"...super uninterested in interacting with water..." I like this explanation. Hydrophobic substances are often described as "repelling" water. Of course, there's a case to be made for this, as we could talk about maybe "net" repulsion by comparing the attraction against the electron repulsion. But that's two (or more?) phenomena being oversimplified to "they repel". "Uninterested" is nice because it's down the the single phenomenon of adhesion. Hydrophilic substances adhere strongly to water, while hydrophobic substances do not adhere strongly to water. It's a useful visualization.
formally, something hydrophobic is something that prefers to interact with air than water, that means that changing the athmosphere has a small effect on hydrophobicity
@@aajjeee I don't see how your definition could be correct because plenty of molecules are described as being hydrophobic or having hydrophobic groups even when fully submerged in water. This is how cell membranes retain their shape (two layers of molecules, each with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end, where the hydrophobic ends face each other and present the hydrophilic ends toward the outside and inside of the cell)
they have a value representing the surface energy, which is calculating by taking the angle of contact of a droplet of water on the surface of the molecule withn a normal athmosphere. changing any of the conditions (type of droplet, air composition, surface propreties) will result in a change on the mesured angle. however the fact that the angle changes dosent take away from the calculated surface energy in a regulated test (or compared to a known value) so a molecule can still be hydrophobic when entirely covered in water, it just is in a higher energy state and will ''seek'' to find another hydrophobic substance, like air
You all probably dont give a shit but does anyone know of a method to log back into an Instagram account?? I was dumb forgot my password. I would love any tricks you can offer me
@Eli Nehemiah Thanks for your reply. I found the site thru google and Im trying it out now. Seems to take a while so I will get back to you later when my account password hopefully is recovered.
I used silica fume as an admixture for making ultra-high strength concrete for American Concrete Institute competitions when in college. Generally speaking, the lower the water to cement ratio the more strength the concrete would be... so silica fume would disperse the limited water throughout the cement mixture more finely, and effectively.
Normal silica without a hydrophobic coating? This will bind water in itself, maybe >50% in a mixture like concrete. So there goes your water content (it goes down). So im not sure about what mixing has to do with anything. Concrete should be a really good mixture (in terms of water and cement) already. If there was a issue with mixing it to get a higher strenght... just about anyone would simply mix it better. Its not like mixing is a hard thing to do industrially.
Silica fume isn't the same as fumed silica. Silica fume is spherical, but fumed silica has a branching structure, so it has a much higher surface area to volume ratio.
You are right, thats something different and its not going to bind the water (its no desiccant). But I still higly doubt that normal concrete is not mixed properly.
I've never used a magnetic stirrer, so I had always assumed they used fixed coils with AC current to create a rotating magnetic field, like the stator of a synchronous motor. I didn't know it was a permanent magnet on a separate motor. It's kind of a let-down. It would have been cooler if the only moving part were the stir bar, but it's probably more efficient this way, since there's less of a gap between the rotor and stator.
I think the actual lab-grade stir plates do use a rotating magnetic field, but for this experiment he just used a permanent magnet and a motor so he could easily rig it up himself. If you look at some stir plates online they advertise themselves as "no moving parts, rotating magnetic field", but that wasn't necessary for this experiment.
I remember taking a can of “compressed air” (it was butane if I remember correctly), and spraying the liquid through a straw into the bottom of a cup of very cold water by turning the can upside down while dispensing it. The butane evaporating froze the water into a milky white ice containing butane vapor that I was able to remove and burn as the ice melted. I don’t know if that’s what this is, but it looks quite similar.
The "dry water" would work well as a form of fire extinguisher, so long as it doesn't settle too much when stored. All that surface area of the micro drops can massively decrease the fire temp through evaporative cooling, killing a leg of the triangle. Towards the end of the video even, trying to light the very flammable material was for not. Would be nice to follow up and toss some on an already active flame.
Better still you can readily absorb CO2 into the dry water hydrate / clathrate, which one would think would be even more effective. You may be on to something here.
For the love of god wear a mask when you’re working around free flowing cab-o-sil! I work With fumed silica almost every day and it’s narsty stuff. Sucks just getting it onto your skin.
Neat experiment. I have dealt with chlathrates in the oil industry mainly in flow assurance in well tie-backs. Nice to see such a good set-up. I can't wait for a working FTIR from home ;) Keep up the great work!
You may wish to try blending sum Fume Silica and Liquid Propane. In order to produce Dry liquid propane. But this time pressurize the Blender. And just turn the bottle of Propane upside down so that the liquid will flow into the Blending Unit. Which already contains the Fume Silica. Which may result in a substance that should not require pressure or cooling to persist in that state. Technically only release gas once it's heated up to the combustion temperature of propane. Of course you would still have the problem of the energy consumed to create liquid propane. But it would be far more cost effective and safer to transport. Although it may still be possible to combine propane gas and Fume Silica. If the gas pressure is high enough. I'm not super sure. But it sounds fun to try out.
I had to look up the fumed silica hydrophobic coating. I was so used to calcium carbonates and titanium dioxides being treated with stearic acid that I had it stuck in my mind that silicas were done the same way. Treating them with silanes does make a whole lot more sense though, and it looks like the grades I've used over the years usually were treated with silicones rather than organic acids. Thumbs up for being well-researched.
Awesome stuff to see hydrates form! I work in a gas refinery and hydrates are a big problem in the gas/oil industry. You need to closely monitor temperature to avoid hydrates early in the process. The gas/process stream contains water so it's knocked out in drums before going through large desiccant driers. The process needs to be dry before hitting the refrigeration section (chill train) for obvious reasons. Hydrates are one of those things that cause us hell but we never see 😂
Great video. For your dry water clathrate experiment, the question is: did you fail to make clathrate, or did it fail to burn? One way to figure that out is, did your dry water gain mass after being exposed to the propane?
I used to build Hydrogen Flame Gas Chromatographs, elution columns, hydrogen generators, thermal conductivity probes, for use on Drilling Rigs and component gas breakdown. it combines many different physical phenomena into one device.
When I was a kid back in the mid sixties, my family went to Ely MN for a vacation. At an outfitters store in town they had cans of dehydrated water for sale. Very light weighted as I recall. LOL
Great Video -- Friendly note -- I hope your ethylene glycol bath was not pure ethylene glycol (EG). EG alone freezes at 8 F, but when mixed 50-50 with water, freezes at like -30 F, and with water transfers heat 2-4x faster than EG alone. I've known people to make that mistake. Also, for the future, clear PVC is a great (comparitively) cheap transparent material when you're less than 120 F and maybe 100 psi depending on the pipe size. Just a trick for you to have.
There's been a lot of work with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) which are even better optimized for storing gasses at ambient temperature/pressure and even selectively storing specific gasses according to each gas's compatibility with the framework lattice, but the dry water silica version seems like it might be a cheaper alternative when optimal performance isn't needed. It does take some time under positive/negative pressure to saturate/desaturate the COFs with gas, so if your silica did absorb any gas then that might be why you weren't able to observe any burning. In general this slow release of the gas is a good thing though because that means we can transport or store the gas at ambient temperature/pressure without needing to worry about it escaping the lattice.
There are some considerations to be made with the pressure regulator as there are relieving and non-relieving types. The relieving type would vent the excess pressure from the gas hydrate changing back to a gas state and the non-relieving would allow the pressure to increase. A standard regulator (relieving type) used on typical home/industrial compressed air systems would normally vent the excess gas into the work space from a vent on the regulator. This could make the local area dangerous and sensitive to ignition sources. A regulator used for oxy-acetylene welding tanks would be an example of a non-relieving regulator.
Does dry water evaporate in room temperature? It is just unbelievable that 95% of that white powder is water and 5% is silica which means that if the water goes away, it leaves almost no trace.
To actually answer the question: Dry water evaporates at a rate around 2.5 times slower than water, according to the research paper. Also, a full aluminum can of Coke is at least 95% water by weight. So if you drink a can of Coke, you leave almost no trace. By weight. More believable?
@@Paradox3121; Well yeah, obviously. If the aluminium can was to leave a trace, we would pretty soon have run into a big waste buildup problem due to everyone just chucking their empty cans away. As for 'wet' water not leaving a trace, hard water can have a TDS in the range of 300 mg/l, which equates to 0.03% by weight of solid residue. Looking at all the problems caused by limescale buildup, I wouldn't call even that percentage of residues "negligible"...
The "trace", in both cases, being pretty huge. One is a same size soda can and the other a pretty large pile of powder. If that is "no trace" to you then I hope if I ever crash into someones car its yours - there is not even a trace I tell you ;)
Ben can you play with these materials some more? What does the powder feel like to touch? When you squish it, does it feel soft or condense into a solid like sand does? Does it feel like it has very high thermal capacity like water does or does it feel like thermal capacity is very low because of silica layer preventing heat transfer? Can you play some more with its heat-shielding capabilities? Can you show what other substances you can get by varying water : silica ratio?
Over 50 years ago when I was a young boy scout, as a prank, we would send the youngest "newbie" to get some "powdered water" to cook with. Everyone knew there was no such thing and it was impossible to make. I stand corrected, amazed, and better educated.
THIS MAKES SENSE!!! The guy who made a insulator that is better than diamonds, has had to used this material and epoxy on the egg without the egg heating up and cooking!!! EDIT: what i am talking about is "starlight"
Hi! It is a great video. I like that you unfold the topic in a pace that keeps me interested but I can follow in fly. I have never heard of these substances beore and it is really cool that you produce them in front of my eyes. However I think glow is when the solid carbon burns.
When I was a kid I'd blast canned air into water with the can upside down to see if I could form a chunk of ice with the still liquid propellant. Kind of reminded me of that.
How stable is the dry water? Can you leave it in a jar for weeks or months without any change? Or do the droplets gradually merge again into a big blob of water?
The gas hydrate is ehh. Your set up to make it is awesome! I love the hacky DIY whatever it takes to get there approach, yet still very scientific and controlled. 🤓
Many thanks for all of the intriguing videos. Can you just store the dry water indefinitely? How hot before it changes state to something else. Can you color it, or make it change color? When it changes state do you see the humidity increase? Can you disolve stuff in the the water, and it stays in the water drops?
speaking of gas hydrates on the ocean floor, i believe there is a video on the monterey bay research institute's channel that shows a crab trying to eat natural gas bubbles and them forming hydrates on its claws and mouthparts, seemingly confusing it with the feel and texture
in gas tanker (shipping) industry, hydrates are well known for resulting in problems in pumps. This is mainly the case in cargoes composed of different hydrocarbons, resulting in different evaporation temperatures. Hydrates can be formed if instable cargo is catalyzed by for example a pressure decrease or increase in a pump. This can let a part of the cargo turn into hydrates, which will start clogging the pump. For more information, google 'deepwell pump hydrates'
As you try to heat up the hydrated silica, any water trapped inside is likely going to boil at around 100C, right? So in addition to the insulative property, it's also behaving like a temperature "buffer". In that case, if it's thoroughly mixed with a flammable substance, it seems like it's going to continually draw heat out of the combustion reaction until all of the water is gone. This brings up another thought. The boiling point of water can be altered by dissolving things in it. This would be a separate process from the physical dispersion of the water and silica. So maybe there's a way to raise the boiling point of the water so high that it wouldn't stop the chain reaction of combustion. Alternatively, reducing the atmospheric pressure around the dry water would cause the water to evaporate out more quickly.
If the plan is to use dry water hydrates for gas transportation I don't think it was ever a plan to set it on fire immediately. There might be a need for another vessel at the receiving end where they dump the dry water gas hydrate in then maybe crank up the heat a bit and reduce atm pressure slightly to extract the gas from it. Then burning it at the end of a torch nozzle. You might give that a try. And also see if the dry water can be reused after having been depleted from its gas.
Make the clathrate first, pulverize it then mix it with the fumed silica, then pack it into a pop can stove, the silica should allow the gas to flow through the packed mass as it is released.
You know that if you add metal impurities to ZnS it makes it have phosphorescent and fluorescent proprities. Cu=green Ag=blue Mn=orange but are there any other metals with different results???
Ben, why don't you try dissolving propane into the "dry water", to saturation, transfer the "charged" material to a sealed vessel attached to a small burner, and then attempt to remove the propane from the "dry water", and burning the off gas through the attached burner. You could even heat the vessel somehow with the flame (eg. heated external water bath or something) to increase the off gas rate.
Your ending idea regarding natural gas reminds me a lot of how acetylene gas is transported in a combination of diatomaceous earth (very similar to silica) and dissolved in acetone. Maybe that is something to consider. Instead of hydrating your silica with water, disperse it with a nonpolar solvent....CAREFULLY. And again, I suggest pulling a vacuum on it first because you DON'T want a mixture of finely dispersed atmosphere and a flammable gas.
You should try the experiment again, but place the dry gas hydrate into a heated chamber to see how much gas it evolves. Just to confirm it does properly store the gas and quantitatively analyze it's storage potential.
How about try mixing the finished gas hydrate with the fused silica powder? Would the powdered silica coat the gas hydrate and insulate it for storage, as suggested?
Did anyone else think of "starlite" when looking at the dry water hydrate? I know I did. Won't sustain combustion, self extinguishes and excellent insulating properties. Just figure out a good substrate to hold the dry water hydrate!
It occurs to me that this "dry water" may be related, in frozen form, to water on the Moon and Mars. When a powder or finely granulated material is very cold, like most of the time on Mars, and in the constant polar shadow areas on the Moon, that finely granulated material becomes a very effective *cold trap.* Similar things are used in some high vacuum systems, with highly porous granules of zeolite or activated charcoal. The large surface area of the granules/powder makes it easy, even in vacuum, for molecules of gas/vapor to get stuck to the hard surfaces, where it will easily freeze if the temperature is low enough. Over time, the granules can become saturated with high levels of the adsorbed/deposited gas or vapor. This kind of process is also likely to happen in certain kinds of dusty gas clouds in space, with condensable gases being held in relatively high concentration, while also being hard for astronomers to spot. Part of the mysterious "dark matter" could be this kind of cold conglomerate. It would be very interesting to see some experiments with how fumed silica, powder clay, and other material with large surface area behave when kept cold and exposed to various gases like butane, CO2 and water vapor.
Is that a semiconductor oven in the background? Would a non-ferro shroud at the edge of the stir bar stop it sticking so you don't have to fiddle with it, or not worth the effort for time fiddling?
Im pretty sure its for ybco superconductors, you need t fire them under pure pxygen and this is actually the construction i came up with before for making this possible without oxidizing your oven. Also i thnk he dropped something about ybco in another video. I guess that was a spoiler here ^^
Anyone remember that song "triangle man" by they might be giants? There's a line in the song: "when he's underwater does he get wet, or does the water get him instead?" I think this video answers this question, be it 20 years late
Gas hydrates are having to be dealt with in most oil fields. Atmospheric temperature isn't a huge factor because thanks to using stuff like gas injection for artificial lift, JTing after an orifice provides the temp drop while still being high enough pressure.
8:29 The ratings of piping are not either or... 500 PSI @ 500F means exactly that... as the temperature goes lower the material becomes brittler thus at lower temps the pressure rating decreases. There are materials prefered for cold or negative temps because they allow for higer pipe rating at lower temps.
I think i accidentally made some flakes of that "burning ice" when i was playing with propane as a kid! It felt like a lubricant and i thought it was due to contaminants in the gas bottle.
Nice video, but you should really treat fumed silica with more respect. As you've noticed, it very easily gets airborne, and can seriously mess up your lungs. A mask is the bare minimum, a fumehood is much better. And take care not to spill it on your lab floor : air movements as you walk will get it airborne again, and you'll keep breathing it even after you've stopped handling it.
@@cherylm2C6671 As I said, either handle it in a fumehood, or wear a proper dust mask (or respirator). Cleaning is either done using soap and water, along with the cleaning implement of your choice (sponge, mop, rag, paper towel, etc...) or a vacuum cleaner *with a good HEPA filter.* If you wish to make it denser, with the usual hydrophilic fumed silica, you can simply add water to it to make it into a slurry, and then dry that in an oven. It will cause the silica particles to aggregate a little. (But they can still get airborne, so precautions should still be taken when handling it.) I am not sure the same can be done with the modified hydrophobic variety used here. I would assume wetting them with a small amount of a non-volatile liquid like paraffin oil (or glycerin if it isn't the hydrophobic variety) may entirely prevent it from becoming airborne, but it may also interfere with whatever application you had in mind for it.
@@piranha031091 Thanks for that! I viewed a posting about clathrates, and FS was mentioned as an adsorber or sieve. Perhaps there are applications for deep mines, (or mine fires), or even marine installations.
I will build an outdoor firepit that automatically generates burning ice and automatically keeps the fire in the pit going by adding new fire ice as it is depleted. Or I would have a statue in front of my house featuring this sort of dripping burning ice. Perhaps even adding other fuels to the ice so even the droplets catch fire.
I can vouch for the cofferdam (bell jar) clogging up while trying to cover the Deepwater Horizon leak. In fact we noticed the cofferdam started to float as we were lifting it back up to the surface. This was due to the gasses trapped inside it expanding and displacing more water. We had to set it back on the bottom, and that's when we noticed all the hydrates clogging it. We revisited the site a year later and it still had remnants of hydrates sticking to the inside of the cofferdam.
Seems like a brief brainstorming session would derive the solutions of pumping a hard-to-compress gas and/or heating the contents of the jar to solve the problem very quickly and cheaply... But when you own the company that makes the only approved dispersant (dishsoap) chemical, it becomes more profitable to just let the mess build up until people are begging you to make it look less bad.
@@buckstarchaser2376 You have to remember that the gas was under pressure in the ground, and has suddenly expanded upon escaping through the busted pipe. That expansion causes the gas to get cold very quickly in itself, and the environment under the water is already low temp as well. Getting a source of heat down to the cofferdam would have required a system that would have had to be designed, built and tested in the time span of a few months. They already knew how long it would take to drill the relief wells, and shut it down the way they finally did, and doing something as complicated as you suggest would have been pointless by that time. Building equipment that works as deep as that well was being drilled at isn't exactly a simple thing to do.
@@phlippbergamot5723 Warm fluid pipe goes down. Melted gas and oil pipe goes up. Tell me the equipment and understanding to do both of those things doesn't already exist.
@@buckstarchaser2376 Some equipment could be jury rigged perhaps, but at the rates of flow you would have needed, its very unlikely we have anything that would have worked. Not to mention it would have had to be tested, not just for function but safety as well. They didn't want to add to the problems they were dealing with. So the answer is that there was nothing specifically made to do both of those things for the specific task that was required. Too many unknown factors at the breaks in the pipe to design something properly.
@@phlippbergamot5723 I saw a video once where they were playing the news clips describing the steps being taken with the Horizon well, and each after the other failing. Alternating between old news clips of another, similar situation that happened. Step by step, the same actions were taken with the same failed results. Clearly, the time to develop and improve techniques are now, as the third time something like this happens, there will likely not be so much tolerance of the willful ignorance, nor will there be acceptance for non-condemnation of anyone involved.
I and a few others have noticed the insulating properties bear a striking resemblance to videos of a material known as "Starlite", the recipe to which was never released by its late inventor. Have you ever looked into it? Edit: Never mind. It looks like UA-cam user NightHawkInLight may have found out the actual recipe of Starlite.
So this comment may be naive but when he said that the dry water can be used with hydrates as a transportation method for natural gas wouldn’t the fact that is hard to ignite be great for transportation because it lowers the risk of explosion. How would the natural gas be extracted? Would a depressurization and rise in temperature be sufficient to release it? Also, what is the density of a hydrate or how many cubic meters or feet of natural gas does it hold for every cubic meter or foot of hydrate? I have just started researching hydrates in my own time and haven’t yet been able to find a ‘density ‘ for this substance.
I'd really like to see follow up videos where the unusual mixtures created in this video are investigated for use in space travel. For example, water and hydrocarbons are said to be excellent radiation shielding, but water is very heavy. Liquid propane is half as dense as water, and doesn't need to be kept as cold as liquid hydrogen, nor as cold as ice in the hydrate form, but doesn't need to be as warm as kerosene to flow freely. The solid forms, and especially the "dry-like" forms Are likely to withstand some unwanted contact with space debris, and were shown to be great thermal insulators too. This makes me wonder if these dried liquids would be useful for atmospheric re-entry thermal shielding. Perhaps, the radiation/insulation materials can be reconfigured for the Entry Decent and Landing phases of interplanetary flight as well. Something I would have really liked to see tested is the ability of this silica stuff to act as a moisture filter that doesn't require as much energy to regenerate as traditional descants, and possibly its use as a carrier for portable atmosphere processing, such as mixing it with Calcium Oxide to trap moisture and release heat to make Calcium Hydroxide + Heat, but then the Calcium Hydroxide will take Carbon Dioxide out of the air to make Calcium Carbonate and Water. The silicon stuff would help keep the particles dispersed within the airstream for efficiency and hold the heat internally while air doesn't flow. It may also find use in reducing the water needed to grow plants in space...somehow.
Question: In your experiment, did the Silica (dry water materal) gain mass when you tried to create an hydrate? If I recall correctly zeolites are the primary meterials considered for storing hydrocarbon gases as well as hydrogen. Not sure if the Silica material is classified as a zeolite. I presume that the water (hydrate) is serving as the zeolite substitute for propane. Might be worth a try to liquefy the propane with in the silica and see if form some sort of suspension that can exist above freeze or at room temperature with the need for water.
6 років тому
What would happen if you put propane in liquid form with the “sand” instead of water? Would it behave in the same way and create “dry propane”? But then again I’m guessing it would evaporate afterwards. Would be interesting though. :)
One thing I noticed is not quite right, the statement that solids can't burn. An example of a solid burning would be all sorts of metal fires, another are smouldering fires. Gases or vapors are only required to create a flame.
I thought i was really good in physics and chem, but YOU blow my "knowledge" away like i am a tree in autumn .... To be honest, it fears me a little ... What else do i don't know?
so with the dry water gas hydrate mixture, maybe it'd work better if you didn't blend the dry water for quite as long so you get larger droplets of water, which should require less silica in the mix due to smaller total surface area.
Isn't natural gas compressed and piped in situ? It might not be liquefied, but it's certainly under a few atmospheres of pressure. It's lower than the vapour pressure of the propane, so you make the clathrate in situ too, but how do you go about extracting it from the fumed silica/water (sol/gel/suspension/powder?) Is simply heating it to the clathrate decomposition temperature enough? Most end uses of natural gas require the gas to be fed in at a couple of atmospheres of pressure, so you would need to repressurize it at the other end, and the storage tanks would be a lot bigger if the gas weren't liquefied.
Another fascinating video. I thought you were going to use the 'dry water powder' as a 'dry powder' fire extinguishing medium to put out the gas hydrate fire. The dry water powder has a very high surface area, so would it evaporate very rapidly in a flame, absorb heat and quench the flame? Or, does the high insulating property of the associated silica dust inhibit heat transfer from flame to water droplets? Maybe another wee experiment for you. Cheers Paul in NZ
+Applied Science -- Powdered rosin, Lycopodium spores, and many other hydrophobic materials are relatively common as powders. In making *dry water,* is it enough just to be hydrophobic? Would it be better to use _superhydrophobic_ material? See, for example "A simple method for preparing super-hydrophobic powder from paper sludge ash" www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167577X14021260
"...super uninterested in interacting with water..."
I like this explanation. Hydrophobic substances are often described as "repelling" water. Of course, there's a case to be made for this, as we could talk about maybe "net" repulsion by comparing the attraction against the electron repulsion. But that's two (or more?) phenomena being oversimplified to "they repel".
"Uninterested" is nice because it's down the the single phenomenon of adhesion. Hydrophilic substances adhere strongly to water, while hydrophobic substances do not adhere strongly to water. It's a useful visualization.
formally, something hydrophobic is something that prefers to interact with air than water, that means that changing the athmosphere has a small effect on hydrophobicity
Interesting, thank you. I had assumed it was adhesion to water relative to water's own cohesion or something.
@@aajjeee I don't see how your definition could be correct because plenty of molecules are described as being hydrophobic or having hydrophobic groups even when fully submerged in water. This is how cell membranes retain their shape (two layers of molecules, each with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end, where the hydrophobic ends face each other and present the hydrophilic ends toward the outside and inside of the cell)
they have a value representing the surface energy, which is calculating by taking the angle of contact of a droplet of water on the surface of the molecule withn a normal athmosphere.
changing any of the conditions (type of droplet, air composition, surface propreties) will result in a change on the mesured angle.
however the fact that the angle changes dosent take away from the calculated surface energy in a regulated test (or compared to a known value) so a molecule can still be hydrophobic when entirely covered in water, it just is in a higher energy state and will ''seek'' to find another hydrophobic substance, like air
That video is magnificent! Previously I have never seen some propane hydrates obtained in the lab, especially in HD quality!
your clickbait gives me cancer
You all probably dont give a shit but does anyone know of a method to log back into an Instagram account??
I was dumb forgot my password. I would love any tricks you can offer me
@Briggs Jaxon instablaster :)
@Eli Nehemiah Thanks for your reply. I found the site thru google and Im trying it out now.
Seems to take a while so I will get back to you later when my account password hopefully is recovered.
@Eli Nehemiah it did the trick and I finally got access to my account again. I am so happy!
Thanks so much you saved my account!
I used silica fume as an admixture for making ultra-high strength concrete for American Concrete Institute competitions when in college. Generally speaking, the lower the water to cement ratio the more strength the concrete would be... so silica fume would disperse the limited water throughout the cement mixture more finely, and effectively.
Normal silica without a hydrophobic coating? This will bind water in itself, maybe >50% in a mixture like concrete. So there goes your water content (it goes down).
So im not sure about what mixing has to do with anything. Concrete should be a really good mixture (in terms of water and cement) already. If there was a issue with mixing it to get a higher strenght... just about anyone would simply mix it better. Its not like mixing is a hard thing to do industrially.
Silica fume isn't the same as fumed silica. Silica fume is spherical, but fumed silica has a branching structure, so it has a much higher surface area to volume ratio.
You are right, thats something different and its not going to bind the water (its no desiccant).
But I still higly doubt that normal concrete is not mixed properly.
@@elypowell6797 Good point!
Ely Powell Haha, what the hell does this comment mean?
I've never used a magnetic stirrer, so I had always assumed they used fixed coils with AC current to create a rotating magnetic field, like the stator of a synchronous motor. I didn't know it was a permanent magnet on a separate motor. It's kind of a let-down. It would have been cooler if the only moving part were the stir bar, but it's probably more efficient this way, since there's less of a gap between the rotor and stator.
I think the actual lab-grade stir plates do use a rotating magnetic field, but for this experiment he just used a permanent magnet and a motor so he could easily rig it up himself. If you look at some stir plates online they advertise themselves as "no moving parts, rotating magnetic field", but that wasn't necessary for this experiment.
Ben, your videos are by far the most interesting on UA-cam. Thanks for all the work you put into these!
Great video! One of the few channels that I watch regularly.
I remember taking a can of “compressed air” (it was butane if I remember correctly), and spraying the liquid through a straw into the bottom of a cup of very cold water by turning the can upside down while dispensing it. The butane evaporating froze the water into a milky white ice containing butane vapor that I was able to remove and burn as the ice melted.
I don’t know if that’s what this is, but it looks quite similar.
The "dry water" would work well as a form of fire extinguisher, so long as it doesn't settle too much when stored.
All that surface area of the micro drops can massively decrease the fire temp through evaporative cooling, killing a leg of the triangle.
Towards the end of the video even, trying to light the very flammable material was for not. Would be nice to follow up and toss some on an already active flame.
Better still you can readily absorb CO2 into the dry water hydrate / clathrate, which one would think would be even more effective. You may be on to something here.
Thank you for another wonderful video ! Needless to say, all of your videos are wonderful !
For the love of god wear a mask when you’re working around free flowing cab-o-sil! I work
With fumed silica almost every day and it’s narsty stuff. Sucks just getting it onto your skin.
Good point. Silicosis is a nasty disease, met a few people with it, briefly I might add.
Rocco Croce That's what I was thinking.
Calm down its not that dangerous. As long as you be careful with the fumes.
What fumes? The discussion is about micro particulates.
@@UnitSe7en yes i know dust sorry*
Thank you soo much for making these videos. You're an exceptional person Ben.
Neat experiment. I have dealt with chlathrates in the oil industry mainly in flow assurance in well tie-backs. Nice to see such a good set-up. I can't wait for a working FTIR from home ;) Keep up the great work!
@@МиленаКононова-ъ5л Что ты пытаешься сказать? Это звучит безумно. What are you trying to say? This sounds demented.
Seeing a notofication for a new video from Applied Science is a bigger thrill than anything I've ever experienced.
You may wish to try blending sum Fume Silica and Liquid Propane. In order to produce Dry liquid propane.
But this time pressurize the Blender. And just turn the bottle of Propane upside down so that the liquid will flow into the Blending Unit. Which already contains the Fume Silica.
Which may result in a substance that should not require pressure or cooling to persist in that state. Technically only release gas once it's heated up to the combustion temperature of propane.
Of course you would still have the problem of the energy consumed to create liquid propane. But it would be far more cost effective and safer to transport.
Although it may still be possible to combine propane gas and Fume Silica. If the gas pressure is high enough.
I'm not super sure. But it sounds fun to try out.
I had to look up the fumed silica hydrophobic coating. I was so used to calcium carbonates and titanium dioxides being treated with stearic acid that I had it stuck in my mind that silicas were done the same way. Treating them with silanes does make a whole lot more sense though, and it looks like the grades I've used over the years usually were treated with silicones rather than organic acids. Thumbs up for being well-researched.
Awesome stuff to see hydrates form!
I work in a gas refinery and hydrates are a big problem in the gas/oil industry.
You need to closely monitor temperature to avoid hydrates early in the process.
The gas/process stream contains water so it's knocked out in drums before going through large desiccant driers.
The process needs to be dry before hitting the refrigeration section (chill train) for obvious reasons.
Hydrates are one of those things that cause us hell but we never see 😂
You always come up with the coolest experiments.
Thanks for all your careful research and documentation. Can't wait to start replicating some of this stuff!
Great video. For your dry water clathrate experiment, the question is: did you fail to make clathrate, or did it fail to burn? One way to figure that out is, did your dry water gain mass after being exposed to the propane?
What a beautiful tube furnace!
Glad to have you back! 😀
Tanfastic presentation!! You did an awesome job..
I used to build Hydrogen Flame Gas Chromatographs, elution columns, hydrogen generators, thermal conductivity probes, for use on Drilling Rigs and component gas breakdown.
it combines many different physical phenomena into one device.
When I was a kid back in the mid sixties, my family went to Ely MN for a vacation. At an outfitters store in town they had cans of dehydrated water for sale. Very light weighted as I recall. LOL
wow I really love your videos. I don't understand everything but I love your thoroughness
Awesome video! Thanks for taking the time to share your experiments and research, I really like your channel.
That whipped cream interlude took me back to your chocolate cake baking videos :)
Did you eat that whipped cream lol
That is the real question.
Now you're thinking like a scientist.
The real question is: Did he huff the nitrous oxide propellant after emptying the cream from the can?
You can hear him eating it at 1:24
good spot
You are great. Don't change. You are my favorite.
Gr8 effort and explanation of gas hydrate formation .. like the system.
Totally awesome! Thank you for sharing! Science is awesome!
Great Video --
Friendly note -- I hope your ethylene glycol bath was not pure ethylene glycol (EG). EG alone freezes at 8 F, but when mixed 50-50 with water, freezes at like -30 F, and with water transfers heat 2-4x faster than EG alone. I've known people to make that mistake.
Also, for the future, clear PVC is a great (comparitively) cheap transparent material when you're less than 120 F and maybe 100 psi depending on the pipe size. Just a trick for you to have.
There's been a lot of work with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) which are even better optimized for storing gasses at ambient temperature/pressure and even selectively storing specific gasses according to each gas's compatibility with the framework lattice, but the dry water silica version seems like it might be a cheaper alternative when optimal performance isn't needed. It does take some time under positive/negative pressure to saturate/desaturate the COFs with gas, so if your silica did absorb any gas then that might be why you weren't able to observe any burning. In general this slow release of the gas is a good thing though because that means we can transport or store the gas at ambient temperature/pressure without needing to worry about it escaping the lattice.
There are some considerations to be made with the pressure regulator as there are relieving and non-relieving types. The relieving type would vent the excess pressure from the gas hydrate changing back to a gas state and the non-relieving would allow the pressure to increase. A standard regulator (relieving type) used on typical home/industrial compressed air systems would normally vent the excess gas into the work space from a vent on the regulator. This could make the local area dangerous and sensitive to ignition sources. A regulator used for oxy-acetylene welding tanks would be an example of a non-relieving regulator.
Does dry water evaporate in room temperature? It is just unbelievable that 95% of that white powder is water and 5% is silica which means that if the water goes away, it leaves almost no trace.
"almost no trace" as in "almost the same volume". That silica (as a loose power) has a seriously(!) low density.
@@leocurious9919; Exactly. It's only 95% water *by* *weight*. I think a better metric would be the mole% that is water.
To actually answer the question: Dry water evaporates at a rate around 2.5 times slower than water, according to the research paper.
Also, a full aluminum can of Coke is at least 95% water by weight. So if you drink a can of Coke, you leave almost no trace. By weight. More believable?
@@Paradox3121; Well yeah, obviously. If the aluminium can was to leave a trace, we would pretty soon have run into a big waste buildup problem due to everyone just chucking their empty cans away.
As for 'wet' water not leaving a trace, hard water can have a TDS in the range of 300 mg/l, which equates to 0.03% by weight of solid residue. Looking at all the problems caused by limescale buildup, I wouldn't call even that percentage of residues "negligible"...
The "trace", in both cases, being pretty huge. One is a same size soda can and the other a pretty large pile of powder. If that is "no trace" to you then I hope if I ever crash into someones car its yours - there is not even a trace I tell you ;)
Ben can you play with these materials some more? What does the powder feel like to touch? When you squish it, does it feel soft or condense into a solid like sand does? Does it feel like it has very high thermal capacity like water does or does it feel like thermal capacity is very low because of silica layer preventing heat transfer? Can you play some more with its heat-shielding capabilities? Can you show what other substances you can get by varying water : silica ratio?
I think you should try adding a small amount of carbon black to increase the absorptivity of the hydrate/dry water. This may help sustain the flame.
Good old fashioned dried water. Just add water!
Over 50 years ago when I was a young boy scout, as a prank, we would send the youngest "newbie" to get some "powdered water" to cook with. Everyone knew there was no such thing and it was impossible to make. I stand corrected, amazed, and better educated.
THIS MAKES SENSE!!! The guy who made a insulator that is better than diamonds, has had to used this material and epoxy on the egg without the egg heating up and cooking!!!
EDIT: what i am talking about is "starlight"
Hi! It is a great video. I like that you unfold the topic in a pace that keeps me interested but I can follow in fly. I have never heard of these substances beore and it is really cool that you produce them in front of my eyes. However I think glow is when the solid carbon burns.
When I was a kid I'd blast canned air into water with the can upside down to see if I could form a chunk of ice with the still liquid propellant. Kind of reminded me of that.
How stable is the dry water? Can you leave it in a jar for weeks or months without any change? Or do the droplets gradually merge again into a big blob of water?
You should blend the hydrate in the silica and see what it does, maybe keep a fire extinguisher nearby when you're doing it
The gas hydrate is ehh. Your set up to make it is awesome! I love the hacky DIY whatever it takes to get there approach, yet still very scientific and controlled. 🤓
I learn something new every time I watch thanks for the info and time
Many thanks for all of the intriguing videos.
Can you just store the dry water indefinitely? How hot before it changes state to something else. Can you color it, or make it change color?
When it changes state do you see the humidity increase? Can you disolve stuff in the the water, and it stays in the water drops?
Pull a low-vacuum on dry water and see how it's properties change. It likely acts like a whipped cream because it's also trapping lots of air.
speaking of gas hydrates on the ocean floor, i believe there is a video on the monterey bay research institute's channel that shows a crab trying to eat natural gas bubbles and them forming hydrates on its claws and mouthparts, seemingly confusing it with the feel and texture
in gas tanker (shipping) industry, hydrates are well known for resulting in problems in pumps. This is mainly the case in cargoes composed of different hydrocarbons, resulting in different evaporation temperatures. Hydrates can be formed if instable cargo is catalyzed by for example a pressure decrease or increase in a pump. This can let a part of the cargo turn into hydrates, which will start clogging the pump. For more information, google 'deepwell pump hydrates'
Thank you for this video, this super cool to watch as always! :)
As you try to heat up the hydrated silica, any water trapped inside is likely going to boil at around 100C, right? So in addition to the insulative property, it's also behaving like a temperature "buffer". In that case, if it's thoroughly mixed with a flammable substance, it seems like it's going to continually draw heat out of the combustion reaction until all of the water is gone.
This brings up another thought. The boiling point of water can be altered by dissolving things in it. This would be a separate process from the physical dispersion of the water and silica. So maybe there's a way to raise the boiling point of the water so high that it wouldn't stop the chain reaction of combustion. Alternatively, reducing the atmospheric pressure around the dry water would cause the water to evaporate out more quickly.
If the plan is to use dry water hydrates for gas transportation I don't think it was ever a plan to set it on fire immediately. There might be a need for another vessel at the receiving end where they dump the dry water gas hydrate in then maybe crank up the heat a bit and reduce atm pressure slightly to extract the gas from it. Then burning it at the end of a torch nozzle. You might give that a try. And also see if the dry water can be reused after having been depleted from its gas.
Make the clathrate first, pulverize it then mix it with the fumed silica, then pack it into a pop can stove, the silica should allow the gas to flow through the packed mass as it is released.
You know that if you add metal impurities to ZnS it makes it have phosphorescent and fluorescent proprities. Cu=green Ag=blue Mn=orange but are there any other metals with different results???
Amazing explanation everytime.
There's a funny video where a crab tries to eat methane hydrate and gets his face all gummed up
Ben, why don't you try dissolving propane into the "dry water", to saturation, transfer the "charged" material to a sealed vessel attached to a small burner, and then attempt to remove the propane from the "dry water", and burning the off gas through the attached burner. You could even heat the vessel somehow with the flame (eg. heated external water bath or something) to increase the off gas rate.
Your ending idea regarding natural gas reminds me a lot of how acetylene gas is transported in a combination of diatomaceous earth (very similar to silica) and dissolved in acetone. Maybe that is something to consider. Instead of hydrating your silica with water, disperse it with a nonpolar solvent....CAREFULLY. And again, I suggest pulling a vacuum on it first because you DON'T want a mixture of finely dispersed atmosphere and a flammable gas.
You should try the experiment again, but place the dry gas hydrate into a heated chamber to see how much gas it evolves. Just to confirm it does properly store the gas and quantitatively analyze it's storage potential.
Good video as usual! Just a precision, gas hydrates are commonly referred as Clathrates.
How about try mixing the finished gas hydrate with the fused silica powder? Would the powdered silica coat the gas hydrate and insulate it for storage, as suggested?
Always interesting ! Thanks for sharing !
Nice use of water cooler XD
enjoyed the fabricobbling
Did anyone else think of "starlite" when looking at the dry water hydrate? I know I did. Won't sustain combustion, self extinguishes and excellent insulating properties. Just figure out a good substrate to hold the dry water hydrate!
It occurs to me that this "dry water" may be related, in frozen form, to water on the Moon and Mars. When a powder or finely granulated material is very cold, like most of the time on Mars, and in the constant polar shadow areas on the Moon, that finely granulated material becomes a very effective *cold trap.* Similar things are used in some high vacuum systems, with highly porous granules of zeolite or activated charcoal. The large surface area of the granules/powder makes it easy, even in vacuum, for molecules of gas/vapor to get stuck to the hard surfaces, where it will easily freeze if the temperature is low enough. Over time, the granules can become saturated with high levels of the adsorbed/deposited gas or vapor. This kind of process is also likely to happen in certain kinds of dusty gas clouds in space, with condensable gases being held in relatively high concentration, while also being hard for astronomers to spot. Part of the mysterious "dark matter" could be this kind of cold conglomerate. It would be very interesting to see some experiments with how fumed silica, powder clay, and other material with large surface area behave when kept cold and exposed to various gases like butane, CO2 and water vapor.
Is that a semiconductor oven in the background?
Would a non-ferro shroud at the edge of the stir bar stop it sticking so you don't have to fiddle with it, or not worth the effort for time fiddling?
Im pretty sure its for ybco superconductors, you need t fire them under pure pxygen and this is actually the construction i came up with before for making this possible without oxidizing your oven. Also i thnk he dropped something about ybco in another video. I guess that was a spoiler here ^^
woohoo, a new video from Applied Science!
Anyone remember that song "triangle man" by they might be giants? There's a line in the song: "when he's underwater does he get wet, or does the water get him instead?"
I think this video answers this question, be it 20 years late
Gas hydrates are having to be dealt with in most oil fields. Atmospheric temperature isn't a huge factor because thanks to using stuff like gas injection for artificial lift, JTing after an orifice provides the temp drop while still being high enough pressure.
This was very interesting and cool. You are such a clever guy =)
8:29 The ratings of piping are not either or...
500 PSI @ 500F means exactly that... as the temperature goes lower the material becomes brittler thus at lower temps the pressure rating decreases.
There are materials prefered for cold or negative temps because they allow for higer pipe rating at lower temps.
Super fascinating!
I think i accidentally made some flakes of that "burning ice" when i was playing with propane as a kid! It felt like a lubricant and i thought it was due to contaminants in the gas bottle.
Direct abo, since Tech Ingredients brought me here (he recommended this channel).
Nice video, but you should really treat fumed silica with more respect.
As you've noticed, it very easily gets airborne, and can seriously mess up your lungs.
A mask is the bare minimum, a fumehood is much better. And take care not to spill it on your lab floor : air movements as you walk will get it airborne again, and you'll keep breathing it even after you've stopped handling it.
Thank you for that caveat. Does that mean that this stuff has to be worked under, say, an oil layer? How is it densified? How is it cleaned up?
@@cherylm2C6671 As I said, either handle it in a fumehood, or wear a proper dust mask (or respirator).
Cleaning is either done using soap and water, along with the cleaning implement of your choice (sponge, mop, rag, paper towel, etc...) or a vacuum cleaner *with a good HEPA filter.*
If you wish to make it denser, with the usual hydrophilic fumed silica, you can simply add water to it to make it into a slurry, and then dry that in an oven. It will cause the silica particles to aggregate a little. (But they can still get airborne, so precautions should still be taken when handling it.) I am not sure the same can be done with the modified hydrophobic variety used here.
I would assume wetting them with a small amount of a non-volatile liquid like paraffin oil (or glycerin if it isn't the hydrophobic variety) may entirely prevent it from becoming airborne, but it may also interfere with whatever application you had in mind for it.
@@piranha031091 Thanks for that! I viewed a posting about clathrates, and FS was mentioned as an adsorber or sieve. Perhaps there are applications for deep mines, (or mine fires), or even marine installations.
I will build an outdoor firepit that automatically generates burning ice and automatically keeps the fire in the pit going by adding new fire ice as it is depleted. Or I would have a statue in front of my house featuring this sort of dripping burning ice. Perhaps even adding other fuels to the ice so even the droplets catch fire.
I think that is also used as a lightweight thickener/filler for epoxy, called, "Collodial silica"
I can vouch for the cofferdam (bell jar) clogging up while trying to cover the Deepwater Horizon leak. In fact we noticed the cofferdam started to float as we were lifting it back up to the surface. This was due to the gasses trapped inside it expanding and displacing more water. We had to set it back on the bottom, and that's when we noticed all the hydrates clogging it. We revisited the site a year later and it still had remnants of hydrates sticking to the inside of the cofferdam.
Seems like a brief brainstorming session would derive the solutions of pumping a hard-to-compress gas and/or heating the contents of the jar to solve the problem very quickly and cheaply... But when you own the company that makes the only approved dispersant (dishsoap) chemical, it becomes more profitable to just let the mess build up until people are begging you to make it look less bad.
@@buckstarchaser2376 You have to remember that the gas was under pressure in the ground, and has suddenly expanded upon escaping through the busted pipe. That expansion causes the gas to get cold very quickly in itself, and the environment under the water is already low temp as well. Getting a source of heat down to the cofferdam would have required a system that would have had to be designed, built and tested in the time span of a few months. They already knew how long it would take to drill the relief wells, and shut it down the way they finally did, and doing something as complicated as you suggest would have been pointless by that time. Building equipment that works as deep as that well was being drilled at isn't exactly a simple thing to do.
@@phlippbergamot5723 Warm fluid pipe goes down. Melted gas and oil pipe goes up. Tell me the equipment and understanding to do both of those things doesn't already exist.
@@buckstarchaser2376 Some equipment could be jury rigged perhaps, but at the rates of flow you would have needed, its very unlikely we have anything that would have worked. Not to mention it would have had to be tested, not just for function but safety as well. They didn't want to add to the problems they were dealing with.
So the answer is that there was nothing specifically made to do both of those things for the specific task that was required. Too many unknown factors at the breaks in the pipe to design something properly.
@@phlippbergamot5723 I saw a video once where they were playing the news clips describing the steps being taken with the Horizon well, and each after the other failing. Alternating between old news clips of another, similar situation that happened. Step by step, the same actions were taken with the same failed results. Clearly, the time to develop and improve techniques are now, as the third time something like this happens, there will likely not be so much tolerance of the willful ignorance, nor will there be acceptance for non-condemnation of anyone involved.
Wuh ow! So great! How did this dry water thesis come to your attention?
I and a few others have noticed the insulating properties bear a striking resemblance to videos of a material known as "Starlite", the recipe to which was never released by its late inventor. Have you ever looked into it?
Edit: Never mind. It looks like UA-cam user NightHawkInLight may have found out the actual recipe of Starlite.
So this comment may be naive but when he said that the dry water can be used with hydrates as a transportation method for natural gas wouldn’t the fact that is hard to ignite be great for transportation because it lowers the risk of explosion. How would the natural gas be extracted? Would a depressurization and rise in temperature be sufficient to release it? Also, what is the density of a hydrate or how many cubic meters or feet of natural gas does it hold for every cubic meter or foot of hydrate? I have just started researching hydrates in my own time and haven’t yet been able to find a ‘density ‘ for this substance.
I'd really like to see follow up videos where the unusual mixtures created in this video are investigated for use in space travel. For example, water and hydrocarbons are said to be excellent radiation shielding, but water is very heavy. Liquid propane is half as dense as water, and doesn't need to be kept as cold as liquid hydrogen, nor as cold as ice in the hydrate form, but doesn't need to be as warm as kerosene to flow freely. The solid forms, and especially the "dry-like" forms Are likely to withstand some unwanted contact with space debris, and were shown to be great thermal insulators too. This makes me wonder if these dried liquids would be useful for atmospheric re-entry thermal shielding. Perhaps, the radiation/insulation materials can be reconfigured for the Entry Decent and Landing phases of interplanetary flight as well. Something I would have really liked to see tested is the ability of this silica stuff to act as a moisture filter that doesn't require as much energy to regenerate as traditional descants, and possibly its use as a carrier for portable atmosphere processing, such as mixing it with Calcium Oxide to trap moisture and release heat to make Calcium Hydroxide + Heat, but then the Calcium Hydroxide will take Carbon Dioxide out of the air to make Calcium Carbonate and Water. The silicon stuff would help keep the particles dispersed within the airstream for efficiency and hold the heat internally while air doesn't flow. It may also find use in reducing the water needed to grow plants in space...somehow.
Question: In your experiment, did the Silica (dry water materal) gain mass when you tried to create an hydrate? If I recall correctly zeolites are the primary meterials considered for storing hydrocarbon gases as well as hydrogen. Not sure if the Silica material is classified as a zeolite. I presume that the water (hydrate) is serving as the zeolite substitute for propane. Might be worth a try to liquefy the propane with in the silica and see if form some sort of suspension that can exist above freeze or at room temperature with the need for water.
What would happen if you put propane in liquid form with the “sand” instead of water? Would it behave in the same way and create “dry propane”? But then again I’m guessing it would evaporate afterwards. Would be interesting though. :)
Did you happen to check under the scope for the presence of silica-coated hydrates?
At ~6:50, you say that the _pressures_ are around X° C, after just saying _pressures_ are Y" (or so). I'm sure that was just an accidental mis-speak.
Great to see another video, Ben! Hope you are wearing a mask with all that silica dust around...
One thing I noticed is not quite right, the statement that solids can't burn. An example of a solid burning would be all sorts of metal fires, another are smouldering fires. Gases or vapors are only required to create a flame.
I thought i was really good in physics and chem, but YOU blow my "knowledge" away like i am a tree in autumn ....
To be honest, it fears me a little ...
What else do i don't know?
"I bought some powered water but didn't know what to add" --Stephen Wright.
so with the dry water gas hydrate mixture, maybe it'd work better if you didn't blend the dry water for quite as long so you get larger droplets of water, which should require less silica in the mix due to smaller total surface area.
Isn't natural gas compressed and piped in situ? It might not be liquefied, but it's certainly under a few atmospheres of pressure. It's lower than the vapour pressure of the propane, so you make the clathrate in situ too, but how do you go about extracting it from the fumed silica/water (sol/gel/suspension/powder?) Is simply heating it to the clathrate decomposition temperature enough? Most end uses of natural gas require the gas to be fed in at a couple of atmospheres of pressure, so you would need to repressurize it at the other end, and the storage tanks would be a lot bigger if the gas weren't liquefied.
Another fascinating video.
I thought you were going to use the 'dry water powder' as a 'dry powder' fire extinguishing medium to put out the gas hydrate fire.
The dry water powder has a very high surface area, so would it evaporate very rapidly in a flame, absorb heat and quench the flame? Or, does the high insulating property of the associated silica dust inhibit heat transfer from flame to water droplets?
Maybe another wee experiment for you.
Cheers Paul in NZ
14:45 it may not be burning but it looks like it's spalling something fierce.
I wonder if putting the Dry-hydrate? into a new vessel and letting it melt therefore releasing the gas would indicate how much was traped?
It would be interesting to try and boil off and then liquefy the propane again to see what kind of losses you get
Wonder if dry water could be made with regular cinnamon powder as it is hydrophobic as well?
No. It makes slime.
+Applied Science -- Powdered rosin, Lycopodium spores, and many other hydrophobic materials are relatively common as powders. In making *dry water,* is it enough just to be hydrophobic? Would it be better to use _superhydrophobic_ material? See, for example "A simple method for preparing super-hydrophobic powder from paper sludge ash" www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167577X14021260
Solid mist seems like more of an apt name