45. Cytology class-4 | PAP Smear

45. Cytology class-4 | PAP Staining PAP Smear #paptest cervical cytology #AIIMS #PGIMER #DSSSB #RML #sgpgi #2024
Vaginal cytology is a microscopic examination of cells from the vaginal epithelium. In veterinary medicine, it helps differentiate the stages of the mammalian estrous cycle because the vaginal epithelium changes in response to sex hormone levels; practically, it is used to distinguish when a female canine is at a particular point in the estrous cycle.In a normal vaginal smear, lactational cells, navicular cells, endocervical cells, endometrial cells, trophoblastic cells, and leucocytes may be present.
The equipment needed for vaginal cytology includes a vaginal speculum, cotton-tipped applicators, frosted microscope slides, commercial Romanowsky stain, and light microscope.
Basal cells - produce all the different epithelial cell types that are observed in a vaginal smear. Basal cells are comparatively small, have a round nucleus and a high rate of nucleus-to-cytoplasm. They are not commonly found during a vaginal smear and are considered rare in comparison to other cells
Parabasal cells - These cells are small, round or nearly round, and have a small amount of cytoplasm. They contain a vesticulated nucleus. When a swab is performed on a prepubertal animal, a large amount may exfoliate
Intermediate cells - the size of these cells vary heavily based on the amount of cytoplasm they contain; however, the nucleus remains of a cell remains the same size. These cells are larger than parabasal cells although their nucleus is of similar size. The nucleus of an intermediate cell is vesticulated. As an intermediate cell increases in size the cytoplasm may become irregular in appearance, causing it to resemble a superficial cell. Large intermediate cells which resemble a superficial cell are sometimes known as superficial intermediate cells or transitional intermediate cells
Superficial cells (dead cells) - the largest epithelial cells seen in a vaginal cytology. Superficial cells are dead cells, the nucleus of these having become pyknotic and later fading, eventually they progress to lacking a nucleus. The cytoplasm in these cells is angled, folded, and plenteous in amount
Metestrum cells - are described as vaginal epithelial cells that contain neutrophils in their cytoplasm. Although their name implies they are seen during metestrus, these cells are not specific for any stage of estrous

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