I cant unplug the electronics bcs I wouldn't have mobile phone charged I know it's not good but I have to go to work with my mobile and I don't have anywhere else to plug it I have small house
One main reason for me to having difficulty sleeping before is anxiety, and this teaching removed it from me: "Do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about its own things. Sufficient for the day is its own trouble." 😊
kid no don't use the Internet it's a bad place, after school go outside or something, but if you have no friends then...use your imagination or create a character and make a story with your character please just don't use the Internet it's not a place for 6 and 7 year old's
+Skywarp07 Try to say to yourself "Ok,there's nothing more to talk about on this topic so i'll finish this conversation". Do this methodically until you only have at most 1-2 things on your mind,and since we're all human we'll feel tired eventually and get bored of the subject we're thinking about.This might help you to get to sleep.
so those are my tipps: 1. sleep in a cool room. 2. sleep in a real pyjama, not just normal clothes 3. Decorate your room how you really like it 4. Get some pillows and blankets for your bed 5. Maybe get a huge teddy bear or something for your bed, so you won't feel so alone(only do that when you don't have a partner 😂) 6. Sleep with a sleep mask 7. Sleep in a dark room 8. Listen to ASMR/calming sounds/calming music 9. When you can't stop thinking about things that you don't wanna think about, just repeat the sentence: "Don't think!", in your head. That might help. 10. Take a hot shower before bed This always helps me :)
You have to make the best choices with what you have...the general idea with not sleeping/working in the same room is to try and get your body/mind to associate your bedroom with sleep and relaxation, not work and stress. If you can't designate your environment in this way, it is a good idea to set up your sleep area as best you can for sleep when it's time to sleep (could become part of your pre-bedtime sleep routine) and practice programming your mind/body to be relaxed in your sleeping space at bedtime (also a part of your sleep routine). The goal of SleepMastery is to be able to get the best possible sleep in any given situation.... not always easy to achieve, but with the right information, awareness and practice it can be done. Sleep well - live well.
I have to say getting blackout curtains was one of the best things I ever did in my life- it has helped tremendously! I used to think that the light coming in from the windows didn’t bother me and it was no big deal, I was so wrong. I’ve even now used black tape and covered up all the LEDs and things like that in my bedroom as well.
Maddz Foy Nice video content! Apologies for butting in, I am interested in your opinion. Have you considered - Franaar Magic Dream Formula (probably on Google)? It is a good one off guide for optimizing sleep minus the hard work. Ive heard some decent things about it and my best friend Jordan after a lifetime of fighting got cool success with it.
Maddz Foy Excellent video content! Forgive me for the intrusion, I would appreciate your thoughts. Have you considered - Franaar Magic Dream Formula (google it)? It is a good one of a kind guide for optimizing sleep minus the hard work. Ive heard some pretty good things about it and my work colleague after a lifetime of fighting got great success with it.
If I go to sleep early, I'll wake up at 12:30 AM because I'm really hot, try to fall asleep until 5:00, give up and read until 6:00, then pass out and wake up at 7:00 for school.
I try counting sheep, I get to 1000 and give up. I take sleeping pills. No luck. I listen to music that supposedly makes you sleep. Got through 30 mins and finally gave up and turned it off. I seem to only be able to sleep in class :( oh the struggles of having insomnia and rls (restless leg syndrome)
same here man, when my the alarm goes off I dont wake up at all, I've even tried putting the alarm clock under my pillow. But if it comes to it, usually a family member would slap me
The only thing that works for me without fail is reciting poetry, prayers, and other little things (the monologue at the beginning of The Powerpuff Girls and Samurai Jack especially.) The more I whisper those repetitive things I have memorized, the more calm I am, and focusing on a simple task like that helps me stop thinking about my breathing, my muscles being sore, and other irritating things in the environment around me.Seriously. It might take fifteen minutes, but it puts me to sleep every time I do it without fail.
me: tries to sleep brain: go play on the phon- me: SHUT UP brain: u can play piggy roblox me: oh ya sure *eyes has entered the chat* eyes: please close your eyes rafi and go to sleep me: NO I LIKE PLAYING PIGGY ROBLOX eyes: fine brain: hahaha I win
Am I the only one that can't sleep without something in my head. Like I need to think and think to get to fall asleep. You see, when I think about stuff my mind gets distracted from staying awake and falls asleep. Does anyone have the same thing? Like everyone's talking about not being able to sleep because their minds are full of thoughts, but for me my mind has to be full of thoughts, or I won't fall asleep. Plus, usually if I don't think before going to sleep, I can't recall my dreams as well, but when my head is crammed before I go to sleep, I remember my dreams very vividly.. Anybody else?
I usually fall alsleep by starting a dream like how people daydream then I slowly fall asleep and yes I can still remember the dream after I woke up because I was conscious when starting it. Haha so it's dreaming that kicks me to sleep
its 3:24 a.m. right now, got to wake at 6:00 a.m. Usually i get about 4 hours of sleep or less so when i get home i go straight to sleep for about 2-5 hours. I bet I've messed up my circadian rhythms big time.
+The Spark Thats bad man well im not sure how old are you but there been an investigation carried out that had the results of people that get less that 5 hrs a sleep a nifht end up dying before they reach 20-23
How to fall a sleep fast? Read the comments underneath a UA-cam video! Sometimes the comments are so boring that u will sleep straight away ! Eat peasy lemon squeezy
Or read this, it will make you sleepy really fast! The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the latter kingdom. Each side drew many allies into the war. For their French possessions, the English kings since the Norman Conquest were vassals of the kings of France. The French kings had endeavored, over the centuries, to reduce the possessions of their over-mighty vassals, to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English. The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power, particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland, an ally of France. Through his mother, Isabella of France, Edward III was the grandson of Philip IV of France, and nephew of Charles IV of France, the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet. In 1316, a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne. When Charles IV died in 1328, Isabella, unable to claim the French throne for herself, claimed it for her son. The French rejected the claim, maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right which she did not possess. For about nine years (1328-1337), the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne. But the interference of the French king, Philip VI, in Edward III's war against Scotland, led Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne. Several overwhelming English victories in the war-especially at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt-raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph. However, the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest. Starting in 1429, decisive French victories at Patay, Formigny, and Castillon concluded the war in favor of France, with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent. Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian Era War (1337-1360); the Caroline War (1369-1389); and the Lancastrian War (1415-1453). Contemporary conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were directly related to this conflict, included the War of the Breton Succession (1341-1364), the Castilian Civil War (1366-1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356-1375) in Aragon, and the 1383-85 Crisis in Portugal. Later historians invented the term "Hundred Years' War" as a periodization to encompass all of these events, thus constructing the longest military conflict in history. The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. By its end, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire originated during the war, composed largely of commoners and thus helping to change their role in warfare. With respect to the belligerents, English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487). In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically. Shorn of its Continental possessions, England was left with the sense of being an island nation, which profoundly affected its outlook and development for more than 500 years.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Background 1.1 English kings and continental dukedoms: 1066-1357 1.2 Dynastic turmoil in France: 1314-28 2 Beginning of the war: 1337-60 2.1 Gascony under the King of England 2.2 Franco-Scot alliance 2.3 End of homage 2.4 Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany 2.5 Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 2.6 Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny 3 First peace: 1360-69 4 French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369-89 4.1 Aquitaine and Castile 4.2 English turmoil 5 Second peace: 1389-1415 6 Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415-29 6.1 Burgundy alliance and the taking of Paris 6.1.1 Battle of Agincourt (1415) 6.1.2 Treaty of Troyes (1420) 6.1.3 Death of Clarence (1421) 6.2 English success 6.3 Joan of Arc and French revival 7 French victory: 1429-53 7.1 Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 7.2 French resurgence 7.3 Fall of Gascony 7.4 End of the war 8 Significance 9 Timeline 9.1 Battles 10 Important figures 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links §Background[edit] See also: The Anarchy §English kings and continental dukedoms: 1066-1357[edit] Further information: Peerage of France Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), 1286. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was also a vassal to the French King. The Anglo-Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda, Henry (great-grandson of William the Conqueror), became the first of the Angevin Kings of England in 1154 as King Henry II.[2] The King of England, in what is now known as the Angevin Empire, directly ruled more territory on the continent than the King of France. However, as holders of continental duchies, English kings owed homage to the King of France. From the 11th century onward, the dukes had autonomy, neutralising the issue.[3] John of England inherited the Angevin domains from King Richard I. However, Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of King John, both legally and militarily, and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of most of the Angevin continental possessions. Following John's reign, the Battle of Bouvines (1214), the Saintonge War (1242), and finally the War of Saint-Sardos (1324) resulted in the complete loss of Normandy and the reduction of England's holdings on the continent to a few provinces in Gascony.[4] §Dynastic turmoil in France: 1314-28[edit] See also: Absolute cognatic primogeniture and British claims to the French throne The question of female succession was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316. Louis X left only a daughter, and his posthumous son lived only a few days. Philip, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis X, asserted that "women cannot succeed to the French throne". Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries, and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V of France. By the same law that he procured, his daughters were denied the succession, which passed to his younger brother, Charles IV, in 1322.[5] Philip III of France r. 1270-1285 Philip IV of France r. 1285-1314 Charles of Valois d. 1325 Louis X of France r. 1314-16 Philip V of France r. 1316-22 Charles IV of France r. 1322-28 Isabella of France Edward II of England Philip VI of France r. 1328-50 Joan II of Navarre b. 1312 Joan III, Countess of Burgundy b. 1308 Edward III of England b. 1312 Charles of Évreux b. 1332 Philip of Burgundy b. 1323 When Charles IV of France died in 1328 with only daughters as heirs, the nearest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England. Edward had inherited his right through his mother Isabella, the sister of the dead French king, but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right that she did not herself possess because of her gender. The French nobility, moreover, balked at the prospect of being ruled by the English king. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI. In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers.[5][6] §Beginning of the war: 1337-60[edit] [show] v t e Hundred Years' War Edwardian phase (1337-60) Main article: Hundred Years' War (1337-1360) §Gascony under the King of England[edit] In the 11th century, Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine (also known as Guyenne or Guienne) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony (French: Guyenne-et-Gascogne). The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, in 1152, from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown. By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine, Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous.[7][8] At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings of England in southwest France, although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine.[8][9] For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a major point of friction. The English argued that, as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant, Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty. However, this line of argument could not be maintained by the English, so in 1329 the 17-year old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI. Tradition demanded that vassals should approach their liege unarmed with heads uncovered, however Edward demonstrated his reluctance by attending the ceremony by wearing his crown and sword.[10] Despite Edward complying, albeit reluctantly, the French continued to pressure the English administration.[11] Gascony was not the only sore point. One of Edward's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court.[12] §Franco-Scot alliance[edit] See also: Auld Alliance The Kings of England had been trying to subjugate the Scots for some time. In 1295 a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair. Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326, promising Scotland that if England invaded then France would support the Scots. Similarly, the French would find Scot support if their own kingdom was attacked. Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if they could count on French support.[11] Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land. However the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish Navy, moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336, threatening England.[12] To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time", the other to proceed at once to Gascony. At the same time ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king.[13] §End of homage[edit] At the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. The arrière-ban, literally a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. Then, in May 1337, Philip met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the king's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king's 'mortal enemy' Robert d'Artois.[14] Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip's right to the French throne. When Charles IV died, Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne, through the right of his mother Isabella (Charles IV's sister), daughter of Philip IV. Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward's homage to Philip VI in 1329. Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'.[15] On 26 January 1340, Edward III formally received homage from Guy, half-brother of the Count of Flanders. The civic authorities of Ghent, Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries. His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the "true" King of France and were not rebels against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try and raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties.[16] Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade, since Flanders' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed. Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade.[17] At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone.[18] The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to Europe. Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it.[17] France's sea power led to economic disruptions for England, shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony.[19][20] §Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany[edit] Battle of Sluys from a manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles, Bruge, c.1470 Edward, with his fleet, sailed from England on 22 June 1340, and arrived the next day off the Zwyn estuary. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluys. The English fleet apparently tricked the French into believing they were withdrawing. However, when the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys. England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French invasions.[16] At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip VI.[21] In 1341, conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the Breton War of Succession, in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois. Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany. The city of Vannes changed hands several times, while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides.[21] §Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais[edit] Battle of Crécy, 1346 Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel, landing in Normandy's Cotentin, at St. Vaast. The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day, surprising the French. Philip gathered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempting to take and hold territory. He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed. He moved further and further south, worryingly close to Paris, until he found the crossing at Poissy. This had only been partially destroyed, so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it. He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme. The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque, leaving Philip's army stranded. Edward, assisted by this head start, continued on his way to Flanders once more, until, finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip's army attacked. The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the English longbowmen and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before it was ready.[22] Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England. King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England, but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross, on 17 October 1346. This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.[21][23] In France, Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel, capturing it in 1347. This became an important strategic asset for the English, allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France.[22] Calais would remain under English control, even after the end of the Hundred Years' War, until the successful French siege in 1558.[24] §Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny[edit] In 1348, the Black Death, which had just arrived in Paris, began to ravage Europe.[25] In 1356, after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, later known as the Black Prince, invaded France from Gascony, winning a great victory in the Battle of Poitiers.[21] During the battle, the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly, captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest. The French advance was contained, at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John II of France (known as John the Good) and many of his nobles.[26][27] With John held hostage, his son the Dauphin (later to become Charles V of France) took over as regent.[28] After the Battle of Poitiers, chaos ruled, as many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged. A contemporary report said: ... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages. In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies; rather did they trample it underfoot, robbing and pillaging the peasants' goods... From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette[29] Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne. The Dauphin's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field. However Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation (Reims was the traditional coronation city).[30] However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived.[31] Edward besieged the city for five weeks, but the defences held and there was no coronation.[30] Edward moved on to Paris, but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs. The French made contact with him and forced him to negotiate.[32] A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny (8 May 1360). The treaty was ratified at Calais in October. In return for increased lands in Aquitaine, Edward renounced Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine and consented to reducing King John's ransom by a million crowns. Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France.[26][28][33] §First peace: 1360-69[edit] The French king, John II, had been held captive in England. The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. While these hostages were held, John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362 John's son Louis of Anjou, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. So, with his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honour-bound to return to captivity in England.[28][33] The French crown had been at odds with Navarre (near southern Gascony) since 1354 and in 1363 the Navarrese used John II's captivity in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power.[34] Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III supported the Navarrese moves particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence. With this in mind Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations.[35] In 1364, John II died in London, while still in honourable captivity.[36] Charles V succeeded him as king of France.[28][37] On 6 May 1364, one month after the dauphin's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V, the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel.[38] §French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369-89[edit] [show] v t e Hundred Years' War Caroline phase· (1369-89) Main article: Hundred Years' War (1369-1389) See also: Castilian Civil War §Aquitaine and Castile[edit] Statue of Bertrand du Guesclin in Dinan The Franco-Castilian Navy, led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar, managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile (part of modern Spain). The ruler Peter of Castile's forces were pitched against those of his half-brother Henry of Trastámara. The English crown supported Peter and the French, Henry. French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin, a Breton, who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France's war leaders. Charles V provided a force of 12,000, with du Guesclin at their head, to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile.[39] Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine's Black Prince for help, but none was forthcoming, forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine. The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine, rather than England. He then led an Anglo-Gascon army into Castille. Peter was restored to power after Trastámara's army was defeated at the Battle of Najera.[40] Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince, they failed to do so. The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine. To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign, the prince instituted a hearth tax. Arnaud-Amanieu VIII, Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince's side during the war. Albret, who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine, refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief. He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax. Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his parlement in Paris. The Black Prince's answer was that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France.[41] Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited and before the end of 1369 all Aquitaine was in full revolt.[41][42] With the Black Prince gone from Castile, Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter's death at the Battle of Montiel in March, 1369. The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England.[40] §English turmoil[edit] With his health continuing to deteriorate, the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371, where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health. The prince's illness was debilitating. He died on 8 June 1376.[43] Edward III only just outlived his son and died the following year on 21 June 1377;[44] he was succeeded by the Black Prince's second son Richard II who was still a child.[45] The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France, however a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and, by the time of Charles V's death in 1380, the English only held Calais.[46] It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch, but no regent was appointed for Richard II, who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377.[45] However, between 1377 and 1380, actual power was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king's uncle, John of Gaunt, although Gaunt remained highly influential.[45] Richard faced many challenges during his reign, including the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381, an Anglo-Scottish war in 1384-85. His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular.[45] §Second peace: 1389-1415[edit] [show] v t e Owain Glyndŵr's Revolt See also: Civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it. These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants revolt. [47] Richard's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles. This group, known as Lords Appellant, managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament. The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried, unsuccessfully, to reignite the war. Although the will was there, the funds to pay the troops was lacking, so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown, beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three-year truce at Leulinghen.[47] [48] In 1389, Richard's uncle and supporter, John of Gaunt, returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, Richard II disinherited Gaunt's son, the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke. Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV.[48][49][45] In Scotland, the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill.[50] A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408.[51][52] In Wales, Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400. He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282-3. The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years.[53] In the meantime Charles VI of France was descending into madness and an open conflict for power began between his cousin John the Fearless and his brother, Louis of Orléans. After Louis's assassination, the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war.[49] In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.[54] Throughout this period, England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy. There is some evidence that Henry IV used state-legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel. He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war.[55] The French responded in kind and French pirates, under Scottish protection, raided many English coastal towns.[56] The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade.[56] Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V. Charles VI of France's mental illness allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France. Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them. In 1414 while he held court at Leicester, he received ambassadors from Burgundy.[57] Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois. The French rejected his demands, leading Henry to prepare for war.[57] §Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415-29[edit] [show] v t e Hundred Years' War Lancastrian phase (1415-53) Main article: Hundred Years' War (1415-1453) §Burgundy alliance and the taking of Paris[edit] §Battle of Agincourt (1415)[edit] Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt. Main article: Battle of Agincourt Clan Carmichael crest with broken spear commemorating the unseating of the Duke of Clarence. In August 1415, Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur. The city resisted for longer than expected, but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415. Because of the unexpected delay, most of the campaign season was gone. Rather than march on Paris directly, he elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy, he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt, north of the Somme. Despite the problems and having a smaller force, his victory was near-total; the French defeat was catastrophic, costing many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was killed.[58] Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk (there were more French prisoners than the entire English army) and he ordered their deaths.[57] §Treaty of Troyes (1420)[edit] Henry retook much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417, and Rouen on 19 January 1419, turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy, which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with King Charles VI. They signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry finally married Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VII, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-General.[57] §Death of Clarence (1421)[edit] On 22 March 1421 Henry V's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse. Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas, Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England. Clarence engaged a Franco-Scottish force of 5000 men, led by John Stewart, Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé. Clarence, against the advice of his lieutenants, before his army had been fully assembled, attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men-at-arms. He then, during the course of the battle, led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco-Scottish army, who quickly enveloped the English. In the ensuing melée, the Scot, John Carmichael of Douglasdale, broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan.[57][59] The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, who conducted the English retreat.[60] §English success[edit] Henry V returned to France and went to Paris, then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris. From there he decided to attack the Dauphin-held town of Meaux. It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought. The siege began about 6 October 1421, and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422.[57] At the end of May, Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court, they went to rest at Senlis. While there it became apparent that he was ill (possibly dysentery) and when he set out to the Upper Loire he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, where he died on 31 August 1422.[57] The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later, on 21 October 1422. Henry left an only child, his nine-month-old son, Henry, later to become Henry VI.[61] On his deathbed, Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France (as Henry VI was only an infant). The war in France continued under Bedford's generalship and several battles were won. The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil, (17 August 1424). At the Battle of Baugé, Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers. At Verneuil the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco-Scottish army. The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war.[61][62] §Joan of Arc and French revival[edit] Joan of Arc (c.1450-1500) Joan of Arc's appearance sparked a revival of French spirit and the tide began to turn against the English.[61] In 1428, the English laid siege to Orléans. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city. In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the troops and they attacked the English redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongholds on the Loire.[63] The English retreated from the Loire Valley, pursued by a French army. Near the village of Patay, French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road, then swept through the retreating English army. The English lost 2,200 men, and the commander John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury was taken prisoner. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII (16 July 1429).[63][64] After the coronation, Charles VII's army fared less well. An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429, and Charles VII withdrew back to the Loire Valley.[65] §French victory: 1429-53[edit] §Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy[edit] Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.[61] The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the Siege of Orléans in 1429. Joan was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiegne on 23 May 1430. The Burgundians transferred her to the English, who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon, a pro-English clergyman. Joan was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431.[63](She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III). After Joan of Arc's death the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English.[66] Most of Henry's royal advisers were against making peace. Among the factions, the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy, the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace. Negotiations stalled. It seems that at the congress of Arras, in the summer of 1435, where the duke of Beaufort was mediator, the English were unrealistic in their demands. A few days after the congress ended in September, Philip III, duke of Burgundy deserted to Charles VII, signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France. This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France.[61] The Duke of Bedford died 14 September 1435 and was replaced by a lesser man.[66] §French resurgence[edit] The Battle of Formigny (1450) Burgundy's allegiance remained fickle, but the English focus on expanding their domains into the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in France.[67] The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government, replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use. A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment. The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world.[66] By 1449, the French had retaken Rouen and in 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future Arthur III, Duke of Brittany) caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen at the Battle of Formigny and defeated it. The English army had been attacked from the flank and rear by Richemont's force just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army.[68] §Fall of Gascony[edit] Charles "the Victorious". After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English. Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451. Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452. However, the English were defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453. Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux. During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp. The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son.[69] §End of the war[edit] Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War,[69] England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home. Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the War of the Roses, that started in 1455.[66][70] [show] v t e Burgundian Wars (1474-77) The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke Charles of Burgundy, counting on English support, took up arms against Louis XI of France. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny (1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England continued to keep the lilies of France (Fleur-de-lis) on their coat of arms and even bore the title, until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King Louis XVIII of France, who was living in England after the French Revolution.[71] Charles the Bold, the last duke of Burgundy, was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477,[72] leaving a daughter, Mary, who lost the provinces of Artois, Flanders, Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI's armies.[72] §Significance[edit] Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War. The Hundred Years' War was a time of rapid military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure and the social meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the war's costs, partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught.The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war. Before the Hundred Years' War, heavy cavalry was considered the most powerful unit in an army, but by the war's end, this belief had shifted. The heavy horse was increasingly negated by the use of the longbow (and, later, another long-distance weapon: firearms). Edward III was famous for dismounting his men-at-arms and having them and his archers stand in closely integrated battle lines; the horses only being used for transport or pursuit.[73] The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops, known as hobelars. Hoblars tactics had been developed against the Scots, in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the 14th century. Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses, enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle. Rather than fight while seated on the horse, they would dismount to engage the enemy.[74][75][76] By the end of the Hundred Years' War, these various factors caused the decline of the expensively outfitted, highly trained heavy cavalry and the eventual end of the armoured knight as a military force and of the nobility as a political one.[76] The war stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state.[77] In 1445 the first regular standing army since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies. The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis, or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused. France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men, which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own. The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors.[76] The conflict developed such that it was not just between the Kings of England and France but also between their respective peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling that emerged from such rumours unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years' War basically confirmed the fall of the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest until 1362.[77] The spread of the Black Death (with modern borders). Lowe (1997) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England's early modern political culture. Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time, they had a long-term impact. England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest, yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens. In comparing this English cost-benefit analysis with French attitudes, given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers, Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland. Furthermore French kings found alternative ways to finance the war - sales taxes, debasing the coinage - and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures. English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French.[78] Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period. France lost half its population during the Hundred Years' War.[58] Normandy lost three-quarters of its population, and Paris two-thirds.[79] The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period.[80] §Timeline[edit] TimeLine100YearsWar (cropped).png
Me: about to sleep
Brain: *_hey remember 5 years ago when you-_*
Ahh no
LOL😂
Eleonora Gunawan THE VOLUME INSIDE IF THIS BUS...
OMG BEST COMMENT EVER!!!!!!!!!
THE CREATOR NEEDS TO PIN UR COMMENT
269 likes lmao
1. Bedtime Ritual
2. Sleep and Wake Schedule
3. Stop Watching the Clock
4. Optimal Sleep Environment
5. UnPlug Electronics
thanks 😂
Thanks for the tips now I can sleep better with all your help 😁
I cant unplug the electronics bcs I wouldn't have mobile phone charged I know it's not good but I have to go to work with my mobile and I don't have anywhere else to plug it I have small house
Thank you so much!!!!!
Thanks you saved me 5 mins and 5 secs of my life
Am I the only one who had parents who never tucked me or read me bedtime stories? xD
same, lol
same
nopr
no
no
Me waking up for school:tired
Me at school:tired
Me going to sleep:not tired
AGHHHH I GET SO MAD AT IT
it hits you when your finnally awake
Hahahaha hahahaha hahahaha hahaha 🤣🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂😅😅😁 Same here
Same
Your body clock messed up
OMGGGGG I HAVE THAY PROBLEM AND THEN ON THE WEEKENDS IM SUPPER TIRED
Let us just assume that about 90% of the viewers of this video (including me) REALLY NEED TO SLEEP RIGHT NOW!
yh
Its a first school night!!!
yass
me ;-;
+StarLightShines MSP right now its 10:34 pm.....😕 so true
I watched this video just before sleeping
janik Gramer same
wow cool
I watched it and it kept me awake
Didn't everyone
janik Gramer same
One main reason for me to having difficulty sleeping before is anxiety, and this teaching removed it from me:
"Do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about its own things. Sufficient for the day is its own trouble." 😊
Nice
tips:
1:24 1.Have a bedtime ritual
2:16 2.Maintain regular sleep and wake schedule
2:50 3.Stop watching clock
3:16 4.Create optimal sleep environment
3:39 5.Unplug(cellphone and other electronics)
I have to do 10 things 😔😔😔
School these days smh 🤦♂️
how do I format and follow my bedtime ritual
Is it ironic I'm watching this before bed.....
Cause they said to not watch stuff before bed and I'm just like oh..😂
shit me too
me too
Me too!!!
Same
Wana know how to sleep better ....stop watching random youtube videos at 1am
There u go problem solved
I don't and I still can't sleep
ClickerMaw Thornback count sheep then lol or try horlicks
Uh maybe I should do that nvm I can't sleep without watching youtube vids😕
Cassieplayzroblox Cassie
Gssshhhhh
Jayne Spicer yep
Funny fact: I was supposed to be sleeping but I am watching a video of how to sleep better while I'm on my Ipad. Great!
Papa John's People like you are waste of oxygen on earth.
+////-/////-/-////////////////////R //////// I was thinking the same.
Jacqueline Bastos same
Jacqueline Bastos al the same!
People often don't realise how the lack of sleep affect their entire lives. Hopefully those tips will help you to get sound sleep!
Whoever may be reading this:
go to sleep.
im trying
ITS ONLY 9:18
But I just woke up... Ok then 😪💤💤
Ok😒 u got me
kid no don't use the Internet it's a bad place, after school go outside or something, but if you have no friends then...use your imagination or create a character and make a story with your character please just don't use the Internet it's not a place for 6 and 7 year old's
thumbs up if you watched this at night
Me
Mee
Me!!!
cheese cake yep
Ya
*Later nighters IN THE HOOOUUSSSEE!!!*
or just people suffering from insomnia rip
Cherry Gaming AAAAAMMEN
AMEN
ALL NIGHT BABY
I woke up at 2:37 Am and couldn’t get back to sleep I watched this!
Emersyn Morse dame but I wake up 2:20
It's exactly 2:37 am now lol
Same but I woke up at 1:14 and couldn't sleep its 4:30 now.
i keep getting fucking bugged by a misquito i hope he is suffering right now
if I can't sleep then I watch my phone 😂😂😂
Savagesgroup ._. phone may be no more sleeping that happens with me every night
Savagesgroup ._. Thats my mom sometimes but i dont do that cause my parents hate it when i use my tablet in bed!
@@liolio4457 😁
@@jjaecaaa hehehe me toooo
Same
who else watching this in bed?
SargeCP Me lolz at 3:00
Me to lol
SargeCP me
I had just finished my sunday afternoon nappy so yeah i watched this video in bed too XD
SargeCP me
watches this video before going to bed
yea lmfao
Music Dazzle same!!!
Music Dazzle SAMME LAMOOOOOAAA
2:28 she said don’t go to sleep at 10:53PM and for me it was 10:53PM when she said that
TrendingShadowz omg same
TrendingShadowz hahahahah
same so weird😱
I usually cant sleep when im excited for the next day. Like today, i cant sleep at all.
ProphetSLAYS same like Christmas Eve
Sonia List ikr!
SAMEEEEEEEEE, *ESPECIALLY* WHEN I HAVE TO WAKE UP AT *4:30** AM* TO GO TO THE AIRPORT FOR A TRIP ;-;
ProphetSLAYS :-(
ProphetSLAYS same
Am i the only one who keeps thinking and thinking and thinking in bed which leads to no-sleep...I dont know how to get my mind empty
It not the only one 🙋🏼
+Skywarp07 Try to say to yourself "Ok,there's nothing more to talk about on this topic so i'll finish this conversation". Do this methodically until you only have at most 1-2 things on your mind,and since we're all human we'll feel tired eventually and get bored of the subject we're thinking about.This might help you to get to sleep.
it's so annoying when that happens.
Same
Usually when that happens, I try to turn whatever I'm thinking about into a dream.
I sleep better when it's cold
Ayzo samee
VorbisXVI same
VorbisXVI omg same
VorbisXVI yeah
VorbisXVI brooo same for me
so those are my tipps:
1. sleep in a cool room.
2. sleep in a real pyjama, not just normal clothes
3. Decorate your room how you really like it
4. Get some pillows and blankets for your bed
5. Maybe get a huge teddy bear or something for your bed, so you won't feel so alone(only do that when you don't have a partner 😂)
6. Sleep with a sleep mask
7. Sleep in a dark room
8. Listen to ASMR/calming sounds/calming music
9. When you can't stop thinking about things that you don't wanna think about, just repeat the sentence: "Don't think!", in your head. That might help.
10. Take a hot shower before bed
This always helps me :)
Thanks for telling me I really needed it👍
Hot showers arent so good,you get cold when you leave the shower,also you get red and cold sooo.
@AdventurousGuy there's kids...so don't say something like that
Thanks 😘
Why would u take a hot shlwer ur gonna be boilin
"Don't use electronics before bed." A, I the only one watching at two am??????
Annalee Grace i-
Watching how to sleep before I sleep. At 3 : 10 AM.
The irony.
It's 3 am and i feel super sleepy but i can't get away from youtube😂
Bella Cieen Ikr its the power of youtube... CANT.STOP.WATCHING.
Bella Cieen me too😂👍
Bella Cieen same! 😆
UGH! I have this problem and i've been struggling with it for 4 months! I just need help!
Bella Cieen its 4 am for me
It’s past 4 am and I’m looking up videos on my phone on how to sleep
Read a book and go to sleeppppp😴😴😴
Video starts at 1:26.
Thanks
Thank you.
no it starts at 0:00
+kitty cat ayyyyyye
Thanks 🙏
I'm watching this at 2:26 am, for the exact reason stated in the intro xD
me too
Mr. TryHard no close enough friend XD
2:58 AM :p
Skitchy Sketcher I'll give you a cookie if you watch it at 2:30 a.m. =D
Alexus Dimitrov Watching this at 3:45 am..... My head is about to explode..
Lool am i the only one watching this that sleeps fine at night, but just wants to find out how to sleep even better
Same
Sme Here Bro
Me too.
Lucky you.
Rossoneri King Me lucky lol Not at all ! :) well k i am Lucky
"make your bedroom a tech free zone"
What if my bedroom is also my living room and my kitchen ?
Make your bed a tech free zone? I say while typing this on my phone on bed.....
Yeah, this rule can't apply to people who live in bachelor/studio apartments.
@@Webberjo get you some satin curtains to section your bed.. works for me!! 😴
You have to make the best choices with what you have...the general idea with not sleeping/working in the same room is to try and get your body/mind to associate your bedroom with sleep and relaxation, not work and stress. If you can't designate your environment in this way, it is a good idea to set up your sleep area as best you can for sleep when it's time to sleep (could become part of your pre-bedtime sleep routine) and practice programming your mind/body to be relaxed in your sleeping space at bedtime (also a part of your sleep routine). The goal of SleepMastery is to be able to get the best possible sleep in any given situation.... not always easy to achieve, but with the right information, awareness and practice it can be done. Sleep well - live well.
who else is trying to get to sleep and randomly got this on their feed
Lol!! Mee!! XD
Hehe.....me
ME!!!
me...haha
4am here fuck my life
Who else clicked on this video in the middle of the night hoping it would help you sleep??
Lily Antczak ME
I thought it was gonna be like "step 1: if ur in bed right now then stop watching this video!!!"
Like me
Lol!! I also watch in bed sometimes...but right now it's morning..I don't need to sleep..just laying in the bed cuz it's so soft and warm :3
+SweetyCat xD
Lol its 1 am right now 4 me
I live under your bed y u hef be med?
Me: tries to sleep
Brain: Hey remember that *horror* short film earlier when they cut her brain o-
I just wanna kill my brain
i-
BIG BRAIN!!!
3:05 omg when the clock said 11:03, I just randomly looked at my time and it said 11:03 O,O what in the world........
CuteWolf1076 AJ 3:03 AM for me
CuteWolf1076 AJ Whenever I check the time it's usually 9:11. For me at least. Like wut
Ultra HansKB happens to me all the time
CuteWolf1076 AJ fuck its 11:03 in my country now shit
CuteWolf1076 AJ for me its 11:04 PM xD
It's ironic that I'm watching this cause I can't sleep....
Me too I m watching it cause I cant go sleep
That's not ironic, do you know what irony is? It is just a coincidence, and not a surprising one, considering that the video is about sleep...
Arto Saari they said dont watch computers when trying to sleep what did he just do?!
Arto Saari it is in fact irony, like being run over by an ambulance. Sleep tight.
SAME
who else sleeps with a fan every night even during winter
FNAF character MEEEE
Some Random Chick yeeeee
Some Random Chick WHAT
ME!!
MEEEEEE YAAAAA ME ME ME YO YOOOOOOOOO MEEEE
I have to say getting blackout curtains was one of the best things I ever did in my life- it has helped tremendously! I used to think that the light coming in from the windows didn’t bother me and it was no big deal, I was so wrong. I’ve even now used black tape and covered up all the LEDs and things like that in my bedroom as well.
the vd starts at 1:25
THANKS !!
parents can give you baths, read stories, and tuck u in bed? woah...mom do u love me?
Why Are You Watching This!?
GO
TO
SLEEP!
HOW!!!!
I'm watching this so I can sleep because this is boring
Well it's 2 in the morning so yeah
+lisbeth Sanchez i can't get enough sleep.. sometimes i stay up all night and complete my day without having some rest , :) :(
its afternoon
The voicing of the video was done amazingly well. The high and low pitch chamges and acting were really on point. A really well produced video.
Funny how watching random YT videos is a part of my 'going to sleep ritual'.
I love the narrator here, she is so enthusiastic
I love goin to sleep but I hate waking up
Lol
+Hdz hdz Oh damn
+VictoriasXxX what?its the best option and i would do it. but i have people that i have to take care of.
i know right
me too
Me: *watches video*
Also me: *forgets that I still need to do my duolingo lesson*
Me again: oh... Shi-
Oh that's sad 😔 .
Who else was watching this when they couldn't sleep?
Me.
I am.... I'm literally about to go to sleep its 3:10 am
me
i do
me
I'm I the only one that loves her voice 😂😯😶
I like too
Yeah! Really great voice modulations to match the animation.
Maddz Foy Nice video content! Apologies for butting in, I am interested in your opinion. Have you considered - Franaar Magic Dream Formula (probably on Google)? It is a good one off guide for optimizing sleep minus the hard work. Ive heard some decent things about it and my best friend Jordan after a lifetime of fighting got cool success with it.
Maddz Foy Excellent video content! Forgive me for the intrusion, I would appreciate your thoughts. Have you considered - Franaar Magic Dream Formula (google it)? It is a good one of a kind guide for optimizing sleep minus the hard work. Ive heard some pretty good things about it and my work colleague after a lifetime of fighting got great success with it.
She sounds alot Like colleen corner
HEY!! Hey you!! Yea, you scrolling through the comments!
We both need to go to sleep! So go do that..
Strange coming from you Rick
Wubulubadubdub
Faruk Usanovic wow
It’s Nine in the morning
Galactic Umbreon for me is 10 at night
I just watch these videos cuz I like hearing her speak! ❤
I really love her voice, tone and accent!
my tips
1)good blanket
2)cool room
3)dark room
4)quien room
5) think about your crush or food
6)sleep
I think about food and I get hungry
*thinks of crush*
*G E T S A R O U S E D*
*Watches at 2 am* wondering why I can't fall asleep
im literaly watching this at 12:30 at night lol
Me
ikr
3:14
hahaha
I am watching this at 1228 midnight.
I come back every year, I will never stop missing this channel. ❤
I'm watching this video in bed when I should be asleep. I should probably work on that. :)
Same
guilty!1
+Mara Vega yes but we all understand
same
Yup
lol it's almost midnight and I can't get to sleep haha
unikatie 15 me 2 XD it's actually midnight right now!
unikatie 15 It's 4 in the morning, and I can't sleep
unikatie 15 I'm looking at the time and it's harf past 11?
Wow, really cool, calling a younger girl names. Heck, I wouldn't be surprised if you were younger, judging by your immaturity.
unikatie 15 REALLY .....its 04:33 here and i cant sleep
Best way to sleep get a fry pan and then bang it hard at your head congratulations you are a sleep.
Heart Fillia lol
Kids be sure not to do this
And it benefits yourself to, the concussion will keep you out of school for weeks!
Blue Banana But yur hallucinating, you could have anything when that happens
Hell no 😂
The only way I can sleep is with a fan and it has to be pitch black
Selena Rose what would you do while d roving to star awake
M e too
I hate star awake
+ Go to sleep
+ Sleep for 2 hours
+ Feel well rested
+ Can't sleep for rest of the night (Fuck)
I hate it when this happens.
***** hhhhhhhhh true bro
Saaame
Miguel Angel i feel your pain
The funniest thing is, I'm watching this at 1 A.M
***** i am watching this at 2:52 AM!!! SERIOUSLY!?
thumbs up if u r watching this in midnight
Me
+Drag Queen Jenny Ryan Me 😊
+Apple Kawaii Why I can't sleep?!
+3DMega It's the power of nature😈
Apple Kawaii Nature hates me D:
Anyone else watching at 12:00 am
Me!
Me!
Nope 1:00 am
4:25 am. plz help :,(
Yes
College students be like: SLEEP WHILE YOU CAN
Me: HOW when I CANT EVEN SLEEP
3:16 in the morning 😁thank god I found this video 😜
Aka good night everyone 😴😌
Its 12:53.
It's 10:59 here
9:57 watching the video for the 3rd time boring the fuck outta myself 😊 the pro way to fall asleep
iCatlover101 im watching this at 1:42
12:27 and I need to get up at 6 😒
If I go to sleep early, I'll wake up at 12:30 AM because I'm really hot, try to fall asleep until 5:00, give up and read until 6:00, then pass out and wake up at 7:00 for school.
When i go to bed early, i wake up at 4:30 when i go to bed late i wake up at 8:30 no matter what i suffer 0_0
I have school in two days and have been going to bed at 5 am everyday HELP,
same m8. try to go to sleep at a bedtime schedule five days before school starts for now on. works every. single. time.
Haha same.. Rip me
samee
Try waking up earlier. When bedtime rolls around, you'll be tired.
omg same...2 days!!
I am still sad they quit making these awesome videos
How ironic that I'm watching this at 2 am
Samme
same
same
I'm watching this at 5:40 am. I've only had 1 hours sleep.
Me too
I try counting sheep, I get to 1000 and give up.
I take sleeping pills. No luck.
I listen to music that supposedly makes you sleep. Got through 30 mins and finally gave up and turned it off. I seem to only be able to sleep in class :( oh the struggles of having insomnia and rls (restless leg syndrome)
Megan Cat RLS is the worst thing ever drives me crazy :-(
Megan Cat try listneng to quran
I feel you so bad & the problem too is that when you see the time your heart races and you are afraid getting not enough sleep
To me it's much easier to go to sleep, but you will need a cannon to wake me up...
Same
same here man, when my the alarm goes off I dont wake up at all, I've even tried putting the alarm clock under my pillow. But if it comes to it, usually a family member would slap me
Me: Trying to sleep..
My brain: rEmEmBeR thAt hOrRoR mOviE yOu waTchEd eArLiEr?
Me: Gets a pan and hits head with it*
Hahaha
The only thing that works for me without fail is reciting poetry, prayers, and other little things (the monologue at the beginning of The Powerpuff Girls and Samurai Jack especially.) The more I whisper those repetitive things I have memorized, the more calm I am, and focusing on a simple task like that helps me stop thinking about my breathing, my muscles being sore, and other irritating things in the environment around me.Seriously. It might take fifteen minutes, but it puts me to sleep every time I do it without fail.
This actually just helped me fall asleep! Thanks!
+Chat-Mort "and Samurai Jack especially" lol I miss that show....
RainFall7 Did you hear that it's going to return this year on Adult Swim??
+Chat-Mort No I did not ~
RainFall7 I don't know any of the details other than that new episodes will premiere on Adult Swim this year. I'm so excited. :3
I stopped at making your room a tech free zone
When I study, I feel sleepy but at night I am active as hell
Same so we're both night owls
this is currently me at my finals😢
same
Same here and its really so annoying asf
+dimplelyy hey how you doing
me: tries to sleep
brain: go play on the phon-
me: SHUT UP
brain: u can play piggy roblox
me: oh ya sure
*eyes has entered the chat*
eyes: please close your eyes rafi and go to sleep
me: NO I LIKE PLAYING PIGGY ROBLOX
eyes: fine
brain: hahaha I win
L0L
I play piggy xd
@AFKCobra cause my brain wakes me up to play piggy
so I had to bring it in
no offense btw
Am I the only one that can't sleep without something in my head. Like I need to think and think to get to fall asleep. You see, when I think about stuff my mind gets distracted from staying awake and falls asleep. Does anyone have the same thing? Like everyone's talking about not being able to sleep because their minds are full of thoughts, but for me my mind has to be full of thoughts, or I won't fall asleep. Plus, usually if I don't think before going to sleep, I can't recall my dreams as well, but when my head is crammed before I go to sleep, I remember my dreams very vividly.. Anybody else?
I usually fall alsleep by starting a dream like how people daydream then I slowly fall asleep and yes I can still remember the dream after I woke up because I was conscious when starting it. Haha so it's dreaming that kicks me to sleep
I fall asleep by making up a story in my head it's easier that way for me.
+Germaine Lim Same! I thought there was no one else who had that too!
Happens to me every single night.... ._.
me too i imagine and think abiut things and tha I sleep I think
While watching this, I got good quality sleep.😂
سعد saad shafique شفیق
Was it THAT boring? Lol
ᅚᅚ ᅚᅚ dude...
+Coco Yeah lol
I'm watching this at exactly 3:00 am LOL
when it said 3:00 it was
awwwwwww you guys are so cute , its 6:03 am right this moment and i need to wake up 3 minutes ago
alan tedeschi Me too!
2018 anyone ?
Αντζελινα Κοπ me
Αντζελινα Κοπ me
EIσαι από Ελλάδα?
Αντζελινα Κοπ / me
Αντζελινα Κοπ me
The best solution: Stop watching recommended UA-cam videos, shut down your computer and go to sleep.
That could be the best advice ever! Thanx. :)
Alexander Godfrey Kleinhans Or watch videoes on daytime :p
vid starts at 1:24 no need to thank me
Actually the video start at 0:00
+HeyIt'sMalak! Hahaha, That's literally true hhhh
thnx
thank u anways
especially because you didn't make it at the end of the video
+Kraken Kween Anyways* No need to thank me. 😉
Bitch it's 3 AM and tomorrow I gotta get up for school and I've been up till 5 am ever day for summer…like I need a quick way to knock me the fuck out
same
Look up hypnotize vids
Are you talking to me?
+Mia Marapao
NyQuil
SAME
The way you present the tips is incredible.
Well, I've been awake for 34 hours.
The first time I stayed up all night was when I couldn't sleep and stayed up for 40 hours. Now I can't even stay up for 16 hours even when I try.
03:34 am...
Work tomorrow at 08:00 am....
Well....
:)
3:00am 6:00am school tommorow...
its 3:24 a.m. right now, got to wake at 6:00 a.m. Usually i get about 4 hours of sleep or less so when i get home i go straight to sleep for about 2-5 hours. I bet I've messed up my circadian rhythms big time.
1:00 have to wake up at 7:00
+The Spark Thats bad man well im not sure how old are you but there been an investigation carried out that had the results of people that get less that 5 hrs a sleep a nifht end up dying before they reach 20-23
I'm watching this on Christmas Eve to get to sleep faster!
Good luck ahah!
Same it's 10:47 CAN'T SLEEP
I'll keep that in mind for next year!
+Elizabeth Davis thats not late its now 12:21 and i get up at 8 and i wont fall asleep for another hour
+Gamer Gal why won't you fall asleep for another hour?
I LOVE LOVE LOVE LOVE LOVE her voice dramatization! Is she an actress? I am IN LOVE with her performance!
I'm watching this before bed
Excellent narrating!
3am... and yet, here I am, watching this video... I think I already failed! xD
Thanks for sharing this helpful information have a great day ❤
step 1: hit a dab.
Hi. OMG IT WORK OMG I JUST FELL ASLEEP OMG THANK YOU!
Unknown Killer360 hahaha
Did not help :/ im sorry
revurts works every time
Have fun with memory loss.
How to fall a sleep fast?
Read the comments underneath a UA-cam video! Sometimes the comments are so boring that u will sleep straight away ! Eat peasy lemon squeezy
Easy there, RipTrippers ;)
Lol I knew it works
Or read this, it will make you sleepy really fast!
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the latter kingdom. Each side drew many allies into the war.
For their French possessions, the English kings since the Norman Conquest were vassals of the kings of France. The French kings had endeavored, over the centuries, to reduce the possessions of their over-mighty vassals, to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English. The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power, particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland, an ally of France.
Through his mother, Isabella of France, Edward III was the grandson of Philip IV of France, and nephew of Charles IV of France, the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet. In 1316, a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne. When Charles IV died in 1328, Isabella, unable to claim the French throne for herself, claimed it for her son. The French rejected the claim, maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right which she did not possess. For about nine years (1328-1337), the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne. But the interference of the French king, Philip VI, in Edward III's war against Scotland, led Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne. Several overwhelming English victories in the war-especially at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt-raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph. However, the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest. Starting in 1429, decisive French victories at Patay, Formigny, and Castillon concluded the war in favor of France, with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent.
Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian Era War (1337-1360); the Caroline War (1369-1389); and the Lancastrian War (1415-1453). Contemporary conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were directly related to this conflict, included the War of the Breton Succession (1341-1364), the Castilian Civil War (1366-1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356-1375) in Aragon, and the 1383-85 Crisis in Portugal. Later historians invented the term "Hundred Years' War" as a periodization to encompass all of these events, thus constructing the longest military conflict in history.
The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. By its end, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire originated during the war, composed largely of commoners and thus helping to change their role in warfare. With respect to the belligerents, English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487). In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically. Shorn of its Continental possessions, England was left with the sense of being an island nation, which profoundly affected its outlook and development for more than 500 years.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Background
1.1 English kings and continental dukedoms: 1066-1357
1.2 Dynastic turmoil in France: 1314-28
2 Beginning of the war: 1337-60
2.1 Gascony under the King of England
2.2 Franco-Scot alliance
2.3 End of homage
2.4 Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany
2.5 Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais
2.6 Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny
3 First peace: 1360-69
4 French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369-89
4.1 Aquitaine and Castile
4.2 English turmoil
5 Second peace: 1389-1415
6 Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415-29
6.1 Burgundy alliance and the taking of Paris
6.1.1 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
6.1.2 Treaty of Troyes (1420)
6.1.3 Death of Clarence (1421)
6.2 English success
6.3 Joan of Arc and French revival
7 French victory: 1429-53
7.1 Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy
7.2 French resurgence
7.3 Fall of Gascony
7.4 End of the war
8 Significance
9 Timeline
9.1 Battles
10 Important figures
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
§Background[edit]
See also: The Anarchy
§English kings and continental dukedoms: 1066-1357[edit]
Further information: Peerage of France
Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), 1286. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was also a vassal to the French King.
The Anglo-Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda, Henry (great-grandson of William the Conqueror), became the first of the Angevin Kings of England in 1154 as King Henry II.[2] The King of England, in what is now known as the Angevin Empire, directly ruled more territory on the continent than the King of France. However, as holders of continental duchies, English kings owed homage to the King of France. From the 11th century onward, the dukes had autonomy, neutralising the issue.[3]
John of England inherited the Angevin domains from King Richard I. However, Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of King John, both legally and militarily, and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of most of the Angevin continental possessions. Following John's reign, the Battle of Bouvines (1214), the Saintonge War (1242), and finally the War of Saint-Sardos (1324) resulted in the complete loss of Normandy and the reduction of England's holdings on the continent to a few provinces in Gascony.[4]
§Dynastic turmoil in France: 1314-28[edit]
See also: Absolute cognatic primogeniture and British claims to the French throne
The question of female succession was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316. Louis X left only a daughter, and his posthumous son lived only a few days. Philip, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis X, asserted that "women cannot succeed to the French throne". Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries, and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V of France. By the same law that he procured, his daughters were denied the succession, which passed to his younger brother, Charles IV, in 1322.[5]
Philip III of France
r. 1270-1285
Philip IV of France
r. 1285-1314 Charles of Valois
d. 1325
Louis X of France
r. 1314-16 Philip V of France
r. 1316-22 Charles IV of France
r. 1322-28 Isabella of France Edward II of England Philip VI of France
r. 1328-50
Joan II of Navarre
b. 1312 Joan III, Countess of Burgundy
b. 1308 Edward III of England
b. 1312
Charles of Évreux
b. 1332 Philip of Burgundy
b. 1323
When Charles IV of France died in 1328 with only daughters as heirs, the nearest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England. Edward had inherited his right through his mother Isabella, the sister of the dead French king, but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right that she did not herself possess because of her gender. The French nobility, moreover, balked at the prospect of being ruled by the English king. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI. In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers.[5][6]
§Beginning of the war: 1337-60[edit]
[show] v t e
Hundred Years' War
Edwardian phase (1337-60)
Main article: Hundred Years' War (1337-1360)
§Gascony under the King of England[edit]
In the 11th century, Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine (also known as Guyenne or Guienne) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony (French: Guyenne-et-Gascogne). The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, in 1152, from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown. By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine, Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous.[7][8] At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin (Plantagenet) Kings of England in southwest France, although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine.[8][9]
For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a major point of friction. The English argued that, as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant, Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty. However, this line of argument could not be maintained by the English, so in 1329 the 17-year old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI. Tradition demanded that vassals should approach their liege unarmed with heads uncovered, however Edward demonstrated his reluctance by attending the ceremony by wearing his crown and sword.[10] Despite Edward complying, albeit reluctantly, the French continued to pressure the English administration.[11]
Gascony was not the only sore point. One of Edward's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court.[12]
§Franco-Scot alliance[edit]
See also: Auld Alliance
The Kings of England had been trying to subjugate the Scots for some time. In 1295 a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair. Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326, promising Scotland that if England invaded then France would support the Scots. Similarly, the French would find Scot support if their own kingdom was attacked. Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if they could count on French support.[11]
Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land. However the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish Navy, moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336, threatening England.[12] To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time", the other to proceed at once to Gascony. At the same time ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king.[13]
§End of homage[edit]
At the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. The arrière-ban, literally a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. Then, in May 1337, Philip met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the king's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king's 'mortal enemy' Robert d'Artois.[14] Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip's right to the French throne. When Charles IV died, Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne, through the right of his mother Isabella (Charles IV's sister), daughter of Philip IV. Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward's homage to Philip VI in 1329. Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'.[15]
On 26 January 1340, Edward III formally received homage from Guy, half-brother of the Count of Flanders. The civic authorities of Ghent, Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries. His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the "true" King of France and were not rebels against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try and raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties.[16]
Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade, since Flanders' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed. Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade.[17] At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone.[18] The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to Europe. Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it.[17] France's sea power led to economic disruptions for England, shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony.[19][20]
§Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany[edit]
Battle of Sluys from a manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles, Bruge, c.1470
Edward, with his fleet, sailed from England on 22 June 1340, and arrived the next day off the Zwyn estuary. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluys. The English fleet apparently tricked the French into believing they were withdrawing. However, when the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys. England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French invasions.[16] At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip VI.[21]
In 1341, conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the Breton War of Succession, in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois. Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany. The city of Vannes changed hands several times, while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides.[21]
§Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais[edit]
Battle of Crécy, 1346
Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy
In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel, landing in Normandy's Cotentin, at St. Vaast. The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day, surprising the French. Philip gathered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempting to take and hold territory. He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed. He moved further and further south, worryingly close to Paris, until he found the crossing at Poissy. This had only been partially destroyed, so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it. He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme. The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque, leaving Philip's army stranded. Edward, assisted by this head start, continued on his way to Flanders once more, until, finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip's army attacked. The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the English longbowmen and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before it was ready.[22] Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England. King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England, but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross, on 17 October 1346. This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.[21][23] In France, Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel, capturing it in 1347. This became an important strategic asset for the English, allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France.[22] Calais would remain under English control, even after the end of the Hundred Years' War, until the successful French siege in 1558.[24]
§Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny[edit]
In 1348, the Black Death, which had just arrived in Paris, began to ravage Europe.[25] In 1356, after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, later known as the Black Prince, invaded France from Gascony, winning a great victory in the Battle of Poitiers.[21] During the battle, the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly, captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest. The French advance was contained, at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John II of France (known as John the Good) and many of his nobles.[26][27] With John held hostage, his son the Dauphin (later to become Charles V of France) took over as regent.[28]
After the Battle of Poitiers, chaos ruled, as many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged. A contemporary report said:
... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages. In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies; rather did they trample it underfoot, robbing and pillaging the peasants' goods...
From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette[29]
Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne. The Dauphin's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field. However Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation (Reims was the traditional coronation city).[30] However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived.[31] Edward besieged the city for five weeks, but the defences held and there was no coronation.[30] Edward moved on to Paris, but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs. The French made contact with him and forced him to negotiate.[32] A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny (8 May 1360). The treaty was ratified at Calais in October. In return for increased lands in Aquitaine, Edward renounced Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine and consented to reducing King John's ransom by a million crowns. Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France.[26][28][33]
§First peace: 1360-69[edit]
The French king, John II, had been held captive in England. The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. While these hostages were held, John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362 John's son Louis of Anjou, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. So, with his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honour-bound to return to captivity in England.[28][33]
The French crown had been at odds with Navarre (near southern Gascony) since 1354 and in 1363 the Navarrese used John II's captivity in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power.[34] Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III supported the Navarrese moves particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence. With this in mind Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations.[35] In 1364, John II died in London, while still in honourable captivity.[36] Charles V succeeded him as king of France.[28][37] On 6 May 1364, one month after the dauphin's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V, the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel.[38]
§French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369-89[edit]
[show] v t e
Hundred Years' War
Caroline phase· (1369-89)
Main article: Hundred Years' War (1369-1389)
See also: Castilian Civil War
§Aquitaine and Castile[edit]
Statue of Bertrand du Guesclin in Dinan
The Franco-Castilian Navy, led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar, managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War.
In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile (part of modern Spain). The ruler Peter of Castile's forces were pitched against those of his half-brother Henry of Trastámara. The English crown supported Peter and the French, Henry. French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin, a Breton, who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France's war leaders. Charles V provided a force of 12,000, with du Guesclin at their head, to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile.[39]
Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine's Black Prince for help, but none was forthcoming, forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine. The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine, rather than England. He then led an Anglo-Gascon army into Castille. Peter was restored to power after Trastámara's army was defeated at the Battle of Najera.[40]
Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince, they failed to do so. The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine. To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign, the prince instituted a hearth tax. Arnaud-Amanieu VIII, Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince's side during the war. Albret, who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine, refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief. He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax. Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his parlement in Paris. The Black Prince's answer was that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France.[41] Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited and before the end of 1369 all Aquitaine was in full revolt.[41][42]
With the Black Prince gone from Castile, Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter's death at the Battle of Montiel in March, 1369. The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England.[40]
§English turmoil[edit]
With his health continuing to deteriorate, the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371, where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health. The prince's illness was debilitating. He died on 8 June 1376.[43] Edward III only just outlived his son and died the following year on 21 June 1377;[44] he was succeeded by the Black Prince's second son Richard II who was still a child.[45] The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France, however a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and, by the time of Charles V's death in 1380, the English only held Calais.[46]
It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch, but no regent was appointed for Richard II, who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377.[45] However, between 1377 and 1380, actual power was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king's uncle, John of Gaunt, although Gaunt remained highly influential.[45]
Richard faced many challenges during his reign, including the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381, an Anglo-Scottish war in 1384-85. His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular.[45]
§Second peace: 1389-1415[edit]
[show] v t e
Owain Glyndŵr's Revolt
See also: Civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians
Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans
The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it. These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants revolt. [47] Richard's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles. This group, known as Lords Appellant, managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament. The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried, unsuccessfully, to reignite the war. Although the will was there, the funds to pay the troops was lacking, so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown, beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three-year truce at Leulinghen.[47] [48]
In 1389, Richard's uncle and supporter, John of Gaunt, returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, Richard II disinherited Gaunt's son, the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke. Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV.[48][49][45]
In Scotland, the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill.[50] A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408.[51][52]
In Wales, Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400. He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282-3. The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years.[53]
In the meantime Charles VI of France was descending into madness and an open conflict for power began between his cousin John the Fearless and his brother, Louis of Orléans. After Louis's assassination, the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war.[49] In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.[54]
Throughout this period, England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy. There is some evidence that Henry IV used state-legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel. He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war.[55] The French responded in kind and French pirates, under Scottish protection, raided many English coastal towns.[56]
The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade.[56]
Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V. Charles VI of France's mental illness allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France. Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them. In 1414 while he held court at Leicester, he received ambassadors from Burgundy.[57]
Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois. The French rejected his demands, leading Henry to prepare for war.[57]
§Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415-29[edit]
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Hundred Years' War
Lancastrian phase (1415-53)
Main article: Hundred Years' War (1415-1453)
§Burgundy alliance and the taking of Paris[edit]
§Battle of Agincourt (1415)[edit]
Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt.
Main article: Battle of Agincourt
Clan Carmichael crest with broken spear commemorating the unseating of the Duke of Clarence.
In August 1415, Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur. The city resisted for longer than expected, but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415. Because of the unexpected delay, most of the campaign season was gone. Rather than march on Paris directly, he elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy, he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt, north of the Somme. Despite the problems and having a smaller force, his victory was near-total; the French defeat was catastrophic, costing many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was killed.[58] Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk (there were more French prisoners than the entire English army) and he ordered their deaths.[57]
§Treaty of Troyes (1420)[edit]
Henry retook much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417, and Rouen on 19 January 1419, turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy, which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with King Charles VI. They signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry finally married Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VII, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-General.[57]
§Death of Clarence (1421)[edit]
On 22 March 1421 Henry V's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse. Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas, Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England. Clarence engaged a Franco-Scottish force of 5000 men, led by John Stewart, Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé. Clarence, against the advice of his lieutenants, before his army had been fully assembled, attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men-at-arms. He then, during the course of the battle, led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco-Scottish army, who quickly enveloped the English. In the ensuing melée, the Scot, John Carmichael of Douglasdale, broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan.[57][59] The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, who conducted the English retreat.[60]
§English success[edit]
Henry V returned to France and went to Paris, then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris. From there he decided to attack the Dauphin-held town of Meaux. It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought. The siege began about 6 October 1421, and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422.[57]
At the end of May, Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court, they went to rest at Senlis. While there it became apparent that he was ill (possibly dysentery) and when he set out to the Upper Loire he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, where he died on 31 August 1422.[57] The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later, on 21 October 1422. Henry left an only child, his nine-month-old son, Henry, later to become Henry VI.[61]
On his deathbed, Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France (as Henry VI was only an infant). The war in France continued under Bedford's generalship and several battles were won. The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil, (17 August 1424). At the Battle of Baugé, Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers. At Verneuil the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco-Scottish army. The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war.[61][62]
§Joan of Arc and French revival[edit]
Joan of Arc (c.1450-1500)
Joan of Arc's appearance sparked a revival of French spirit and the tide began to turn against the English.[61]
In 1428, the English laid siege to Orléans. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city. In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the troops and they attacked the English redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongholds on the Loire.[63]
The English retreated from the Loire Valley, pursued by a French army. Near the village of Patay, French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road, then swept through the retreating English army. The English lost 2,200 men, and the commander John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury was taken prisoner. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII (16 July 1429).[63][64]
After the coronation, Charles VII's army fared less well. An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429, and Charles VII withdrew back to the Loire Valley.[65]
§French victory: 1429-53[edit]
§Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy[edit]
Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.[61]
The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the Siege of Orléans in 1429.
Joan was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiegne on 23 May 1430. The Burgundians transferred her to the English, who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon, a pro-English clergyman. Joan was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431.[63](She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III).
After Joan of Arc's death the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English.[66] Most of Henry's royal advisers were against making peace. Among the factions, the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy, the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace. Negotiations stalled. It seems that at the congress of Arras, in the summer of 1435, where the duke of Beaufort was mediator, the English were unrealistic in their demands. A few days after the congress ended in September, Philip III, duke of Burgundy deserted to Charles VII, signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France. This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France.[61] The Duke of Bedford died 14 September 1435 and was replaced by a lesser man.[66]
§French resurgence[edit]
The Battle of Formigny (1450)
Burgundy's allegiance remained fickle, but the English focus on expanding their domains into the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in France.[67] The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government, replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use. A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment. The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world.[66]
By 1449, the French had retaken Rouen and in 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future Arthur III, Duke of Brittany) caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen at the Battle of Formigny and defeated it. The English army had been attacked from the flank and rear by Richemont's force just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army.[68]
§Fall of Gascony[edit]
Charles "the Victorious".
After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English. Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451. Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452. However, the English were defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453. Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux. During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp. The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son.[69]
§End of the war[edit]
Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War,[69] England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home. Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the War of the Roses, that started in 1455.[66][70]
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Burgundian Wars (1474-77)
The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke Charles of Burgundy, counting on English support, took up arms against Louis XI of France. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny (1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England continued to keep the lilies of France (Fleur-de-lis) on their coat of arms and even bore the title, until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King Louis XVIII of France, who was living in England after the French Revolution.[71]
Charles the Bold, the last duke of Burgundy, was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477,[72] leaving a daughter, Mary, who lost the provinces of Artois, Flanders, Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI's armies.[72]
§Significance[edit]
Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War.
The Hundred Years' War was a time of rapid military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure and the social meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the war's costs, partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught.The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war.
Before the Hundred Years' War, heavy cavalry was considered the most powerful unit in an army, but by the war's end, this belief had shifted. The heavy horse was increasingly negated by the use of the longbow (and, later, another long-distance weapon: firearms). Edward III was famous for dismounting his men-at-arms and having them and his archers stand in closely integrated battle lines; the horses only being used for transport or pursuit.[73] The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops, known as hobelars. Hoblars tactics had been developed against the Scots, in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the 14th century. Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses, enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle. Rather than fight while seated on the horse, they would dismount to engage the enemy.[74][75][76]
By the end of the Hundred Years' War, these various factors caused the decline of the expensively outfitted, highly trained heavy cavalry and the eventual end of the armoured knight as a military force and of the nobility as a political one.[76]
The war stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state.[77] In 1445 the first regular standing army since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies. The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis, or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused. France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men, which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own. The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors.[76]
The conflict developed such that it was not just between the Kings of England and France but also between their respective peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling that emerged from such rumours unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years' War basically confirmed the fall of the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest until 1362.[77]
The spread of the Black Death (with modern borders).
Lowe (1997) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England's early modern political culture. Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time, they had a long-term impact. England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest, yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens. In comparing this English cost-benefit analysis with French attitudes, given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers, Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland. Furthermore French kings found alternative ways to finance the war - sales taxes, debasing the coinage - and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures. English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French.[78]
Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period. France lost half its population during the Hundred Years' War.[58] Normandy lost three-quarters of its population, and Paris two-thirds.[79] The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period.[80]
§Timeline[edit]
TimeLine100YearsWar (cropped).png
Kyle Tomlinson That was interesting.....Could you elaborate a lil bit more??..
Kyle Tomlinson louis is Mine😂😂😂
I'm watching this at 1:39 in the morning. PLEASE HELP ME SLEEP!
out here is 01:29
here its 2:23
get off your phone boi. That should help
It's 1:28 now 😂😂
+PotatoMasta tf?
“Make your bedroom a tech free zone”
“You can get distracted easily”
Me: watching at the middle of night bc idk what else to do
Sometimes I go to sleep at 6:00 am and school is at 7am
I only go to sleep at 10 and wake up at 7:30
Ena Tsai I same but I wake up at 6:00 since school starts at 7:30 FRESHMAN NEED MORE SLEEP FOR FINALS
Frisky Blitz me at 5 am lol
Lol
Frisky Blitz wish you luck
No matter how Loud my alarm is...
I can never wake-up!!!
same here 😂😂😂
same
at least you can sleep
+spind4 I didn't realise that... 😂😂😂
+aaron evans Tried it...didnt do anything for me :/ That stuff will not work because our brain knows its not sunlight...
For me it is easy to sleep but hard to wake up.
+Naza ret He said he had a problem waking up not sleep. I have both problems 😭
Lucky!
Both are hard for me 😂
*😭
+Sophie K I feel u girl
Me: almost one week no sleep
Imaginary ghost: hehe
*hehe meme has entered the chat*