Vasco Da Gama - Part 2 - Age of Discovery
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- Опубліковано 23 сер 2023
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Vasco da Gama arrives in India to find a vast new world of trading opportunities. Immediately he is immersed in the complex web of politics and intrigue. While he navigates this intrigue, he finds himself at odds with the King of Calicut.
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Enjoy the video folks! I'm gonna try and get in one more video (Pedro Alvares Cabral) before I head out to Normandy.
Cabral's expedition to four continents by FPH?!
Oh please don't move on just yet! There are at least three explorers worth covering (there are more, but at least these ones deserve the chance): 1) Duarte Pacheco Pereira; 2) Francisco de Almeida; and 3) Afonso de Albuquerque! Please, Please, Please reconsider doing a video on them!!!...
Duarte Pacheco Pereira:
1) In his youth he served as the King of Portugal's personal squire;
2) He was also a scholar, having graduated with honors and awarded a study fellowship from the monarch himself to study cosmography and cartography. He would concentrate his studies on the relations of the moon and the tides, that would later form his book "Esmeraldo de situ orbis";
3) As an expert and diplomat, he was part of the Portuguese delegation to the Tordesilhas Treaty;
4) He was sent to South America to mark the reach of the treaty of Tordesilhas, and his writtings imply that he had already known of a the "new world" before Colombus, and was actually the first Portuguese to reach Brasil.
5) He was a warrior and a military genius. Served in Guinea and India. In 1504 siege of Cochin, he commanded a force of 150 Portuguese and 9000 Cochin soldiers and 5 ships against 83000 samorin, otoman, and venetian soldiers, armed with firearms and artillery and 260 ships. He's opponents had 19000 casualties and lost 200+ ships, while the Portugues-Cochin forces had no casualties what so ever. Why? because he was an expert on tides and use this knowledge for its advantage!
Francisco de Almeida:
First governor of Portuguese India; His son is killed by otomans and malabarians in the Battle of Chau. He goes againts the orders of the King and seeks revenge at Diu. He warns the city governor saying he is coming, and that "they had eaten the chicken...now they would need to eat the rooster". He totally defeats the Otomans and Malabarians, puts the city to the torch saying "There was no ceremony or even a candle lit at your burial, my son... today, I light a city in your honor". This erased any chance of muslim control of the indian ocean.
The Battle of Diu is considered one of the most important battles in history. It marked the beginning of Western European dominance in the Indian Ocean. The author William Weir in his book "50 Battles That Changed the World", ranks this battle as the 6th most important in history, losing only to the Battle of Marathon, the Nika Rebellion, the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battle of Arbela (Gaugamela) and the Battle of Hattin. He says: "When the 15th century began, Islam seemed about ready to dominate the world. That prospect sank in the Indian Ocean off Diu." The historian Rainer Daehnhardt says that this battle is compared only to the Battles of Lepanto and Trafalgar in terms of importance and legacy. According to the scholar Michael Adas, this battle "established European Naval superiority in the Indian Ocean for centuries to come."
Afonso de Albuquerque:
The second Vice-King of India for Portugal. Albuquerque is generally considered a military genius and "probably the greatest naval commander of the age" given his successful strategy: he attempted to close all the Indian Ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific, transforming it into a Portuguese mare clausum established over the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and its Muslim and Hindu allies. From the strait of Aden, to the Strait of Hormuz, to the Mozambique Channel or the Mallaca Strait, all choke points of the Indian Ocean were to be conquered and controled, by a tiny country with less than 2million inhabitants on the other side of the Globe. At 1500's (150 years before the Dutch for example) this was an incredible and highly difficult feat, more comparable today with space exploration than to any form of conquest... Yet Afonso de Albuquerque did it.
His administrative abilities as second governor of Portuguese India were crucial to the longevity of the Portuguese Empire. He diplomatically pioneered European sea-trade with China during the Ming Dynasty with envoy Rafael Perestrello, also Thailand with Duarte Fernandes as envoy, and with Timor, passing through Malaysia and Indonesia in a voyage headed by António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão. He also aided diplomatic relations with Ethiopia using priest envoys Joao Gomes and João Sanches, and settled diplomatic ties with Persia, during the Safavid dynasty. He became known as "the Terrible", "the Great", "the Caesar of the East", "Lion of the Seas", and "the Portuguese Mars".
www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/pereiraduartepac.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira
military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira
byzantinemporia.com/book-review-conquerors/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin_(1504)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida
military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Diu
military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque
Yup =)@@marcosdiego4780
I appreciate you displaying the image of the Church of St. Mary of Belém. HOWEVER, when the historians say 'chapel', they really do mean a small insignificant chapel. The magnificent church was built decades later with the profits of the spice trade :)
@@rimlandrealist7679 yeah - I couldn’t find any pictures of this - the current church is amazing
We Goans are forever grateful for Portugual coming to our homeland to Westernize and Christianize us.
We (Goa) are one of the richest, safest and cleanest places in the entire subcontinent, and the envy of everyone around us.
We miss Portugal dearly ❤️ 🇵🇹
Viva Goa! Viva Portugal!
From the prospective of your heritage, do you consider yourself Indian or Portuguese?
@@FlashPointHx I'm culturally Portuguese, and embarrassed to be considered Indian.
Interesting - do a lot of people in Goa feel the same? @@aldrintoscano
@@FlashPointHx Well, the non-Goans in Goa out number the natives, and they mostly support India.
But the native Goans (most of whom are in diaspora) despise India and what India is doing to Goa.
@@aldrintoscano I’m curious - how is India adversely affecting Goa?
I'm Portuguese and I appreciate all the good things that people are saying about portugal 🇵🇹, much love to you all.
And thank you Flash Point History for this amazing part 2 of Vasco da Gama story, you rock! 🤘
You're so welcome - gonna go into Cabral and then there will be a Part 3 to Vasco
@@FlashPointHx This is the equivalent of doing a 100% completion speed run in a videogame lol 😆, but you're doing it history wise about the age of exploration, which is one of my favorite topics of world history, not only because of the Portuguese, but also the Spanish, English, French and Dutch, each one had their own mark in the age of exploration, English for example being the largest empire that the world ever saw and the Dutch basically invented the stock market and the pillars of capitalism.
But this era of exploration started and ended with Portugal, ironic how the nation who started the age of exploration was basically also the last one to gave up its possessions in Africa and Asia which lasted until 1975.
Sorry for the long comment lol, once again thank you for the content, can't wait for part 3 of Vasco da Gama and the story of Cabral ✌
Legendary Videos, can’t wait
Can’t wait for Pedro Alvares Cabral, Francisco de Almeida and especially Afonso de Albuquerque!
All in good time =)
The Armada that left portugal in the last year of the 15th century, would be the one who would discover my country, Brazil, and im proud of being descendent of such brave men that chalenged the unkown in the name of the holy cross, and in the name of the king.
Pedro Alvares Cabral is up next !
@FlashPointHx love the content man. Keep it up🤟
Abraço transatlântico irmão Brasileiro! São os nossos antepassados comuns e fico feliz de ver que ainda há, desse lado do mar, quem o saiba, reconheça e tenha orgulho desta história que nos une. 🇵🇹❤️🇧🇷
King and cross were just pretexts, they did it for wealth, power and fame. Plus, men just love adventure.
🇵🇹❤🇧🇷
Finally the Portuguese get their own show. No other youtuber has this. You are Amazing!! Looking forward to your next video.
You are right they deserve more. I covered them only as adversaries in mine...can't wait to see what he comes up with!
Can’t wait for this. This series on Spanish and Portugese history has been amazing
Thank you so much! 🙂
I can only imagine what the people of Lisbon felt when they saw a lonely first ship (Berrio) on the horizon, slowly approaching the shores, returning two year after the fleet left, two years in which they knew nothing about the fate of the expedition. Probably they couldn't believe their eyes and thought they were witnessing nothing short of a miracle.
Surprisingly, King Manuel was already building his Armada to reach India before these ships returned - he was really hedging his bet on Vasco finding a passage to India
This is the definition of courage - against all odds
This series is so awesome! For years we portuguese have been talking about how cool it would be to have someone do a tv show, documentary, movies, something, about our heros. What this channel is doing, in my view, is even better then the above options. The tone is perfect, the animations amazing, the way the story is told is epic. Thank you! Thank you! Thank you for this amazing work!
Thank you so much for this awesome comment. This history is so rich and epic - the story is so compelling.
The live of Magalhães, or Fernão Mendes Pinto would do a tremendous Hollywood movies.
Unfortunatly the hipocri... sorry, the activists turn everthing into an accusation of moraly superiority, to make them feel better then us and have some power over us and ditacte what can we say... what can we produce, etc.
Well, there are movies, locally made Indian Malayalam movies in which Portuguese are the villains
@@AnonymousAnonymous-dc3jm it makes sense. Thanks
@@Tusiriakest one movie is Urumi, where the starting is Vasco da Gama comes to Calicut and then bombards and sinks a ship of Haj pilgrims.
I love the Artwork.
I honestly hope that youre able to fit an Episode of The Siege of Diu into this or maybe the Next Series. In the Ottoman Portuguiese Wars.
For me Personally this is one of the biggest feat and Accomplishments of the Portuguese Empire. Its extremly Epic Too!
A daring battle with a small nation with a small force taking on the mighty Ottoman Empire -- and winning? Yeah thats too good a story not to do
The ending was great. Go Portugal!
Thanks Kaz! On to Cabral now!
Paulo: Are we there yet?
Vasco: No
Paulo: Are we there yet?
Vasco: No...
Paulo: Are we there yet?
Vasco: No!
Paulo: Are we yet?
Vasco: Yes
Paulo: Really?
Vasco: NO!
Paulo: So what's your plan when we reach India?
Vasco: Honestly I didn't think we'd get this far, I'll just do it the old fashioned way: make it up as I go along.
Paulo: Because that worked out so well back in Africa didn't it?
Vasco: Oh shut up, we're still alive aren't we? Besides, worst case scenario is I just piss of everyone.
Paulo: Oh my, become a prophet now have we?
Vasco:.....are we there yet?
“Good night, Westley. Good work. Sleep well. I'll most likely kill you in the morning.” - Dread Pirate Roberts
you then must be an ally of the king of calicut. lol
@@FlashPointHx
"we're there, quick grab those people to kidnap and fire the cannon on the city, we want to make a good impression"
Can't wait to see videos about the other guys in this series, such as Pedro Alvares Cabral, Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Francisco de Almeida, Afonso de Albuquerque, and so on! Thank you for your efforts, mate! Your channel is amazing and you are covering topics nobody else does, even though they are amazing! Your Reconquista series was amazing and is one of my favourite series about history on UA-cam! Also, your video about the Black Death! Keep up the good work!
Thank you Andrey - Cabral is up next and will be going all the way to Almeida
Francisco is one of most tough of the navigators, wrote a very famous letter to the Calipha of Diu India, "você comeu o frango, agora vai ter que comer o galo" I prefer not translate it because lost his meaning, that calipha kill his son one year prior, so you can imagine how "happy" Francisco wrote that letter to his son killer, dont forget the batlle of Diu, shape the world and probably one of 20 most important batlles in the world.
@@wz5027
"When the 15th century began, Islam seemed about ready to dominate the world. That prospect sank in the Indian Ocean off Diu."
William Weir, "50 Battles That Changed The World".
The Battle of Diu (1509) is ranked 6th in this military history book.
Duarte Pacheco Pereira role in the Cochin battle is beyond epic. Simply incredible! It is considered the most unexpected battle outcome in history as he fought with a 1000:1 troop ratio against him. He employed all his intelligence to survive including making use of tides (which he was able to relate for the first time to the moon).
Proud of my ancestors , they made Portugal a superpower , we always had everything against us but we still managed to overcome .
What about genocides,atrocities done by ur forefathers/ancestors, ask for chk pal
@@rsumant1 Everybody has blood on their hands.
What we are proud of, is that a group of people risked themselves into the unknown, for country and pride.
Atrocities are shameful, and because of it, nobody feels like talking about it to a great extent.
What is chk?
They were certainly not PS lmao
Looking forward to the next installment of this awesome series!
Met me tomorrow!
A correction, 'Zamorin' is the anglicized form of 'Samuthiri' not his actual name. A great series, in any case! It's interesting that the other Iberian that set out to find India, that actually did find India is less known than the one that didn't.
Not anglicized for sure. Portuguesesecized maybe because it´s how his name is written in the portuguese records of the time.
Well, he’s about to find out he messed with the wrong people
@@lunog According to Wikipedia, Portugese would be 'Samorim', Arabic 'Al Samuri', etc etc.
@@MrHazz111 You´re right. In portuguese its Samorim not Zamorin.
It's Samrat+Nambudiri!!
This is the journey that simbolizes the start of the global world we live in today. The world changed forever!
Exactly
I cannot wait for Cabral's armada.
Crazy how quickly things can change and how quickly people forget.
Awesome and always and amazing to see brilliantly made Videos about Portuguese history. Also a great move to do this, as videos about Portugal are very rare (specially amazing ones) and so you can attract all history fans from around the world, Portuguese and also thousands of Brazilians. :) Thank you a million for your hard work :)
Thanks a lot!
As portuguese thanks for telling are history , and the storys of our people.
Any time. Its a really fascinating story
The quality of your content is incredible. I first found your podcast and I follow you since the times of the Punic Wars. Since then also the quality of production increased big time. Thank you for your hard work. It is highly appreciated.
Wow - that seems like so long ago for me - I was using only power point back then. Happy that you have followed for so long.
The Tunisian: Samudri Raja means he's The Lord of the Sea.
The Portuguese: We got bad news...
Fantastic adventures of these first Portuguese explorers!
Yes sir!
Thank you for your contribution in clarifying all those who do not know the role that Vasco da Gama played in this important milestone for world civilization. Keep the good working.
Hmmm, looking forward to see what this armada will do in next episode.
What a fantastic video! Very well done. I recommend reading The Lusíadas, a classic Portuguese book of this expedition
I used a quote from the Lusiadas at the beginning of this
I noticed. Great work! My suggestion was for the other people interested in this topic.
Amazing work, thank you so much.
Hey thanks so much Nuno - really happy that you liked my video so much !
This is going to be a good one!
Hes a good dude
Espero ansioso pelo vídeo da batalha de Diu.
I will eventually get there :)
I am so glad you posted part 2! I am ready to enjoy it now.
There will also be a Part 3 for Vasco - where he goes total Dark Side
@@FlashPointHx yea! Great
This was an incredible time as always! You guys always do a slam dunk🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
Thanks Daniel - always happy to see you these premieres
@@FlashPointHx Always gonna be THERE
Fantastic work again I wished this kind of content could be used to teach history in schools because in school you're shown a map of the voyages and the dates and capes discovered by who and that's pretty much it unfortunately. If you want more you need to ask and it's no guarantee of a response let alone one like this. Didn't know da Gama got in a scuffle in Calicut itself thought it was just africa
I get people asking me permission to use this in their classrooms all the time. I'm always honored when a teacher asks me this.
I absolutely love your content. Thankyou for your hard work and for sharing!
You’re so welcome Jay
hope 1 day you'll do an episode about Duarte Pacheco Pereira! thank you for your great
work!
Obrigado!
Hey thank you so much Tusiriakest! Really appreciated !
@@FlashPointHx It's the first time I sent money over the internet, but I really think you're doing a wonderful service to history by telling these stories. I look forward for Francisco de Almeida, Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Afonso de Albuquerque, if you would be willing and available to do their stories to. Thank you again to you and your work and I really wish I was better of in life, because if it was the case, I would certainly send you more, as a token of my deep appreciation.
this is brilliant! keep up :)
You got it!
❤ so proud to be Portuguese 🇵🇹
Sabes
All of this content has been beyond incredible. So easy to listen and digest. Thanks FPH
Brilliant!! I cant wait to see the rest of this series.
Superb. These are the intrepid, imperfect, flawed men that shaped reality. Rarely are these hard men the archetype of goodness. Thank you for humanizing their characters, with the good, the bad and the ugly. A true epic. Vasco da Gama - a monster who achieved monstrous feats and committed monstrous sins.
Exactly! Well said - the motivation these men had to go on these epic voyages also drove them to inflict suffering on an all new level
This some good shit. Love from
Scotland🏴🇬🇧
Hello!! I Love Scotland - I had a blast in Edinburgh !
@@FlashPointHx hello my friend🫡 im from glasgow. Next time you come to come to Scotland come to my town. If you like getting pished out your coupon and theres hundreds of pubs and the food is bliss compared to that tourist trap. this is the place to be buddy. Thanks for responding! Proper gentleman❤️🇬🇧🏴
I was on a tour - we started in London - headed over to Bath and then went up past Chester / Birmingham / Manchester to Edinburgh - before heading down through York and back to London - would love to check out Glasgow one of these days. Heard you have some amazing Scotch. @@DarrenRFC
I love this series
I've watched your videos since beginning of this channel and there has been only good quality story telling coming out. Thank you! Keep up!
I’m really happy that you liked my content and that you have watched for so long !
Vasco Da Gama , who attacked many cities and ships in Indian ocean and killed many people there and brutalized an otherwise peaceful ocean trade , celebrated as a hero is a mystery to me .
The guy was programmed by his upbringing in the tail end of the Reconquista to be a xenophobic ruthless expansionist
Many well known heros or "heroes" if you wish, are mass murderers.
Great video as always FPH!
Appreciated K!
I absolutely love the way u tell history. It‘s so interesting and keeps me engaged. Love your work!
Thank you so much Kiko!
Great video!! Would also love to see more about the Portuguese and Macao!
More coming up
5:38 Pretty funny that in Thai, the word for ocean is "samut" and "ratcha" or "raja" is a root word for royalty (it's used in words like "nayok ratchamontri", or "Prime Minister", and "ratchanachak", a formal word for "kingdom").
Both words Samudra and Raja are sanskrit for sea and king respectively . Thai words derived from Sanskrit words .
The word for foreigner of European descent in Thai is farang, almost the same as 'ferengi' used by the Indians...
To be honest I did not expect much from this topic, but you made it sound so invigorating, thanks for the video!!
Love comments like this - exactly what I set out to do; make people take a second look at parts of history
These videos are great! Thank you so much!😄
Hey thanks!
My dad was part of the d day landings and the liberation of Bergan belsen
This is the best series on YT.
Someone should make a tv serial about all these adventures
Zamorin: "I made a calculated risk but man am I bad at math"
hahaha
amazing upload, cant wait for the next one !
Already started on Cabral and the Portuguese Armada!
Just as the Byzantine Empire died, the Italian States would suffer the curse of the Romans in the same century that Rome finally fell. How fitting irony.
It was an informative and wonderful introduction historical coverages by the respectful ( flash point history)channel. Video about Vasco de Gama nevagation adventurers through Portuguese 🇵🇹 fleet glorious 1495 AD front eastern shore of 🇮🇳 Indian Peninsula.. Thank you for sharing
You're so welcome Mohammed
Again around midnight here, catch some sleep first before watching tomorrow morning!! And btw I ❤ these videos👍👍👍
Sounds good Henk - we’ll miss you.
Interesting I came upon this video, my friend is from Calicut, he told me that once it was a big international city in the world, that when Vasco Da Gama arrived he met a Moroccan merchant(basically a Portuguese Neighbor), who was shocked and then directly insulted him in Portuguese language itself "Hey Devil, how did you come here", Imagine travelling the longest sea journey of the time in history and you end up getting insulted in your own language!.
Also Christians already did exist near Calicut itself, like perhaps 100 km south of Calicut, could explain why he was confused.
They were not confused in meeting christians there. They were expecting to meet christians because, according to legends, there was a powerful christian king of the East.
They were surprised though that someone there could speak portuguese.
@@lunog I was googling about christian kingdom in India, strange, historically there once was a Christian kingdom in India, and it was like 150km south of Calicut itself!, strange, I've been to that place and never new that the region once was ruled by a Christian King.
Curiosity Stream is a great service folks. I have had it for 3 years now. Lots of interesting history shows.
It actually does have some decent stuff
Amazing, cant wait for the next one!
More to come!
Great video as always!
Keep the comic panels in future videos...it helps tell the story even better...and the artwork was very good...
Thanks! Yeah it took me a while to make those and wanted to try something new
LOVED this video, great job!
Thank you so much!! That Shapur II video you just released looked awesome - wanna know how you did that 3D effect with the pictures.
I'm really looking forward to your Normandy content. I'm sure it will help inform my own trip next year.
0:00: 🌍 Portuguese ships encounter a hostile fleet while on the run in Western India.
3:42: 🌍 Vasco de Gama and his men arrive in Calicut, a cosmopolitan port in the Indian Ocean, and meet the samudri Raja.
7:27: 🤝 Vasco de Gama's meeting with the samudri did not go well due to cultural differences and lack of impressive gifts.
11:25: 🔪 Vasco de Gama's aggressive tactics and trade knowledge allowed the Portuguese to disrupt and manipulate the spice trade.
14:26: 💥 Vasco de Gama's fleet faced a threat from the samudri and was attacked, but managed to escape with the help of a thunderstorm.
18:27: ⛵ Vasco de Gama's return journey across the Indian Ocean was a nightmare due to poor timing of monsoons, resulting in thirst, hunger, scurvy, and death.
21:44: 🌍 Vasco de Gama's voyage to India had a significant impact on Europe and the rest of the world.
Recap by Tammy AI
Any chance you can do this for my Isabella: Reconquista video?
Gonna be there as always guys! You're one of a kind!
Daniel - looking forward to seeing you there!
@@FlashPointHx Will be guys! 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Cant wait for the next episode!!
there is not much stuff from the age of discovery and the early modern age I hope this series is only the beginning of more of this
Hoping to hit up a bunch of explorers - once I finish the Portuguese we move on to the Spanish
Thank you for your work!
My pleasure!
another great video, thank you!
Thanks!
Waw! We need the next episode :D
Excelente :)
Fantastic!
Thank you! Cheers!
Thank you for your hard work FPH!
My pleasure!
Portugal Based!!! ✝️🇻🇦💪
🇧🇷🤜🤛🇵🇹
One has to understand that the portugese and spanish more than most were not only motivated by a crusader mentality they came from cultures defined by holy war. Its not hard to see why they were so violent.
Totally agree - I’ve been doing the Reconquista for the past few years and you’re absolutely right
Keep going! Great historys!
Thanks! Will do!
Awesome :). Simply fantastic video. Congratulations.
You mentioned the Portuguese thought they arrived at a Christian India. If I recall correctly my history lessons, it was because the first group of Portuguese that disembarqued at Kalicut (one of them at least was a convict) saw a hindu temple and they tought it was a cathedral. Could it be wrong, as the town was ruled by a muslim sultan?
@@romeufrancisco7041 they saw something that wasn’t a mosque and convinced themselves it was a cathedral
Very good video..thank you..
Thanks
Incredible!!
Thank you so much !
awesome work as usual, keep it coming :)
Thanks, will do!
another awesome video!
Thank you so much!
Great stuff!
truly well researched history not many know about.
Great video Nitin! Sorry I missed the live stream, work is always busy in late August.
No worries - I’m happy you got a chance to see this. I was writing the next one on Cabral’s voyage - where Bartolomeu Dias died due to a storm near the Cape of Good Hope. I thought of what you said before about how that cape had you worried whenever you passed it.
@FlashPointHx I was always fearful because it was the only stretch of ocean that could consistently make me, a man with ironclad stomach, seasick.
Thanks for this two videos! Just one remark: the Berrio's commander was Nicolau Coelho... best regards
Thanks!
Amazing stuff
We want part 3 ❤
Already working on it :)
I love your history videos keep going
Thanks, will do!
Thank you for your great work.
Welcome Cristiana!
The arrogance of the early European explorers is not to be understated as their downfall and cause of almost all the trouble encountered. I do recall learning of Da Gama's voyages over 50 years ago in school. How ever that version leaves out all the trouble he caused to himself and crew. Not to mention poor relations with other civilizations.
The man was a menace who put his ambitions above everything - but he did push the frontier for Portugal
It was left out as they probably realized all the shit the other civilizations were doing balanced it out... ;)
excellent
Baller!
The irony is how shady a lot of these guys were 😂😂
They were ruthless and opportunistic - they knew they had to succeed at all costs
Iam from Calicut (Kozhikode) Kerala State india
Greetings!
Part 2 is identical to part one!!!!
Super video
Excellent stuff bro
Thanks !