Application of tissue culture Oct 17 2024

Production of phytopharmaceuticals and secondary metabolites
Secondary plant metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, lipids, oils, tannins, anthraquinones, flavones, napthaquinones, vitamins, proteins, anticancer agents, antiviral agents etc. are isolated from plant tissue culutre.
b) Plant cell Immobilization
Is a beneficial aid for the production of secondary metabolites, gel entrapment has been the most widely used type of immobilization method.
In this method, plant cells are fixed in or on a supporting material or matrix such as agar, agarose, calcium alginate, glass, or polyurethane foam.
It involves the entrapment of cells within a gel or passive adsorption on solid support materials, thus creating a situation for cell to imitate membership on a tissue of a whole plant.
c) Genetic transformation (Transgenic plant)
The plants obtained through genetic engineering contain a gene usually from an unrelated organism, such genes are called transgenes, and the plants containing transgenes are called as transgenic plants.
Applications of Genetic transformation :
Genes have been successfully transferred to many crops for resistance to
various biotic stresses
Genes resistant to abiotic stresses like herbicide resistance
Resistance against viral infection
Gene transfers to improve quality of food products
Male sterility and fertility restoration in transgenic plants
Transgenic plants have both basic and applied role in crop improvement.
E.g. Tobacco, tomato, soybean, Satavari, papaya, liquorice, neem etc.
Elicitors
Elicitors are organic/inorganic agents used in tissue culture to trigger rapid and increase production of secondary metabolites or rapid growth of plant cell culture/organs.
Induction of stress in plant cultures in terms of specific environmental, physiological & biological conditions, to enhance the production of secondary metabolites, is known as Elicitation.
The secondary compounds synthesized & accumulated in response to such conditions are called ‘Phytoalexins’, which act as defense agent to invading pathogens.
The signals triggering the formation of phytoalexins are called elicitors.
I. Biotic elicitors
They are derived from microorganisms or produced within the plant cells by plant defensive process against microbial infection.
They include mainly β-Linked glucans, chitosan, enzymes, cell wall derived polysaccharides like pectin, pectic acid, cellulose, etc.
These elicitors when added to medium in low concentration (50- 250mcg/l) enhance metabolite production.
II. Abiotic elicitors
Product accumulation also occurs under stress caused by physical or chemical agents like UV, low or high temperature, antibiotics, salts of heavy metals, freezing and thawing cycles, non-essential components of media (agarose, tin, and agaropectin), certain chemicals (methyl jasmonate, copper sulphate, silver nitrate etc.), and high salt concentration grouped under abiotic elicitors.
Elicitors stimulated the accumulation of secondary metabolites in different plant culture like Opium, Dioscorea, Datura, Vinca, Capsicum, Carrot etc.
Micropropagation enables multiplication of sexually sterile and disease free hybrids. These superior hybrids can be cloned rapidly using this technique.
Crop improvement by producing disease-free plants.
Rapid vegetative multiplication of ornamental plants

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