Choosing the Right Runes to Use
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- Опубліковано 7 вер 2022
- The Elder futhark, Younger Futhark and Anglo-Saxon Futhark are the 3 runic alphabets. Which system is the right one for you to use based on the purpose?
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The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as runestones in Scandinavia, from the 2nd to the 10th centuries. The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian runes, is a runic alphabet and a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries. The reduction, somewhat paradoxically, happened at the same time as phonetic changes that led to a greater number of different phonemes in the spoken language, when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. Also, the writing custom avoided carving the same rune consecutively for the same sound, so the spoken distinction between long and short vowels was lost in writing. Thus, the language included distinct sounds and minimal pairs that were written the same. Anglo-Saxon runes (Old English: rūna ᚱᚢᚾᚪ) are runes used by the early Anglo-Saxons as an alphabet in their writing system. The characters are known collectively as the futhorc (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ fuþorc) from the Old English sound values of the first six runes. The futhorc was a development from the 24-character Elder Futhark. Since the futhorc runes are thought to have first been used in Frisia before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, they have also been called Anglo-Frisian runes. They were likely to have been used from the 5th century onward, recording Old English and Old Frisian. - Навчання та стиль
I only ever judged one runic tattoo. I was doing a physical on this woman and saw she had runes behind her ear.
I asked "Oh is that Elder or Younger Futhark?"
Her"Oh it's Ancient Norse"
Me"Uh okay. What's it mean?"
Her"if you want change, you must embrace the chaos."
The tattoo was literally just Loki. She wasn't exactly wrong on it, but she definitely wasn't right.
This is why you don’t go get tattoos in languages and symbols you don’t understand. Cringe pagans will find out they have 5% Norwegian ancestry and go get a runic tattoo with questionable historicity and say they are a viking.
@@monkeymoment6478 She was Hispanic and wearing a cross so I think it was just like people getting a random Chinese symbol and not knowing what it means.
You can tell she was so sure of herself feeling like she’s the only one around who knows about this stuff after 1 hour of “research” but I don’t blame her it’s near impossible to learn something substantial on a language without getting multiple books on it and studying yourself or finding a certified professional to teach you the language or at least somebody who knows you well enough to explain in a good way how things from the language can carry over into whatever native language you speak
the other problem is over use of the term 'old norse' - this is going to be subject to time period as well - and are more likely icelandic - The elder futhark
🤣🤣🤣🤣
There isn’t a better Pagan/Norse/Viking/ History channel on UA-cam than this one
only one that goes more into the runes and language is jackson crawford
Jackson Crawford....
He is best to me
@Honne no, he's spreading woke propaganda!
I agree this channel is awesome
i agree, he and Jackson always have the best content!
I been very lucky. I have a rune tattoo that was supposed to be Viking runes. I messed and picked the Anglo Frisian runes. I spelled my kid and wife’s name. The catch is I am a Dutchman (Frisian). I guess runes are magic.
In my early days, I did all of the rune castings and bind runes, but as I did more research, I stopped because the runes, as far as I have been able to learn, were never used that way. The modern use of runes as divination is based on tarot. Actual "spells" were just written out from what I have been able to learn. Another good resource is Jackson Crawford.
Been reading Anglo-Saxon runes since I was in 5th grade. I use it as a replacement for Latin letters.
Does that mean you're using a simple substitution cypher rather than writing phonetically?
@Rune Revival - with ᚱᚢᚾ᛫ᛗᚫᚾ Not entirely, if it sounds the same phonetically I'll use it appropriately and I've been trying to write in Old English but it's hard to translate and change the alphabets mentally
I would imagine something like Tolkien's dwarvish runes. Basically Elder.
The Vikings of the Shetland islands most likely had a language also and a rune's as well. They have found some awesome artifacts there as well. They had whitish blonde hair. You should find out more.
Norn is making a come back apparently. I've ran into articles with people discussing it. But unfortunately no grammar books afaik. Faroese is probably a good start in the direction of it though.
Yes as a Shetlander I can say that the Shetlands have always had a deep history, both individually and amongst the vikings. Shetlands were very big on animism and “folklore”, many of which going hand in hand with viking history and beliefs. Their language was Norn and you can find many videos talking about this and the history of the Shetlands. A book suggested by Thor here involving Orkney and Shetland called “Orkneyinga Saga” check it the other vids on scottish vikings he has aswell
Even in the frankish regions of the netherlands like Brabant an old inscription of the elder Futhark was found. So the Franks used Runes which means that all of the Netherlands used Runes.
! One of my parents was born in de Netherlands. Anglo-Saxon runes just became very exciting for me. Thank you
People seem to forget that standardized spelling is a fairly modern concept. Even in the 18th century, we see regional variations in spelling across the US.
Thank you so much for the knowledge about the runes. I look forward to your upcoming videos about the runes as well.
To those claiming that Rune casting is a modern invention borrowed from tarot reading, according to Tacitus:
"To divination and casting of lots, they (Germans) pay attention beyond any other people. Their method of casting lots is a simple one: they cut a branch from a fruit-bearing tree and divide it into small pieces which they mark with certain distinctive signs (Runes) and scatter at random onto a white cloth. Then, the priest of the community if the lots are consulted publicly, or the father of the family if it is done privately, after invoking the gods and with eyes raised to heaven, picks up three pieces, one at a time, and interprets them according to the signs previously marked upon them."
So, what of it???
Exactly my thinking while watching this. It's a trap many people get into today, confusing absence of evidence (that they know about) with evidence of abscence.
There is much more to the Elder Futhark than meets the eye. There is geometry (3d when carved onto wood), there is symetry (24 is a magical number too)...
Also, for something claimed to be a "modern invention", the divination works miraculosly well for me, after hundreds of readings without failing once to predict and depict answers, even about future events.
I recently got interested in learning these languages. This was actually a ton of help. This is a very helpful video!
Love your videos brother very educational thanks for another great one. Keep giving wisdom to those who seek it. And keep the fires of the old ways burning...
I created my own version based on elder futhark for my own purpose. I call it "Polish futhark". And now noone can say I'm using it wrong, because I decide how it works :P
Make a video about it
That's cool
When I was young (teenager) I dabbled in runes. I did one reading that scared me, though.
I was doing a reading for a friend, and we had been talking about a minor opperation she was getting ready for. I told her to ask a question, and I would draw and cast the runes to try to answer.
Her question was "How will it turn out?" Just those exact words.
Now, I thought she was asking about her opperation; what I drew and cast made absolutely no sense: a bunch of stuff about secrets and betrayals came up, so I kinda laughed and thought it was just silly nonsense for a silly superstitious game.
When I looked at her face, though, I had questions. She looked troubled, and I asked why; the "prediction" was a bunch of silly nonsense about an opperation, I said. She informed me then that what she had been thinking about when she asked her question was: Her relationship with her current boyfriend.
Creepy, right?
Want to know what's creepier? A couple years after her and I lost touch, we got to talking again. Turns out her relationship to the douche-barb went EXACTLY the way my prediction said.
Correlation? Causation? The gods playing tricks on me? No idea.
But really cool.
Fascinating story.
Runes are always showing what is more important. If the operation will be good, no harm, runes are turning the answer to the things which are more important than operation
Thank you for clarification of the different Runic alphabet Futhark timeline.
I learned recently my MorMor heritage runic alphabet language was Dalecarlian Futhark, used into 20th century 🇸🇪.
I really love how forward, direct and REAL he is when talking about these topics in each of his videos. Hes only one I watch on here!
Skål!
Me, as a Dutchman, uses the Frisian-AngloSaxon futhark ;)
Heb je misschien een boek wat je kan aanraden.
The knowledge of sounding out to spell is neat. Definitely make’s research difficult, but there would be a personal connection to every inscription beyond the message. Thank you. Very enjoyable.
Fantastic video; very helpful. Thanks very much.
All of the three futharks are very cool-looking alphabets!
The letters just seem to be so distinct and different from each other and yet the overall pattern is very elegant!
It's that very strong sense of elegance that I like about them!
Like your stuff. Do you think of making a very long video in which you talk about the whole mythology from start to finnish? I think that would be so great. Maybe like an audiobook or something
I'd totally buy an audio book with this fellow reading. Let's start with the Hobbit.
@@scarling9367 spoken in purely old norse too. Lol
Great idea but the stories many of the stories aren't all woven together so it wouldn't be much better than talking about them all separately. He does a great job exploring common themes and common characters but that's about as far as one can go.
@@sigurd5620 Yeah I know that some things are lost but there is for example a whole audiobook on youtube about the edda and a bit more I think that is 4 hours long: ua-cam.com/video/5MNkpvjeMRk/v-deo.html
it is in German but similar things can be done with other sources. It doesnt even have to be about mythology. it can also be a saga or something. I know this would be a lot of work but for a special video when he breaks the 200k subs it would be a great idea I think. nevertheless I really appreciate his work and goal to illuminate some things from our ancient past. Sry for my English
I've used all three and they are excellent for my life.they changed me in so many ways .I'm lucky to have had the experiance to change and help other people to.I have not read any books on runes .i have learnt through people from all over the world.at the momment im being taken down the path towards Siberia.shall see where that takes me.thank you for your time much appreciated.
Great video again. Thanks.
For those interested in Anglo Saxon Runes you might find the book by Tylluan Penry, Working with Anglo Saxon Runes interesting.
Warning : 405 pages but only about 20 about divination. It is academic research and thoughtful explanation about possible meanings of runes, historical background, etc. With sources. It is an academic approach written by a practising witch. I found it very useful and I realised how complex runes are. There is a lot we don't know, she is clear about the missing bits and academic debate around them. It is not an "easy" read if you are looking for a manual with instructions and easy, straightforward meanings, but it is worth reading if you want to delve into the subject.
Great video I thank you so much please keep up your amazing work stay safe and have a wonderful and blessed day thank you
Getting butthurt over runes, as you say, is just tribalism. Its the same type of shit our ancestors cleaved each other's Skulls in, for. 😂😂😂 thanks for making this easy to dive into. You're extremely level-headed and even-handed. Thanks for all of the information, in these videos. I'm certainly going to do my homework.
Aside from Slavic. Mostly Germanic and Dutch/Friesland. So I'd love to try in incorporate more Anglo Saxon Futhorc into my practice. Great video
I love the idea of sounding it out phonetically! That is magickal!
I'm a beginner to all this. Thanks for the information.
Great video, thanks for doing it.
(I'm 96.2% N.Scandinavian) I am from the *"Barnes Clan"* that originated in northern Scandinavia. I've been trying to put the pieces together on how & why we came to America. (History on the Vikings seem to be small.)100's of years ago we owned large amounts of land here on the coast of South Carolina. Most of my elders have passed & the ones still around aren't the easiest people to get along with..
Thanks for the info brother!
That's interesting. My surname is Barnes. I'm English, wonder if there's a connection.
@@davie100able cool! It would be cool to meet ancestors that are still in the homeland...
Could you do a video in depth into sources that state or describe tattoos in the Norse world? I know there isn’t many but I’d love to hear you rant about it
thank you, most educational intro to Runes
I love when my dude goes all in on the wiccans hahaha thanks for another solid video man. I like when you bring up the Germanic tribes and all your past videos going into detail about the different tribes are brilliant. Can you make a video on traditions found among these separate tribes for ppl who are interested in practicing the most ancient form of magic/rituals that tie into the tribe that genetically corresponds?
That's a great idea! Sounds very interresting.
(Regardless of the fact that my modern stupid brain will probably explode if it has to remember even more "new" stuff.. 😄)
It's funny when you realize Germanic words spell with ease just going at it phonetically with runes.
This Thursday I'm about to get a tattoo using old Futhank. And I was holding my breath when you said " we just don't know what they mean." I've never been more relieved in my life when you said, "oh it's fine if you use it as an alphabet to write something out, just don't use one as symbolism."
I've learned a lot from this channel. Thanks
my opinion is older runes have deeper magic because it is closer to the source, so I would choose elder futhark if I had to choose that is
Nice channel my friend! Very interesting!
I've been trying to figure out which runic alphabet the makers of Elden Ring used... Im no expert though. And much of my work has just resulted in more questions than answers.
I would love your insight on the matter
There are also runnic inscriptions made by the franks of the merovingian period made on fibulaes with what seems to be love charms, for all those contained the word "leub" (love)
Love the design of the runes. Would paint it on my panzer.
My username is Heretical Heathen in Elder Futhark, but it doesn't symbolize shit, It just quite literally reads as such to an English speaker and is easily discernable if you squint long enough. Most just don't and ask dumb questions. Only character that doesn't look like English is þ but if you dabble in any germanic languages besides English then you know that's a "th". Quite nifty. Oh, and I suppose the N is weird unless you look up rune info
Good video keep it up 👍🏻
I have a verse from havamal on my arm. Translated to old Danish, written phonetically in the younger futhark. I actually had help with the phonetic translation from a Norwegian guy, through a friend. The only negative comment I had is: Why isn't it in old Norse. Because then I wouldn't be able to understand it myself :)
💯. While l use elder futhark for divination, it IS alot of guess work, they are so old we don't know true names or meanings. However, in Sorcery, l have my own leanings how they play out.😘
A video that needed to be done
I wish you were making these videos when i was younger, the information that was available at the time was that the runes have their own individual meanings/properties... So I looked through the meanings of each rune, picked the meanings I connected with the most and got them tattooed.
Now the common opinion is that they were simply an alphabet, now I'm looking into some cover-up ideas inspired by the religion. The tattoos are in Elder Futhark too so the sharp lines will probably still show through.
I my self am iclandic and use the elder fuþark for writing not for any magic, symbolizom or Bindrunes i just use it for fun and it has helped me with my axiaty
I can build a boat, house, plane, make soap, salt, sugar, vinegar, and alcohol, I can code garden rase live stock. I can not remember my phone number of 6 years
I took the elder runes that "corresponded" with the letters of my name and created a bind rune. It looks like an up arrow (tiwaz) is super imposed on an X (gebo). Meaning gift of war/Tyr. Kind of cool.
i m romanian and i didn t know about the elder futhark being use here thanks for the information
My friend nice to see someone who knows their stuff! There’s so much garbage out their. I have found myself not even correcting individuals anymore because of how much non sense is being SOLD to people especially brothers and sisters who are newly found heathens or pagan…. Good stuff! Skól
I love how the celts happened to be left out in this video
Sweden got about 85 percent of all known runestones. 2500 of them in todays Sweden,250 in todays Denmark and Norway got 50. There's a couple to find in the rest of the world aswell, but they are pretty rare outside Scandinavia.
In total it has been found about 4000 rune inscriptions in Sweden
I was just about to make my first set of runes using the Elder Futhark ;D
Instead of worrying about what might be correct or not, why not just do the Tolkien thing and make up your own runic alphabet/ language ...then no one could dispute it
That strips the spiritual significance from the Runes. According to our traditions, the Runes came from Woden himself.
@@monkeymoment6478 But makes them even more personal.
Yeah but you can say that about what type of Christianity is the truest, and everyone disputes this and believes their version is the truest, so it's normal. Also even if you make your own alphabet it can still be disputed beacose it would lack the tradition and history, just the way anyone could make a new version of Christianity and everyone would dispute it.
Great video... In my opinion the Elder Futhark are not letters they a more of a sound so impossible to find a match with todays Alphabet. Keep the great content brother 🤘Skal
Great Post, Thor. I think I will just use one of my favorite sayings for a Runic Tattoo. ' You can't control who comes into your life but you can control which window you throw them out of ' 😊✌️🇺🇸 Skol.
It is quite suitable (hypoþetically speaking) for a change of þe official script of germanic countries to write German, Dutch and Frisian in elder fuþark, english and maybe frisian in Ænglisc fuþorc and for Norþ germanic ciuntries to use þe younger fuþark.
However, þis is still a dream, but did my part to get closer to it by inventing a runic orþography for þeedish (german), a modification of þe elder fuþark.
Would be interesting to see it. Do you have a website?
I've also wondered why our Germanic countries do not write in the futhark for all correspondence official or otherwise.
It would be heartwarming to see our heritage and OUR written language to see life again.
@@justinbl6817
No , websites are not someþing I fancy too much, I am still looking for an opportunity to expose it to a public in a traditional manner.
I don't know wheþer or not þere are organisations in my vicinity, which are dedicated to Runes or clubs or someþing similar.
Websites have þe disadvantage of bringing people togeþer from faraway places, who þen don't have þe capacity to meet regularly.
And in order to bring someþing to success, it must have much more "physical presence".
And it is damn good to know, þat I'm not þe only one, who þinks þat way.
They keep saying that diversity is strength and right now we are lacking diversity in the absence of our ancient Germanic native written language. So it is a noble cause to get it going, and it would be fun I think!
@@justinbl6817 oh, it would be mad fun, especially knowing Twittards will get a seizure like never before.
But what am I talking :of course Diversity is a strengþ, Diversity of eþnicities and cultures can however merely occur when.... þey are seperated, þat is, lest þey become a monocultural melting pot like Los Angeles, whose cultural richness is pretty... lacking.
So I would.... say þat for þe sake of diversity, reviving ... germanic pride is þe proper þing to do, isn't it?
Hi!
Are there some books about runes you'd recommend? Mostly about the findings and what we think it means?
Not a beginner but these videos directed specifically at beginners are your most entertaining videos, maybe it’s because I’m a history guy lol
Только наткнулся на тебя. Очень инересно, мне повезло. Takk!
I just found your channel. Immediately subscribed.
What's your opinion of using runes and their capabilities if your ancestors were not nordic? More specifically if you are from another ethnicity. Not to put you in the spot, I believe that if you think that a culture should remain within the boundaries of their own blood related people, that's a valid opinion.
I am Hispanic, I do not consider myself a weird modern viking nor I feel that I had ancenstry over there either. I am pretty much proud of where I come from but nordic paganism and magic is something that always has captured my attention and liking. Sometimes I feel like a pretender because I am not blood related, so I try to approach things always with respect for the implicit history.
I use Elder for casting, but need to get more fluent in the use of the Younger for writing.
Would love to know more about ancient tattoos and meaning etc
Great video! I've read quite a bit about the Elder Futhark and divination with this rune-set as well. Not so much on the Younger Futhark or the Anglo Saxon one though. Any reliable written resources on divination with those?
As a german myself, i wondered if there was anything resembling the Viking age futhark, for the older germanic tribes.
And now you said that the elder futhark is the one used by old germanic/proto german tribes. Now i will further look into that topic.
( i live in Cherusk area around the Teutoburger Forest and i believe that my ancestry will reach down to that time)
Hey man! Just found your channel, Im really courious about the tattoos of Baldr in God of War, not sure if you've talked about it already, cos' I've just started watching your long list of vids :D (hyped). So my question is, would you be so kind to help me out with the runes on Baldrs arm and chest? I mean, i've found a few translations but not the written runes. Since im planning on getting the whole set of tattoos from that game, would like to swich it to younger futhark so its actually proper. Not for free ofc or anything :)
A video explaining Baldr's tats would be cool.
I wanted to know what to learn for writing out. Thank you.
Got my sub!, this was really handy to know. I'm in the process for designing my tattoo, trying to use the correct text & Runes is on the list.
Would the book you linked in the description help with translating what I want it to say? or do you have any helpful sources you would recommend ? Sticking with what you said,
for Text - Eldar Futhark and for Runes:Young/Anglo Saxon Futhark.
Sounds really cringe, don't judge me (haha) But I love that sleeve Baldur has in GOW 4, just want to use my own text and add my own meaning.
what you said at the end there was really really good. need more proper views on things.
Incredibly fascinating what you say concerning our ancestors deep intelligence despite (maybe because?) they couldn't read and write...
I’m almost done with one of the tribes in my ancestry project, and I wanted to know some of your thoughts on what kind of people they would be since you know the most about the Norse/Germanic peoples of the resources I know. They’re a mix of Norwegian viking, Langobard, (Early) Franks, Danish viking, and Marcomanni: they live in a territory that has characteristics of the Oregon Cascades & Bavarian alps/pre alps
kratos must’ve watched this to read the runes
Let's be serious, there are plenty of grown adults nowadays who have the spelling and grammar capacity of a 5th grader. Hahahahahaha!
Great video brother.
What runic language would have been used at the time during the earldom of Orkney and northern Scotland ( specifically SUDRLAND) . I’m very curious now after have watched your video on the subject.
In terms of divination, which of the three would you recommend to use?
This is a great video I have a question, how can I learn to fluently speak Futhark? And which one should I use if I want to speak it
What is your take on "Galdrabok" i am looking into this grimoire and would like your input os said book. Thanks for all the vaubale information.
Finns had runes too, HOWEVER only few björkbark pieces have ever survived or been found, propably thanks to relentless warring naibourghs and the swedish catholic church - and later the Åbo akademia suppression of finnish history and early coulture.
New sub very interesting vid
So far i have been able to trace back part of my line to those who settled in County Cork, Ireland. From my understanding County Cork was founded by Viking Traders around 900s so I would assume they would of have used Young Futhark?
I am from the same region. Sheehan clan
I think that more than just one single member of a village would be able to read Runes. The Rune poems are no doubt much older than the written versions we have, and I think likely were fairly common knowledge among the people, since they would have been passed through oral tradition. By name alone you can guess the sound the letter makes., and understand what was written. since after all, they were written phonetically. We have Runic graffiti from the Vikings all over Europe/Turkey, meaning that certainly a few "average" young men were capable of writing. I'd guess at least one member of each household could probably read Runes, perhaps more.
Thank you. It appears that the Anglo-Saxon Futhark fits me. My DNA is all NW Europe. App. 68% from British Isles. 30% German/Swiss/Dutch, and 2-4% Norse. I've traced my tree back to ancient ties.
What would you suggest to a new person wanting to use runes to do readings online? Just to add that I have Norwegian ancestry & feel learning runes may increase my abilities & discernment ty.
One rune that I am having a really hard time getting a distinct answer for is transformation or something similar.
I I suppose it would depend on the transformation. Is it going into a different stage of life, like university or career, a job change? A move? A glow up? Someone on a transition journey (trans)?
Context is everything.
Hey friend! My son and I are going to Bergen in April. I've been very interested in Viking history. And would like some recommendations on some Viking historical locations around there? I wanted to go to Avaldsnes to see King Harold's royal seat. Do you have any other suggestions it would be much appreciated thank you!
The Historical Museum in Bergen might be worth a visit.
Thank you I will be sure to mark that on my list!
Could you inform me what category Gaels falls under? I have a distant Irish heritage and have always had a great respect for the Irish people both old and new but nothing seems to be concrete on what runes they would use. My research has lead me to confusion so just looking for a straight answer lol.
I have used the younger Futhark for divination. Can you recommend a source for accurate meaning? I still find them somewhat inscrutable based on the meanings that came with them.
Question, if we know more about the meaning of the younger and Anglo Saxon futhark runes than the elder futhark runes, is it then safe to say that the runes corresponding between the elder, the younger and Anglo Saxon futhark runes are the runes we know about in the elder futhark. Since a lot of the runes between the elder, younger and Anglo Saxon are similar, so if the meaning of the runes that correspond is clear in the younger and Anglo Saxon then is that meaning the same for similar symbols in the elder futhark?
On Anglo Saxon and the Dutch and using it for art.
A must listen is:
Sowulo a Dutch band with a sound similar to Wardruna and all lyrics are in Anglo Saxon.
This channel is cool omg
I use rune aesthetics to write English words or names of gods or creatures. Something like the old video games did, I think it's super cool.
Latin alphabet that looks like runes at the first glance? I don't like that style, because it confuses me and I'm never sure how to read it :P
7:49 I’m Dutch and started learning about the rune’s recently. I’m aware that my roots are in the north of the Netherlands and probably Frisian (my last name ends with “SEN” , like the Scandinavian “SON” and means son of… It really bothers me that all information about the Frisians comes from foreign sources. Every archeological site or museum I visit in my country is all about Romans, Prehistoric cultures ect but almost nothing about Viking (sub) cultures. Do you know any Dutch sites?
I rejoice with history talk🤩
thank you
Also love how much love you have for the the anglo Saxon futhark dude ;) thats my ancestors. It's kind of annoying considering how beautiful and extensive the anglo futhark is that so many sweebees here in the UK just don't understand their own heritage! No need to be such a cringe it doesn't take that much research to get it right ;)
#RESPEK on your name young king!
The difference... you knew what the village/tribe needed. If the blacksmith did not have apprentice, then they forced a couple of teens on him so they'd still have a blacksmith if the old one somewho wound up dead. Such it was for every trade, with enough being absorbed by osmosis.
I enjoy writing elder fuþark in proto germanic
Any thoughts on the Dalecarlian runes used in the county of Dalarna, Sweden? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes