Photoshop, that is the evidence?
@@chefchaudard3580 This is not Russian made, it is made in USA because all parts are US made.
@@Ed-rt9qt the fuse marking is in Cyrillic. No US factory would use Russian components.
Russia uses off the shelf TI UCC38xx PWM chips for critical missile systems instead of mil spec ones😂😂🤦♂️
Нет , они использовали UCC28XX😊
На этой печатной плате нет ни одного российского компонента...
Есть! Трансформатор с предохранителем 💯
@@skystar6743 насчёт трансформатора уверенности быть не может))
И это значит то что Россия неспособна производить электронику.Это скорее всего китайское производство.
@@Ed-rt9qt зачем китайцам российский предохранитель?
@@ivan.petrovivan.petrov3392 Я думаю что Россия эти платы заказывает в Китае, а потом припаивает свои предохранители.
You could admit a Soviet/Russian ordinary fuse.
This is one of the very few Russian domestic components on this board.
Presence of the domestic components allows manufacturers to claim this device as a "localized".
"Localized" or "import substituted" it's kinda a "mantra" for ru mentally ill mentality, propagandists, government purchases system...long story...
Very dangerous life by showing secret army stuff on YT!
Это всего лишь блок питания))
Подобное стоит во множестве бытовой техники
Такой трансформатор и предохранитель был ещё в советской электронике, что забавно 😅
все детали из сша)))все люди тогда из сша. Молодец что сделал обзор, но по деталям и где произведено полный идиот))
Не хами, не послан будешь.
...а по деталям - что поделать, если россиянам проще и дешевле купить, чем изготовить кривыми руками что-либо сложнее предохранителя или моточного узла.
@@cynic3859 да посылай, ради бога😂
Детали не из США, эти схемы делаются в Китае, среднерыночная стоимость 0,5-1,5 бакса, проще купить.
That’s interesting! Shall we be friends?
what will happen with the missile if fuse blown? no no no.. that is not fuse, sir. that is detonator😂