What even is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and why do we make all these assumptions about a given population? If it's based on so many assumed things, how can the numbers be accurate? Or is it not supposed to be accurate?
bloody amazing, people have been trying to teach me that for a whole year now, and now in just 15 mins it makes perfect sense. HOW ARE YOU SO GOOD!! thanks very much :)
Keep P dominant and q recessive. There are other stat. formulas in population genetics that will call for one or the other; and most textbooks list the the formula as P^2 + 2pq+ q^2=1. Hope this helps, cheers.
Guys, unless your teacher explicitly states it, which one you designate as p or q hardly really matters. Once you go into the harder problems you lose total dominance and you'll start working with more than one allele per situation. Conceptually p and q are just variables,they can be whatever you want them to be.
It doesn't matter what the notation is, as long as you don't switch it in the middle of the problem. It's really not confusing at all, he explains it very well.
You are amazing...better than soooooooooo many teachers at explaining things...the education system should be full of teachers who can actually explain things to idiots like me!
Omg i have been depressed and kind of crying for last 2 hours because i have my medical entrance test after 7 days and i couldnt understand this, you made it so easy Thanks Khan academy
I can't believe how easy that was. Also can't believe how our teacher could make it seem so incredibly difficult that we all struggle with this O.o am sending this link to everybody in my class xP
Khan, I want to make a request: Apparently this is more statistics related to this topic(chi-square distributions), so can you make video(s) on the statistics part? Thanks
I don't think it matters what P and Q are, recessive or dominant etc. It all adds the same, aslong as you state what you've used P and Q for, then it shouldn't matter.
Can you explain this one to me 100 people are typed at a biallelic ( 2 alleles) locus with allelic frequencies of p=0.6 and q=0.4. Assuming Hardy weinberg equilibrium, how many are hetrozygous (explain working out please)
Don't worry, P and Q are just standins for the frequencies of the two different alleles, if it helps pause the video and follow through it all on paper but every time he uses P or Q substitute them for what they stand in for.
Although, isn't p the frequency of the dominant trait and not the recessive trait? And the same for p^2 + 2pq + q^2? I was just wondering. Seems strange that you switched them.
this video was really helpful, but it does assume some prior knowledge of certain terms (homozygous, heterozygous, hybrid, allele, phenotype, genotype ect.) so while very helpful for myself and others who have some of this prior knowledge - might be a bit confusing for people just starting off in the subject. it might be a good idea for said people to look up some of these terms, and put a little research into allele/phenotype frequencies - and hopefully this video will be much more helpful :)
@itsthefantasy the results will be the same, but sometime in your studies a question stem may specify 'homozygous dominant' and ask for you to match the variable. This is what happened to me as I was studying for the MCAT... otherwise, especially on the basic level of studying, I guess it doesn't make a difference.
It's weird that this video is most popular among males from 25 - 54 years of age. (I found that on the stats section). It would seem that this kind of stuff would be most useful to younger students... BTW: Great video..!!
If the population is now in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium it should be relatively constant and so it shouldn't change from one generation to the next. If the phenotype for green skin is 12% and this is stable q2= 0.12. The square root of q2 to the nearest hundredth is 0.35, so q, the frequency of the green skin allele will be 0.35. Hope this helps.
You explained it exactly as my teacher, thanks for the review!
this guy has been helpful through 3 semesters of bio its amazing how he makes it all click
What even is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and why do we make all these assumptions about a given population? If it's based on so many assumed things, how can the numbers be accurate? Or is it not supposed to be accurate?
Yeah! I have same questions too...
I really love the way of teaching here!!
bloody amazing, people have been trying to teach me that for a whole year now, and now in just 15 mins it makes perfect sense.
HOW ARE YOU SO GOOD!!
thanks very much :)
Thank you, thank you so much.
I can't even begin to tell you how useful this was.
I pay 23k a year for an education and I find myself learning more from UA-cam than my professors. FML. Thanks Khanacademy.
hey guys ohmymymymy i looooove this topic!! but honestly his handwriting is sooooo goals.... like i love it sm.....ohmygod i can't even
You guys literally have every subject its great
Keep P dominant and q recessive. There are other stat. formulas in population genetics that will call for one or the other; and most textbooks list the the formula as P^2 + 2pq+ q^2=1. Hope this helps, cheers.
Taught me WAY more than my biology teacher ,, Thanks a million!
I wasted a day trying to get this! Thanks so much for helping me get it so i can enjoy the remaining portion of the weekend!
Well made and easy to follow. Covers just about everything you need to know for exams
This was an extremely useful revision tool! Thank you very much for posting it ^-^
isn't P the freq. of the homozygous dominant allele but why did he calculate the freq. of BB using q instead of p?
Thank you!
I'm a 2nd year med student, you are articulate and succinct. Job well done!
me too
Thank you very much! Great work!
Thanks a lot!
I was quite confused about this principle, but now I get it.
Better than my medical school's biochemistry teacher! Great work Khan Academy!
Very well explained. helped me a lot thank you
Wow just made so much more sense than my class! Thanks!
Words can't express how grateful I am.
Thank you, Mr. Anderson. Excellent.... video. I am excited and not understand this process for class. Way to go! (:
wow that was brilliant, finally some genetics i actually understand!!!! thankyouuuuu :):):)
khan academy is a grade saver, thank you
Thank you! Greatly appreciated!
Guys, unless your teacher explicitly states it, which one you designate as p or q hardly really matters. Once you go into the harder problems you lose total dominance and you'll start working with more than one allele per situation. Conceptually p and q are just variables,they can be whatever you want them to be.
Thank you, Khan!
It doesn't matter what the notation is, as long as you don't switch it in the middle of the problem. It's really not confusing at all, he explains it very well.
You are amazing...better than soooooooooo many teachers at explaining things...the education system should be full of teachers who can actually explain things to idiots like me!
I don't understand the logic behind this, but you have a very nice voice and it makes it easier to follow your train of thought...
Omg i have been depressed and kind of crying for last 2 hours because i have my medical entrance test after 7 days and i couldnt understand this, you made it so easy Thanks Khan academy
Mdcat?
your lecture is very good ,thank you.
This is great! Thanks so much!
Thank you so much for this! This is so usefull!
Thank you so much
THANK YOU FOR POSTING! i gotta bio test coming up thats gonna be a bitch and my books making no sense at this point. once again, thank you
I can't believe how easy that was. Also can't believe how our teacher could make it seem so incredibly difficult that we all struggle with this O.o am sending this link to everybody in my class xP
p is the frequency of the dominant allele in a population, just saying..
bb (blue eyes) is a recessive trait..
it doesn't matter if you represent it
@@bobross3356 oh but it does matter if ur teaching ppl that are already a bit confused u had me wondering wat i was doing wrong for a sec
I wanted to know how those 5 factors affect this principle and off course those graphs- directional etc.
Goodjob, thanks for the help
My biology books makes it out to be so much more confusing then it needs to be, but this video explains it very clearly.
you sir are a hero
Loved the video-
Khan, I want to make a request:
Apparently this is more statistics related to this topic(chi-square distributions), so can you make video(s) on the statistics part? Thanks
Very helpful thanks!
THANK YOU SO MUCH
amazing!
this is so helpful, but how would you predict the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies for the next generation?
Brilliant!
Thank you!
Which software did u used??? Its really amazing. . .
Amazing!
Fantastically usefull!
Could you tell me the specific Wacom Bamboo Tablet model you're using to make this great videos? Thanks
this is very helpful thanks
Awesome !!!!
love you're handwriting :D
thank you so much!!! this was so helpful!!!!! :D
I don't think it matters what P and Q are, recessive or dominant etc. It all adds the same, aslong as you state what you've used P and Q for, then it shouldn't matter.
+triggertheoriegroupy the maths will tally, but convention says that p = Dominant and q = ressessive
It matters when a student learns something incorrectly
hahaha, u need to be my AP bio teacher, this was sooooo helpful
This should really help. Thanks!
helpful ty this will help me for my test tommorw ty boss
very well explained.great teacher..which software is used here?
you legit saved my life
Awesome mate
Switched P and Q
+Audrey Mae Moncada Hey
This is so helpful!
so all of this is assuming that the population IS in an Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, right?
Keep up the good work.
So in hardy-weinberg problems, do we assume that there is either no variation or that the variation is negligible? Is that a correct understanding?
thanks good job !!!
nicely explained
Very Important! The dominant allele frequency is represented by p and the recessive allele frequency is represented by q.
I finally get it, thx mate
Thanks!
OH MY GOD THANK YOU!!!
Thx a lot
wow, a week in Bio 30 class didn't teach me anything, but 15 minutes at my computer taught me the whole damn thing!!!
mindblowing
very helpful!
this is really helpful!!!!!
THANKS!!! Well, if only my whole A-level was this easy :p
Could you please tell me what software u use ? I love it.
Looks like it's simply Microsoft Paint.
the one thing i dont understand is why there arent more teachers like you out there
Fine Arts majors should e warned before enrolling in a class that involves math. Even a little bit.
This was a huge help. Seriously, you have no idea.
God Bless you Sir! :))
THANK YOU :)
Can you explain this one to me
100 people are typed at a biallelic ( 2 alleles) locus with allelic frequencies of p=0.6 and q=0.4. Assuming Hardy weinberg equilibrium, how many are hetrozygous (explain working out please)
This guy is a genius.
this video was so helpful oh my god
I have a question, my teacher uses "q" for recessive and "p" for dominant alleles, is that the same thing??
Nice!
Don't worry, P and Q are just standins for the frequencies of the two different alleles, if it helps pause the video and follow through it all on paper but every time he uses P or Q substitute them for what they stand in for.
Although, isn't p the frequency of the dominant trait and not the recessive trait? And the same for p^2 + 2pq + q^2?
I was just wondering. Seems strange that you switched them.
this video was really helpful, but it does assume some prior knowledge of certain terms (homozygous, heterozygous, hybrid, allele, phenotype, genotype ect.) so while very helpful for myself and others who have some of this prior knowledge - might be a bit confusing for people just starting off in the subject. it might be a good idea for said people to look up some of these terms, and put a little research into allele/phenotype frequencies - and hopefully this video will be much more helpful :)
Can anyone please explain the math in this video? I can't understand these conversions from squared 0,09 to 0,3 than to 30%, as it is at 9:40
@itsthefantasy the results will be the same, but sometime in your studies a question stem may specify 'homozygous dominant' and ask for you to match the variable. This is what happened to me as I was studying for the MCAT... otherwise, especially on the basic level of studying, I guess it doesn't make a difference.
It's weird that this video is most popular among males from 25 - 54 years of age. (I found that on the stats section). It would seem that this kind of stuff would be most useful to younger students... BTW: Great video..!!
If the population is now in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium it should be relatively constant and so it shouldn't change from one generation to the next. If the phenotype for green skin is 12% and this is stable q2= 0.12. The square root of q2 to the nearest hundredth is 0.35, so q, the frequency of the green skin allele will be 0.35.
Hope this helps.