The beginning of this video is priceless and deserves a separate upload for it could go viral. The image of Simon as an optimistic and courageous Englishman trying to do his thing in spite of everything but eventually defeated by unexpected rain, with a big sigh and sad facial expression, is a quintessential Englishness that is seldom caught on film spontaneously, if ever. Thanks for leaving that in!
@@bashkillszombies "Any Englishman left in London" - I guess you're alluding to the hordes of Normans who have invaded your Anglo-Saxon country, right?
@@patrickmccurry1563 This! You have just learned (are learning) a writing system for carving into wood and horn. And therefore write on a suitable object you own. Also consider all the young people moving into their first apartment, and adding a nicely framed "HOME" on the wall. (Future archeologists will probably speculate on a short lived "ritual practice".)
Your joke dart has landed at a serious bullseye! Many IE languages have cognate words for "cattle" and "money." Lat. _pecunia_ < _pecus_ , "cattle". Eng. borrowed "money" via Normans from L. godess name _Moneta_ , but kept _fee_ , ultimately from O.E. _feoh_ , "cattle." Both descend from the PIE root *pek- meaning "sheep"; there is no reconstructed common PIE root for cattle. I can't recall any PIE language deriving "money" from "horse," tho. It's nearly certain that money has been invented after the PIE-speaking nomads settled and PIE split into multiple branches. Money is a relatively recent invention. Look at the Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization that embraced the western nearly third of the sea's shoreline from Mycenae to Hattuša to Egypt and collapsed in 1200BC. Coastal shipping trade was voluminous, but (oops, I'm trespassing Simon's territory again) no evidence of coinage use has been discovered. Some of these trading kingdoms spoke already well-differentiated IE languages.
You prolly dont care but does any of you know of a trick to get back into an Instagram account? I was stupid lost my account password. I appreciate any tips you can offer me.
@Deacon Darwin thanks for your reply. I got to the site on google and I'm in the hacking process now. I see it takes a while so I will get back to you later with my results.
Simon, you are a well of culture. Your videos are so interesting for me . I have a degree in English. Although it is all behind me now, I actually took a lot of interest in your knowledge of Old English and Middle English. I learnt English linguistics at University. I have always have a taste for foreign languages. And this takes me out of my depression. Being on my own, christmas is the worst time for me. I spent several hours this afternoon watching your videos. You speak a little too fast for me because I am French. But you explain the origin of English language perfectly. Thank you.
I'm he did as well. I hadn't really thought about it, but it is very likely that it did. There likely was a dialect continuum from proto-baltoslavic to celtic across the area, and possibly a few isolated pockets of some unknown language isolate that had no known relatives like basque is today.
@@VTdarkangel There are very early Proto-Germanic words borrowed into Finnish, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian which seem to be actually from a sister language of Proto-Germanic, rather than Proto-Germanic itself. It indicates that the greater Proto-Germanic spectrum (which includes all sister languages) was widespread in the East Baltic and probably the whole spectrum arrived from the East Baltic, but only the one branch of Germanic we known today has survived.
@@elimalinsky7069 That's interesting to hear. Seems to confirm the point. I know I have heard of words that exist even today in the more eastern dialects of modern Germanic languages that seem to have similarities to slavic words even though they are believed to be Germanic in origin. What you have decribed could be part of that. The history of languages fascinates me because I love seeing how modern languages fall out their ancient ancestors. I wish I had the ability to learn more about this stuff, but as I am an amateur, I don't have the time or the resources to do as much research as I would like.
@@VTdarkangel Languages and comparative linguistics fascinate me as well. The close similarity between Germanic and Slavic stem from the overwhelming evidence that Germanic and Balto-Slavic shared an immediate common ancestor, Germanic-Balto-Slavic, if you like. The theory suggests that the Satem-Centum distinction of Indo-European languages must be re-evaluated. Also, the eastern dialects of Plattdeutsch, that is the eastern variants of the Low German Saxon dialects had been influenced by the Wends, which is the name associated with the collection of various Slavic tribes inhabiting the regions of present-day Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen and parts of Thuringia. These tribes inhabited the area from circa 600 CE to circa 1100 CE, at which point they were absorbed into the Saxon culture and language.
@thecahn I know, but it seems logical that there still would have been a dialect continuum in the areas where the proto-Germanic peoples interacted with the Celts. It may have been a compressed, narrow area but likely nonetheless.
I liked the casualness of him standing in the rain not saying anything but just looking at a twig on a bush while the rain is pit-patting on the canopy *I read a book called 'The Story of English' and the blurb on the back mentions that "our language comes from a shared Germanic tribal speech..." Which is how I ended up here I did an English degree and have always been interested in language and derivations of it Thanks, Simon
We still do. I'm from Denmark and Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany essentially have the same climate as Britain. The irony is; the Danes originally came from southwestern Sweden, pushing the Anglo-Saxons from modern day Danmark towards Britain. Later we and the Norwegians raided Britain, only to find the same shitty weather there. And the Swedes got the real "prize" by raiding Baltic states and Russia in the east. Climate there is just "super". Just like we went on to Iceland and Greenland. Idiots, lol! At any event, the north germanic peoples really lucked out on the climate.
Ok so i have downloaded this video for a long time but just ended watching it today. And i just HAVE to mention the portrait in the last part. Dude you're truly talented!
Here, in my part of Brandenburg ( northern Germany), we can date back the first settlements to the first Century. The Tribes Name, who settled here was "Zamzizi" and they belonged to the River Elbe Slawes - Wends. It´s freaky awesome, what I found with a little research. Thx for the Video!
@@АскарТуребеков-ж2н does no one teach Slavs about the great Slavic migrations? Before the mid 500’s slavs only existed in southern modern day Poland and northern Ukraine, and Belarus. Eastern Germanic lived in modern day eastern and northern Poland long before the Slavic migration. Poles always claim Pomerania, Brandenburg and parts of Holstein were historically polish but that was in large part to Charlemagne’s massacre of the Saxons and his invitation of Christian slavs to these regions. Yes eastern Germany and Prussia had Slavic admixture, but the in the 6th century when the Slavic migration began slavs intermixed with the now extinct eastern Germanic peoples in modern day western, and northern Poland too.
@@northwestpassage6234 well at least Mr. Turebekow is able to understand that people mix and assimilate each other. So he's a bit ahead of polish nationalists for example. xD
weird thing about the woman from Oakington. My wife got a DNA test for xmas, and she is genetically closer to that AS woman than any Ancient Viking sample or modern Swede even though she is herself a swede with no English ancestry.
That's not that surprising to me. I'm from Glasgow and according to David Davidsky my closest PCA match by far was Medieval Swedish Vikings from Sigtuna. What was also more eye opening is how close ALL the populations of northwest Europe were to one another, there seemed to be almost no genetic distance between an Irishman and someone from Norway, so the whole Celtic/Germanic divide that has become so intrinsic to the various regional and national identities of the British Isles seems to be largely bullshit. I think we underestimate how much our ancestors got around and mixed. And I think we have a poor understanding of what they actually considered to be their people.
@@d4n4nable Well what's the cultural differences? They all speak Germanic languages now. They all by and large practice the same beige western Americanized culture.
At 7:44. The 'rik' part is likely from the PIE word for a king, which in Germanic languages became the word for the king's domain at some unknown time. But note that it is on the end of the name, not the beginning. This custom, the modifier after the noun, was used widely by Celts, as seen in their king's names in the form 'rix'. Proto-Germanic speakers' southern neighbors were probably Celts, so the custom might be from that contact. If so then Harjarikaz would mean King Harja.
Yes. I agree, and I'm sure that the German "Reich", names like "FredeRICK", the Spanish word/name "Regina" (for queen), and the Latin "Rex" for king must all be cognates or can somehow be traced to the same roots.
Ed Dawson Gothic seems to have added things to the end, which is common anyhow. I’m not sure Celtic influence caused it to go at the end, but maybe. Example Þiuda ‘people, tribe”, Þiudans ‘prince, leader of the tribe’, Þiudinassus ‘kingdom’, Þiudareiks ‘people-king, Theodoric’
Rather than Celtic influence I find it more likely this is simply a shared practice. There's little reason Germanic names would have been influenced in this matter when Celtic names were not adopted otherwise.
Man, the Finnish language has a bunch of proto-germanic loans. For example harja means comb in Finnish, a straight loan. I also wonder if Holtijaz is related to the Finnish word "Haltia", elf.
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Germanic It's incredible, due to its agglutinating nature, a few of the early Germanic loan words are kept frozen in time for about 1500 years, you're able to hear Proto-Germanic words like "kuningaz" (kuningas) up to this day. I'm always buffled about that.
If anyone is interested in how Finnish and other closely related languages ended up with numerous Baltic and Germanic loanwords, I recommend reading the works of Valter Lang, an Estonian archeologist. His theory about the origins of the Finnic languages is available in English in this collection of papers (from page 63 onwards): www.oulu.fi/sites/default/files/content/CIFU12-PlenaryPapers.pdf#page=63 His book about the theory in Estonian called "Läänemeresoome tulemised" has been reviewed in German: journal.fi/fuf/article/view/79536/40366 and Finnish: www.tuglas.fi/laanemeresoome-tulemised
Cat_City oh yes the difference between pronunciation of classical Latin and ecclesiastical Latin which is to say the difference between “veni vidi vichi” and “weni widi wiki”
Yeah I always cringe when people use the "s" sound for the latin c when they are talking about romans. It's okay if you are refering to christian sources though. I just dont like it when people mix them up.
I've only just caught up with Simon (and subscribed). I was hoping he'd mention ideas about potential Uralic substrates of proto-germanic. The idea that PG is what you get when you speak PIE with a Finnish accent (sort of). Maybe another episode.
That theory was proposed by Kalevi Wiik, a professor of phonetics (emeritus) at the University of Turku, Finland. His ideas are highly controversial, and from what I understand, not supported by the current generation of historical linguists in Finland.
The problem is that the Uralic stress patterns are much weaker than the Germanic; thus, in Uralic languages, there is a greater tendency to leave words uncontracted and inflexions intact, unlike the Germanic case. Likewise, other Indo-European languages (e.g. Italic, and Celtic among others) had also developed root stress, which led to loss of inflexion in the same way.
0:00 - 0:51 of the video needs to become a meme! The change in Simon's facial expression from hopeful to defeated and everything in between is just hilarious and priceless!
Hearing birds esp. blackbirds singing in December and temparatures rising up to 13 °C (ca. 55 °F) like Saturday the 21st December, even here in Middle Europe (whereas the British Isles are milder due to the Gulf stream) it is quite unsettling from a native perspective used to at least a bit of snow between mid December to mid January. Almost ten years now, the only thing I wish for is snow :-(
@@thurianwanderer last winter we had a couple days where it got down to -32F without wind chill, unusual even for here but it happens occasionally. The leaves fall off the trees mid to late October and we don't see green anything until late April and can get snow as late as mid may although that is unusual.
George Swanson I saw the photos, it’s like the Great Lakes are turning white. Pretty terrible even though I don’t have a shit clue about ferenhaits nor do I know where Minnesota is. Hope you don’t get to endure that again this year.
Thanks Pierre, I'm married to a lovely gal from Yorkshire and a few years back I was on the west coast of Scotland and was astonished to see 10C temps and green things growing in January. Just keep reminding yourself that even though it's damp, it's not Minnesota. Cheers!
Fascinating. What I would like to know is, how and when did Proto-Germanic separate from the other Indo-European languages around it, like Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic? Did they each break off directly from Proto-Indo-European, or were there some other common ancestor languages between PIE and Proto-Germanic. Proto-Germano-Celtic or something? If PIE was spoken 5,000 years ago, and Proto-Germanic 2,000 years ago, that is a lot of time between the two. What did the ancestors of Proto-Germanic speakers speak 600 years earlier (given that by 600 years later they were speaking other languages like Old Norse and Old English)?
Enjoyed the video Simon. Reading Jean Manco's 'The Origins of the Anglo-Saxons' at the moment. I'm never completely convinced by the idea Brythonic Britons discarded their Celtic culture and embraced the Anglian like Teddy boys becoming Mods in 1965-I mean honestly! Cannot imagine small elite warbands could have achieved such linguistic influence swiftly either, so the picture is very complex and variables such as length of acculturation all important. Germanic influence may go back many hundreds of years of course, even prior to Vortigern era. Always interesting, Happy New Year to you Simon. Can I recommend an ex Finnish Army parka. Bought one on eBay and I look rather splendid In the rain.
I've never read it but I'll have a look, there's such a huge amount of literature on the Anglo-Saxons themselves that I haven't read because I've focused on the language. Population replacement and cultural change are extremely interesting things that I've never really touched on in my reading. Thank you for the coat recommendation;
@@simonroper9218 thanks for your videos. They are very useful for me. I am from Spain and I am studiying english and danish. And I would love to deep into old english. It is amazing futhark and connections between danish. Tak/ Gracias/ Thanks!
@@marialeis26 Well, The Angels DID come from was later (until 1864) within the Danish Realm. So it's basically the same people saying home in Jutland or going out to Brittania. So no wo der there are similarities.
I have to give you credit for using a correct map of the old Germanic area, very often is the lands in Norway north of Dovre and in Sweden the costal area beteween Dalälven and Skule forgotten or ignored in such maps.
Your channel is awesome. People take the English language for granted and find it boring. Your channel shows that it is a great example of hybridization. Exciting and fluid.
Simon,great show again,thanks. Any thoughts on Heilung? They use Proto-Norse,which was reconstructed from ruins and sing war songs, medicine songs, shaman songs,etc. Their live shows are remarkable( not to mention Maria Franz as being exactly the most beautiful and talented vocalist alive today). Have you listened to their lyrics and the language used? They brought a dead language very much to life.
Would be interesting to see your take on the Bergakker Runic inscription. It's been described as one of the oldest (in-)direct attestations of Proto Germanic (which might or might not be an exaggeration). It is also believed to be the first and sole attestation of Frankish (or Proto-Dutch depending who you ask). I know runic inscriptions are a bit out of your usual scope, but it might be a cool change of pace
Possibly interesting to pre-history buffs: "The Yamnaya culture, also known as the Yamnaya Horizon,[2] Yamna culture, Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300-2600 BC.[3] Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Ямная (romanization: yamnaya) is a Russian adjective that means 'related to pits (yama)', and these people used to bury their dead in tumuli (kurgans) containing simple pit chambers." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
I'm pretty sure most people who are into pre-history already know about the Yamnaya culture, as it's the most likely candidate for the Proto-Indo-European people themselves!
That intro must have taken dozens of takes to get right, what with the comedic timing. You're obviously quite dedicated to your craft and it's quite an inspiration.
I am intrigued by the material culture displayed on the chest of drawers. What does it tell us about this high status individual who has been found next to them?
Have you been to the museum of the Germanic peoples in Nuremberg? You must go! They have physically brought an ancient chalet down from the Swiss Alps and bisected it, and they have a wing dedicated to the history of clocks and watches, which includes a wrist sundial just like Fred Flintstone had, only it's thousands of years old, to name a couple things about it.
It probably differed from region to region as all things do, but my understanding was that there was secondary articulation on the [k], which is what I tried to do here.
Fascinating! Tiwaz in the way you pronounced sounds like Estonian taevas (sky, heaven). Tiwaz as the god of Sun has tarted to make sense the origin of word taevas.
As a Finn, I was surprised to learn that the Proto-Germanic word for 'comb' was most likely 'kambaz'. In Finnish, we have the word 'kampa', in Swedish they have 'kam', and in German they have 'Kamm'.
@@michabach274 Proto-Germanic was first spoken in southern scandinavia, maybe as far as the south coast of norway and spread along the coast up and later south to denmark?. Norway also has the olderst germanic runes ever found on a comb from the 2-3 millenia AD, several stone graves like the Einangen stone from the 4th millenia AD i belive. Several coastal names along the norwegian coast are in either proto-germanic or proto-norse like the name for the sami in proto-germanic is; feznōz (finner) or fennōz in later proto-Norse wich initialy as to describe the western-uralic traders wich they traded with and as these people expanded to the östersjö area and finnmark. Finns and sami loaned several words to their language from proto-germanic and norse wich is still present today if you compare these side by side; Proto-Germanic; "Harjawaldaz kuningaz rīkaz, wīsaz jah hurskaz" Finnic; "rikas, viisas ja hurskas Harjavalta-kuningas" Eng; "the rich, wise and understanding King Herald" Norse/is; " inn ríki, vísi og horski konung(u)r Harald(u)r So as the language spread south with the juts and danes and then further south and west. If you look at old names in norway from Finnmark to Lindesnes you find ancient names from proto-ger/proto/norse wich in turn has evolved to modern counterparts of course as well as in Sweden, names like raipas in northern norway is belive to be from p.germ; "Raipaz" as an example. Fun fact is how easy proto-germanic and proto norse rolls on my tounge when i read it out as if i spoke it naturaly, im half icelandic and half norwegian.
Great video truly, but though "harja" might be considered also as "comb", especially if you are to interpret it equal to example the Finnish word "harja", which actually does mean "brush" in modern Finnish, could as a consideration from earlier borrowed loan-words between the two languages, hence seen as a potential, especially when it's present on a literal comb. As a bit of an potential example at first glace, as the reconstructed Germanic word of "kuningaz" (king) has been partially inspired by its modern Finnish counter part of "kuningas", even if the two languages aren't related, it seems like either languages might have borrowed from each other at times. However, a counter argument of being something else can derive from the word "harja" of being simply "warrior", Harja, or "Harją" (potentially even using the the nasal in one letter), and that's because of especially the factors that the word is more commonly written in some other manner or other of ex. into the few existing runes stones there is in Elder Fuþark today. Another potential for such statement exist in what we still have left from the word itself within multiple different words in our modern tongues of today, names to more simple words, but many of these having a relation still to warrior or army, especially. Harold, Harald(r/ar), Harris, Harry as ex. of names Här: here, (horde)-army (Swedish) Her: army, military (Icelandic, Norwegian Nynorsk) Heer: army (German) Hær: army (Danish, Norwegian Bokmål) Herur: army, military (Faroese) Here: here (English, lol) Hærge: ravage (Danish) Herje: ravage (Norwegian) Härja: ravage (Swedish) Hærger: ravages, harasser(s) (Danish) Herjer: ravages, harasser(s) (Norwegian) Härjare: ravages, harasser(s) (Swedish) Note: the word "warrior" is however referred as "harjaz" by its re-construction, alas the last letter missing from this comb.
The opening being funny in a way, I "invented" in my imagination a double umbrella, where the first takes the rain and the lower directs the sound from the first away.
The beginning of this video is priceless and deserves a separate upload for it could go viral. The image of Simon as an optimistic and courageous Englishman trying to do his thing in spite of everything but eventually defeated by unexpected rain, with a big sigh and sad facial expression, is a quintessential Englishness that is seldom caught on film spontaneously, if ever. Thanks for leaving that in!
Seriously, I almost laughed out loud at how English that part was.
More of a human thing than an English thing but okay.
You think capturing English disappointment on film is rare? Just look at the face of any Englishman left in London.
@@bashkillszombies "Any Englishman left in London" - I guess you're alluding to the hordes of Normans who have invaded your Anglo-Saxon country, right?
@@hajenso the anglo saxons are the ones that invaded, the whole country got it's name from them
It is somehow so pleasing to me that there are people like Simon who study, preserve and hopefully advance our understanding of our remote ancestors.
Thank you, Keith! :) That means a lot
Like a Pathfinder to how we came to be put together, made
It makes understanding ourselves much better
This makes me want to write "comb" on a comb to confuse future scholars
Yeah,sure that would deffinitely work
I get the image of someone who just learned how to write in a fashion similar to someone who just bought a label maker. Everything's getting named.
What else are you going to write? “Warning, start at the bottom of badly tangled hair”?
@@patrickmccurry1563 This! You have just learned (are learning) a writing system for carving into wood and horn. And therefore write on a suitable object you own.
Also consider all the young people moving into their first apartment, and adding a nicely framed "HOME" on the wall. (Future archeologists will probably speculate on a short lived "ritual practice".)
Writing kitchen on kitchen walls already confuses me, and I'm not even a linguist.
"Only two things are certain in this life -- death, and horses."
- A Proto-Germanic speaker
Your joke dart has landed at a serious bullseye! Many IE languages have cognate words for "cattle" and "money." Lat. _pecunia_ < _pecus_ , "cattle". Eng. borrowed "money" via Normans from L. godess name _Moneta_ , but kept _fee_ , ultimately from O.E. _feoh_ , "cattle." Both descend from the PIE root *pek- meaning "sheep"; there is no reconstructed common PIE root for cattle. I can't recall any PIE language deriving "money" from "horse," tho. It's nearly certain that money has been invented after the PIE-speaking nomads settled and PIE split into multiple branches. Money is a relatively recent invention. Look at the Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization that embraced the western nearly third of the sea's shoreline from Mycenae to Hattuša to Egypt and collapsed in 1200BC. Coastal shipping trade was voluminous, but (oops, I'm trespassing Simon's territory again) no evidence of coinage use has been discovered. Some of these trading kingdoms spoke already well-differentiated IE languages.
You prolly dont care but does any of you know of a trick to get back into an Instagram account?
I was stupid lost my account password. I appreciate any tips you can offer me.
@Merrick Cody instablaster =)
@Deacon Darwin thanks for your reply. I got to the site on google and I'm in the hacking process now.
I see it takes a while so I will get back to you later with my results.
@Deacon Darwin it worked and I now got access to my account again. Im so happy:D
Thanks so much you saved my ass :D
This is the difference between England and Germany.
Germany has continental weather, England has incontinental weather.
Auch in Ostfriesland?
"incontinental" - great ^^
England is in the United Kingdom.
@@klaasdeboer8106 so Ostfriesland is in England.
Well that, and a ridiculous number of Latin loanwords.
Someone stop this desperate man from catching a cold again
Simon is very wan. He should go to the seaside when summer comes and get some sunshine! 🤗
Simon, you are a well of culture. Your videos are so interesting for me . I have a degree in English. Although it is all behind me now, I actually took a lot of interest in your knowledge of Old English and Middle English. I learnt English linguistics at University. I have always have a taste for foreign languages. And this takes me out of my depression. Being on my own, christmas is the worst time for me. I spent several hours this afternoon watching your videos. You speak a little too fast for me because I am French. But you explain the origin of English language perfectly. Thank you.
Your ‘rain face’ is hilarious. x
53 weeks have now passed since one of the best opening scenes on UA-cam.
Thank you for these videos. They are full on brilliant.
Your channel has quickly become one of my favourites. Thanks for sharing.
I love the diagram showing unattested related languages. People tend to overlook that Proto-Germanic probably had its own close relatives.
I'm he did as well. I hadn't really thought about it, but it is very likely that it did. There likely was a dialect continuum from proto-baltoslavic to celtic across the area, and possibly a few isolated pockets of some unknown language isolate that had no known relatives like basque is today.
@@VTdarkangel There are very early Proto-Germanic words borrowed into Finnish, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian which seem to be actually from a sister language of Proto-Germanic, rather than Proto-Germanic itself. It indicates that the greater Proto-Germanic spectrum (which includes all sister languages) was widespread in the East Baltic and probably the whole spectrum arrived from the East Baltic, but only the one branch of Germanic we known today has survived.
@@elimalinsky7069 That's interesting to hear. Seems to confirm the point. I know I have heard of words that exist even today in the more eastern dialects of modern Germanic languages that seem to have similarities to slavic words even though they are believed to be Germanic in origin. What you have decribed could be part of that.
The history of languages fascinates me because I love seeing how modern languages fall out their ancient ancestors. I wish I had the ability to learn more about this stuff, but as I am an amateur, I don't have the time or the resources to do as much research as I would like.
@@VTdarkangel Languages and comparative linguistics fascinate me as well.
The close similarity between Germanic and Slavic stem from the overwhelming evidence that Germanic and Balto-Slavic shared an immediate common ancestor, Germanic-Balto-Slavic, if you like. The theory suggests that the Satem-Centum distinction of Indo-European languages must be re-evaluated.
Also, the eastern dialects of Plattdeutsch, that is the eastern variants of the Low German Saxon dialects had been influenced by the Wends, which is the name associated with the collection of various Slavic tribes inhabiting the regions of present-day Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen and parts of Thuringia. These tribes inhabited the area from circa 600 CE to circa 1100 CE, at which point they were absorbed into the Saxon culture and language.
@thecahn I know, but it seems logical that there still would have been a dialect continuum in the areas where the proto-Germanic peoples interacted with the Celts. It may have been a compressed, narrow area but likely nonetheless.
I've only just discovered your channel and I am thoroughly enjoying it, you are very entertaining to listen to! good job man
Thank you! :)
I liked the casualness of him standing in the rain not saying anything but just looking at a twig on a bush while the rain is pit-patting on the canopy
*I read a book called 'The Story of English' and the blurb on the back mentions that "our language comes from a shared Germanic tribal speech..."
Which is how I ended up here
I did an English degree and have always been interested in language and derivations of it
Thanks, Simon
You don't even know how I loved that rain in the beginning of the video 😌
Sitting in an English garden waiting for the sun...
But if the sun don't come, you get a tan from standing in the English rain
Might as well try doing that in Washington state.
That Sun will never come
@@toomdog Ich bin der Eiermann. Sie sind die Eiermänner. Ich bin das Walross. Guh Guh Gah Dschub.
@@meadish That made my day! Ich habe Mich sehr gefreut!
I am literally laughing out loud at your introduction. Priceless. I needed a laugh today - thank you.
You are a top bloke and any father's good Son. X
Rainy winter morning ASMR
Thuds against the camera a bit too hard for my taste.
I can see early Germanic peoples complaining about the rain a lot given their homeland.
Thats why they raided the hell out of Britain.
Gotta claim the cold rain.
We are all like the Inuits in this regard, they have many words for different kinds o snow, we have different words for different kinds of rain.
We still do. I'm from Denmark and Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany essentially have the same climate as Britain.
The irony is; the Danes originally came from southwestern Sweden, pushing the Anglo-Saxons from modern day Danmark towards Britain. Later we and the Norwegians raided Britain, only to find the same shitty weather there.
And the Swedes got the real "prize" by raiding Baltic states and Russia in the east. Climate there is just "super".
Just like we went on to Iceland and Greenland. Idiots, lol!
At any event, the north germanic peoples really lucked out on the climate.
Not really, when they are from the north!
There's little difference in the weather, it's rarely to hot, it's rarely to cold, the gentle rain makes the crops grow and the land is green.
Ok so i have downloaded this video for a long time but just ended watching it today. And i just HAVE to mention the portrait in the last part. Dude you're truly talented!
Here, in my part of Brandenburg ( northern Germany), we can date back the first settlements to the first Century. The Tribes Name, who settled here was "Zamzizi" and they belonged to the River Elbe Slawes - Wends. It´s freaky awesome, what I found with a little research. Thx for the Video!
So you are admitting Germans are mixed with Slavs?
@@АскарТуребеков-ж2н Slavs are created by Slavicization.
@@АскарТуребеков-ж2н does no one teach Slavs about the great Slavic migrations? Before the mid 500’s slavs only existed in southern modern day Poland and northern Ukraine, and Belarus. Eastern Germanic lived in modern day eastern and northern Poland long before the Slavic migration. Poles always claim Pomerania, Brandenburg and parts of Holstein were historically polish but that was in large part to Charlemagne’s massacre of the Saxons and his invitation of Christian slavs to these regions. Yes eastern Germany and Prussia had Slavic admixture, but the in the 6th century when the Slavic migration began slavs intermixed with the now extinct eastern Germanic peoples in modern day western, and northern Poland too.
@@northwestpassage6234 well at least Mr. Turebekow is able to understand that people mix and assimilate each other. So he's a bit ahead of polish nationalists for example. xD
only some germans are mixed with slavs east germans.. any others are just the result of recent intermarriage
Seriously, for so many reasons, I wish you were my neighbor. I just stumbled across your channel this weekend, and had to start binge watching.
I love this, it's so authentic. You're very talented!
I’m just saying, you could put [ASMR] at the front of the video title and increase your views 10 fold with no changes to the video 🤷♂️
*sort of a joke, sort of serious, big fan either way 👍
yeah ive been going through lots of his recent vids and theyre very [unintentional] asmr i love it cause its also educational
Isn't that a weird, sex thing?
@@robotbjorn4952 No not really. Maybe you're thinking of BDSM.
@@Mr.Nichan
That's it. Thanks.
weird thing about the woman from Oakington. My wife got a DNA test for xmas, and she is genetically closer to that AS woman than any Ancient Viking sample or modern Swede even though she is herself a swede with no English ancestry.
As far as she knows!
YOU MEAN YOUR WIFE'S BOYFRIEND?
That's not that surprising to me. I'm from Glasgow and according to David Davidsky my closest PCA match by far was Medieval Swedish Vikings from Sigtuna. What was also more eye opening is how close ALL the populations of northwest Europe were to one another, there seemed to be almost no genetic distance between an Irishman and someone from Norway, so the whole Celtic/Germanic divide that has become so intrinsic to the various regional and national identities of the British Isles seems to be largely bullshit.
I think we underestimate how much our ancestors got around and mixed. And I think we have a poor understanding of what they actually considered to be their people.
@@palepilgrim1174 Just because they're genetically close doesn't mean there can't be huge cultural differences.
@@d4n4nable Well what's the cultural differences? They all speak Germanic languages now. They all by and large practice the same beige western Americanized culture.
It's raining in Cali too! Blessed solstice and happy Christmas, Simon! Keep up the good work. You are a gift 🎄💗❄️
Kiki Freese Westh Kousth Besth Kousth
At 7:44. The 'rik' part is likely from the PIE word for a king, which in Germanic languages became the word for the king's domain at some unknown time. But note that it is on the end of the name, not the beginning. This custom, the modifier after the noun, was used widely by Celts, as seen in their king's names in the form 'rix'. Proto-Germanic speakers' southern neighbors were probably Celts, so the custom might be from that contact. If so then Harjarikaz would mean King Harja.
Yes. I agree, and I'm sure that the German "Reich", names like "FredeRICK", the Spanish word/name "Regina" (for queen), and the Latin "Rex" for king must all be cognates or can somehow be traced to the same roots.
and we also get Latin rex, French roi, English rich (also regal, region, royal, all Latin borrowings), Hindi raja
Ed Dawson Gothic seems to have added things to the end, which is common anyhow. I’m not sure Celtic influence caused it to go at the end, but maybe. Example Þiuda ‘people, tribe”, Þiudans ‘prince, leader of the tribe’, Þiudinassus ‘kingdom’, Þiudareiks ‘people-king, Theodoric’
Rather than Celtic influence I find it more likely this is simply a shared practice. There's little reason Germanic names would have been influenced in this matter when Celtic names were not adopted otherwise.
Any chance the word "raja" might also be a _distant_ cognate, due to "Indo-Iranian" being a subset of "Indo-European?"
I am officially in love with this man.
The rain on the camera was really relaxing! And great video:)
merry Christmas 🎄🎄!
I like that you don't go "fuck it, I'll start over with dry clothes", you just went inside and continued.
This guy's content is so good that I watch it anyway despite an audio quality that would make me close any other video.
Out of the blue, UA-cam recommended you channel to me -- love it, going through your videos.
You make great vids. I can't even imagine where I'd get other detailed info on reconstructing ancient languages.
Thanks
Signum University has courses for Philology online.
Dr Jackson Crawford
Man, the Finnish language has a bunch of proto-germanic loans. For example harja means comb in Finnish, a straight loan. I also wonder if Holtijaz is related to the Finnish word "Haltia", elf.
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_terms_derived_from_Proto-Germanic
It's incredible, due to its agglutinating nature, a few of the early Germanic loan words are kept frozen in time for about 1500 years, you're able to hear Proto-Germanic words like "kuningaz" (kuningas) up to this day. I'm always buffled about that.
probably
Even lammas (sheep) is from the germanic *lambaz, also found as a cognate in the English word lamb.
Paavo Aro in german lamb is Lamm
If anyone is interested in how Finnish and other closely related languages ended up with numerous Baltic and Germanic loanwords, I recommend reading the works of Valter Lang, an Estonian archeologist. His theory about the origins of the Finnic languages is available in English in this collection of papers (from page 63 onwards): www.oulu.fi/sites/default/files/content/CIFU12-PlenaryPapers.pdf#page=63
His book about the theory in Estonian called "Läänemeresoome tulemised" has been reviewed in
German: journal.fi/fuf/article/view/79536/40366
and Finnish: www.tuglas.fi/laanemeresoome-tulemised
Usually his humor is very dry.....
😂That's clever
Out.
Now.
Cause he is a Saxon...
Thank you for calling him tack-ee-tus instead of tass-i-tus.
He says "tack--ee-tus" and I think... What... taquitos?
Cat_City oh yes the difference between pronunciation of classical Latin and ecclesiastical Latin which is to say the difference between “veni vidi vichi” and “weni widi wiki”
I noticed that too. It's the classical pronunciation, so germane to the time in which Tacitus was living, if they taught me right.
Yeah I always cringe when people use the "s" sound for the latin c when they are talking about romans. It's okay if you are refering to christian sources though. I just dont like it when people mix them up.
@@pallhe I see what you did there!
Man, I love your content so much, but I also adore you as a person. Keep up the good work and I wish you all the best in life!
I've only just caught up with Simon (and subscribed). I was hoping he'd mention ideas about potential Uralic substrates of proto-germanic. The idea that PG is what you get when you speak PIE with a Finnish accent (sort of). Maybe another episode.
That theory was proposed by Kalevi Wiik, a professor of phonetics (emeritus) at the University of Turku, Finland. His ideas are highly controversial, and from what I understand, not supported by the current generation of historical linguists in Finland.
The problem is that the Uralic stress patterns are much weaker than the Germanic; thus, in Uralic languages, there is a greater tendency to leave words uncontracted and inflexions intact, unlike the Germanic case. Likewise, other Indo-European languages (e.g. Italic, and Celtic among others) had also developed root stress, which led to loss of inflexion in the same way.
You are amazing! Love the beginning too funny!
There is something so oddly creative about your videos. They have a really minimal aesthetic and yet I always find them intruiguing
In sanskrit, the word for horse is "ashwa" which is similar to 'ehwaz'.
Yes, it's Satem version of the same word; look up "Centum vs. Satem languages".
So where does perd (Dutch) pferd ( German) and horse come from?
I could watch you standing miserably in the rain for hours
Simon: wants to make a video outside
British weather: nah mate not today
nice. your videos give me a relaxing vibe more than others.
Watching your videos sometimes makes me cry because I'm so fascinated by the things you talk about. Keep doing your thing! :D
I love the opening bit in the rain. It's very Keatonesque.
0:00 - 0:51 of the video needs to become a meme! The change in Simon's facial expression from hopeful to defeated and everything in between is just hilarious and priceless!
Both magically enlightening and charming (hilarious intro) in equal measure. Thoroughly enjoying your lessons Simon, thank you🖒🖒
This is what I needed to know, thank you!
Much wisdom, thanks
I wanna talk anthropology with you
Don't be a pervert.
(Rain drops 2* louder than him)" I'm not sure how loud the rain is! "
The look on your face standing out in the rain is priceless. 😂😂😂😂😂
Wow that was so awesome seeing you suffering for your art! You deserve subscription just for that.
Very insightful and interesting. Appreciated.
The intro cracked me up so hard. XD
As usual, another excellent video.
Flowers in late December, something I can only dream of here in Minnesota.
Hearing birds esp. blackbirds singing in December and temparatures rising up to 13 °C (ca. 55 °F) like Saturday the 21st December, even here in Middle Europe (whereas the British Isles are milder due to the Gulf stream) it is quite unsettling from a native perspective used to at least a bit of snow between mid December to mid January. Almost ten years now, the only thing I wish for is snow :-(
That was Jasminum nudiflorum, a winter flowering plant.
@@thurianwanderer last winter we had a couple days where it got down to -32F without wind chill, unusual even for here but it happens occasionally. The leaves fall off the trees mid to late October and we don't see green anything until late April and can get snow as late as mid may although that is unusual.
George Swanson I saw the photos, it’s like the Great Lakes are turning white. Pretty terrible even though I don’t have a shit clue about ferenhaits nor do I know where Minnesota is. Hope you don’t get to endure that again this year.
Thanks Pierre, I'm married to a lovely gal from Yorkshire and a few years back I was on the west coast of Scotland and was astonished to see 10C temps and green things growing in January. Just keep reminding yourself that even though it's damp, it's not Minnesota. Cheers!
Fascinating. What I would like to know is, how and when did Proto-Germanic separate from the other Indo-European languages around it, like Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic? Did they each break off directly from Proto-Indo-European, or were there some other common ancestor languages between PIE and Proto-Germanic. Proto-Germano-Celtic or something? If PIE was spoken 5,000 years ago, and Proto-Germanic 2,000 years ago, that is a lot of time between the two. What did the ancestors of Proto-Germanic speakers speak 600 years earlier (given that by 600 years later they were speaking other languages like Old Norse and Old English)?
Simon, I am so drawn to you. I love to listen to you; to your soul. Something I cannot quite place. I love it!
The intro was revelatory.
It's loud on the camera. Oh good. You're are going inside.
Your reactions to things makes your videos even better. :D
The sound of the rain is soothing thanks for your video
Enjoyed the video Simon. Reading Jean Manco's 'The Origins of the Anglo-Saxons' at the moment. I'm never completely convinced by the idea Brythonic Britons discarded their Celtic culture and embraced the Anglian like Teddy boys becoming Mods in 1965-I mean honestly! Cannot imagine small elite warbands could have achieved such linguistic influence swiftly either, so the picture is very complex and variables such as length of acculturation all important. Germanic influence may go back many hundreds of years of course, even prior to Vortigern era. Always interesting, Happy New Year to you Simon. Can I recommend an ex Finnish Army parka. Bought one on eBay and I look rather splendid In the rain.
I've never read it but I'll have a look, there's such a huge amount of literature on the Anglo-Saxons themselves that I haven't read because I've focused on the language. Population replacement and cultural change are extremely interesting things that I've never really touched on in my reading. Thank you for the coat recommendation;
i have the manco book and agree with you, most recent dna studies are supporting a large anglo saxon replacement of celtic population in england
@@simonroper9218 thanks for your videos. They are very useful for me. I am from Spain and I am studiying english and danish. And I would love to deep into old english. It is amazing futhark and connections between danish. Tak/ Gracias/ Thanks!
@@marialeis26 Well, The Angels DID come from was later (until 1864) within the Danish Realm. So it's basically the same people saying home in Jutland or going out to Brittania. So no wo der there are similarities.
@@ulrikschackmeyer848 "Non Angli sed angeli si Christiani.... " Saints Augustine and Gregory Magnus.
Glass inlay mosaic at Westminster chapel.
I'm really enjoying your show. Even you standing in the rain
Classic December weather here in England!
Shooting outdoors is what makes your videos so damn funny...birds, rain, construction...LOL
Your videos have seriously high unintentional ASMR value
Very interesting...history is fascinating and intriguing...wish we could go back in time..
These are wonderful videos.
I have to give you credit for using a correct map of the old Germanic area, very often is the lands in Norway north of Dovre and in Sweden the costal area beteween Dalälven and Skule forgotten or ignored in such maps.
I've watched a lot of your videos the last several days, but I've watched the intro to this one about 8 times, lol.
Your channel is awesome. People take the English language for granted and find it boring. Your channel shows that it is a great example of hybridization. Exciting and fluid.
It sounds awful
Your pronunciation of Njord in Old Norse is exquisite, I've had to go back and listen a few times for the beauty of the accuracy, not weird right?
Simon,great show again,thanks. Any thoughts on Heilung? They use Proto-Norse,which was reconstructed from ruins and sing war songs, medicine songs, shaman songs,etc. Their live shows are remarkable( not to mention Maria Franz as being exactly the most beautiful and talented vocalist alive today). Have you listened to their lyrics and the language used? They brought a dead language very much to life.
This is a fun channel been enjoy all this new content about language
Would be interesting to see your take on the Bergakker Runic inscription. It's been described as one of the oldest (in-)direct attestations of Proto Germanic (which might or might not be an exaggeration).
It is also believed to be the first and sole attestation of Frankish (or Proto-Dutch depending who you ask).
I know runic inscriptions are a bit out of your usual scope, but it might be a cool change of pace
Bij Kapel-Avezaath of Kerk - Avezaath?
@@antoniescargo4158 Kapel- (als ik mij niet vergis. Ik kom zelf niet uit de regio.)
Het ligt in elk geval vlak langs Tiel.
In Finnish we have many loanwords from Protogermanic. Kuningas - King. Harja - comb, airo - oar, kaunis - beautiful etc.
Possibly interesting to pre-history buffs: "The Yamnaya culture, also known as the Yamnaya Horizon,[2] Yamna culture, Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300-2600 BC.[3] Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Ямная (romanization: yamnaya) is a Russian adjective that means 'related to pits (yama)', and these people used to bury their dead in tumuli (kurgans) containing simple pit chambers."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
I'm pretty sure most people who are into pre-history already know about the Yamnaya culture, as it's the most likely candidate for the Proto-Indo-European people themselves!
Yes we do
That intro must have taken dozens of takes to get right, what with the comedic timing. You're obviously quite dedicated to your craft and it's quite an inspiration.
I am intrigued by the material culture displayed on the chest of drawers. What does it tell us about this high status individual who has been found next to them?
Your reaction to the rain is classic English reaction......love it!!!!
Love it! @30 secs, it is absolutely Pissing down so do a tiny, tiny bit of gardening while looking a bit crestfallen and a bit wet.... happy days!
SENPAI
Sorry i can't help it. I'm very hooked on this channel.
Have you been to the museum of the Germanic peoples in Nuremberg? You must go! They have physically brought an ancient chalet down from the Swiss Alps and bisected it, and they have a wing dedicated to the history of clocks and watches, which includes a wrist sundial just like Fred Flintstone had, only it's thousands of years old, to name a couple things about it.
That was a throughly entertaining and educational! Thank you
Latin 'equus' was normally not pronounced [ ɛkwʊs̺ ] but [ ɛkʊs̺ ] , it could also be written 'ecus' (the semivowel had fallen off before u sounds).
It probably differed from region to region as all things do, but my understanding was that there was secondary articulation on the [k], which is what I tried to do here.
nice IPA skills there
Fascinating! Tiwaz in the way you pronounced sounds like Estonian taevas (sky, heaven). Tiwaz as the god of Sun has tarted to make sense the origin of word taevas.
Am I correct in the assumption that proto-Germanic is to the Germanic languages what Latin is to the Romance languages?
Yes
more or less. A lot of the romance languages were also influenced by proto-germanic and other germanic languages.
Love the intro!!!
An Englishman seeking cover from the rain... Will you marry my beautiful daughter?
"Harja" is brush in Finnish.
As a Finn, I was surprised to learn that the Proto-Germanic word for 'comb' was most likely 'kambaz'. In Finnish, we have the word 'kampa', in Swedish they have 'kam', and in German they have 'Kamm'.
@@michabach274 Proto-Germanic was first spoken in southern scandinavia, maybe as far as the south coast of norway and spread along the coast up and later south to denmark?. Norway also has the olderst germanic runes ever found on a comb from the 2-3 millenia AD, several stone graves like the Einangen stone from the 4th millenia AD i belive. Several coastal names along the norwegian coast are in either proto-germanic or proto-norse like the name for the sami in proto-germanic is; feznōz (finner) or fennōz in later proto-Norse wich initialy as to describe the western-uralic traders wich they traded with and as these people expanded to the östersjö area and finnmark. Finns and sami loaned several words to their language from proto-germanic and norse wich is still present today if you compare these side by side;
Proto-Germanic; "Harjawaldaz kuningaz rīkaz, wīsaz jah hurskaz"
Finnic; "rikas, viisas ja hurskas Harjavalta-kuningas"
Eng; "the rich, wise and understanding King Herald"
Norse/is; " inn ríki, vísi og horski konung(u)r Harald(u)r
So as the language spread south with the juts and danes and then further south and west. If you look at old names in norway from Finnmark to Lindesnes you find ancient names from proto-ger/proto/norse wich in turn has evolved to modern counterparts of course as well as in Sweden, names like raipas in northern norway is belive to be from p.germ; "Raipaz" as an example. Fun fact is how easy proto-germanic and proto norse rolls on my tounge when i read it out as if i spoke it naturaly, im half icelandic and half norwegian.
Dude I love your videos. You seem like a very interesting dude to smash a couple pints with
the first 55 seconds were entertainingly bizarre. Love it. :) When things go from bad to worse to even worse.
The intro to this video is the most English thing I've ever seen.
It’s notable that it bothered me more watching him recording in his damp shirt than it seemed to bother him.
Great video truly, but though "harja" might be considered also as "comb", especially if you are to interpret it equal to example the Finnish word "harja", which actually does mean "brush" in modern Finnish, could as a consideration from earlier borrowed loan-words between the two languages, hence seen as a potential, especially when it's present on a literal comb. As a bit of an potential example at first glace, as the reconstructed Germanic word of "kuningaz" (king) has been partially inspired by its modern Finnish counter part of "kuningas", even if the two languages aren't related, it seems like either languages might have borrowed from each other at times.
However, a counter argument of being something else can derive from the word "harja" of being simply "warrior", Harja, or "Harją" (potentially even using the the nasal in one letter), and that's because of especially the factors that the word is more commonly written in some other manner or other of ex. into the few existing runes stones there is in Elder Fuþark today. Another potential for such statement exist in what we still have left from the word itself within multiple different words in our modern tongues of today, names to more simple words, but many of these having a relation still to warrior or army, especially.
Harold, Harald(r/ar), Harris, Harry as ex. of names
Här: here, (horde)-army (Swedish)
Her: army, military (Icelandic, Norwegian Nynorsk)
Heer: army (German)
Hær: army (Danish, Norwegian Bokmål)
Herur: army, military (Faroese)
Here: here (English, lol)
Hærge: ravage (Danish)
Herje: ravage (Norwegian)
Härja: ravage (Swedish)
Hærger: ravages, harasser(s) (Danish)
Herjer: ravages, harasser(s) (Norwegian)
Härjare: ravages, harasser(s) (Swedish)
Note: the word "warrior" is however referred as "harjaz" by its re-construction, alas the last letter missing from this comb.
the intro is like a Monty Python skit . loved it. hello from, Canada
Great video as always.
The opening being funny in a way, I "invented" in my imagination a double umbrella, where the first takes the rain and the lower directs the sound from the first away.
I like the 'who's farted' expression at the start.